I-Hubble Space Telescope Kwakuyithuluzi elaliyoshintsha nakanjani indlela abantu abangabuka ngayo umkhathi.
Ngesikhathi sayo, yayibhekwa njengesibonakude esikhulu kunazo zonke nesizwela kakhulu kwesake sakhiwa, futhi sasizokwazi ukwenza intuthuko enkulu ekuhloleni izinto ezingaphakathi nangaphandle komthala wethu.
Isibonakude i-Hubble yethulwa ku-orbit ngo-April 24, 1990, ngenxa yemizamo engakaze ibonwe phakathi kwe-NASA kanye I-European Space Agency. I-Hubble ingaba ngeyokuqala kwezibonakude ezimbalwa zasemkhathini ezizungeza iplanethi yethu ezikwazile ukuthatha amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezithombe zezinto zasemkhathini ngemininingwane emangalisayo ngempela.
Ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo okungenakubalwa ezifundweni zesimanje zezinkanyezi, isibonakude i-Hubble saqanjwa ngokuhlonipha U-Edwin hubble, esinye sezazi zezinkanyezi ezibaluleke kakhulu zekhulu lama-XNUMX, esiqashelwa ukuthola izakhi zasemkhathini ngale kwe-Milky Way, okuhlanganisa umthala i-Andromeda, amakhulu ezinkanyezi, i-nebulae nama-asteroids.
Uma ungumuntu othanda ukuhlola izinkanyezi, ngeke ufune ukuphuthelwa yilesi sihloko, lapho sikhuluma ngakho konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nesibonakude i-Hubble futhi sikubonisa nezithombe ezinhle kakhulu zokutholwe kwayo.
I-Hubble Telescope iye yasivumela ukuba sibone ama-nebula athakazelisa kakhulu eduze, njengePistol Nebula, i-Eagle Nebula, ne-Sombrero Nebula. Ungaphuthelwa isihloko sethu esikhethekile I-Nebulae kanye nobudlelwane babo ekuzalweni kwezinkanyezi ezintsha.
Iyini i-telescope ye-Hubble?
I-Hubble iyitheleskopu yebanga elide, idivayisi yokubuka umkhathi ebekwe ku-Earth orbit, cishe amakhilomitha angu-600 ngaphezu kolwandle.
U-Hubble ube yisinyathelo sokuqala ohlelweni lokubuka indawo Ama-Observatories Amakhulu, uhlelo lwe-NASA oluzogcina lubeke izibonakude ezi-4 zanamuhla ezinamandla kakhulu ngaphandle komkhathi womhlaba: i-Hubble, i-Gamma-Ray Space Observatory, i-Chandra X-Ray Telescope, kanye ne-Spitzer Space Telescope.
I-Hubble Telescope itholakala ngaphansi komthunzi owenziwe nguMhlaba, ihlinzeka ngezimo ezikahle zokuthola ukukhanya okuvela ezigidini zezinto ezingaphakathi nangaphandle komthala wethu kalula kakhudlwana (into engenakufinyelelwa eMhlabeni).
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba ingaphandle komkhathi woMhlaba, ilensi yesibonakude ayithinteki ngokuhlukahluka kokunyakaza kwethu komkhathi, okudalwa amaza kagesi kagesi akhishwa iplanethi yethu futhi okungase kube nomthelela ekubanjweni nasekusetshenzweni kwe-Gamma Ray kanye nemisebe ye-X-ray ekhiqizwa izinkanyezi ezikude, ikakhulukazi uma zibuka ku-spectrum ye-infrared.
Okokugcina, ilensi yesibonakude sasemkhathini nayo ikhululiwe emikhawulweni yesimo sezulu ehambisana nomkhathi woMhlaba njengokungcoliswa kokukhanya kwangaphakathi kanye nokwakheka kwamafu.
Ikuphi i-Hubble Telescope?
I-Hubble okwamanje i-geocentric orbit, endaweni eyisilinganiso yokuphakama engu-547 km ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle.
Isibonakude se-Hubble asimile endaweni eyi-orbital, ngokuphambene nalokho, sihamba ngesivinini esimaphakathi esingaba ngu-7 km/s ukuze sihlale sitholakala ezindaweni ezizungezile ezimbozwe umthunzi owenziwe nguMhlaba, ukusuka lapho ungakhona. Thola izithombe ngaphandle kokungcola kokukhanya.
Izici zobuchwepheshe zesibonakude se-Hubble
I-Hubble Space Telescope iwumdondoshiya wangempela wezibonakude. Inomzimba ongamamitha angu-13.24 ubude nobubanzi obungamamitha angu-4 endaweni ewugqinsi. Ngayo yonke imishini yayo eyengeziwe, i-Hubble inesisindo esiphelele samakhilogremu ayi-11.000.
Inelensi enkulukazi enezibuko ezimbili, enye ingamamitha angu-2 ububanzi futhi enye engu-4. Ilensi yesibonakude iyakwazi ukuthwebula, ngokugxila kokubona, izithombe ezitholakala endaweni eqhele ngezigidi zamakhilomitha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyakwazi ukuthwebula izithombe ngokulungiswa kwe-optical kwamasekhondi angu-0.04 we-arc.
I-Optical resolution ibhekisela emandleni elensi yesibonakude ukuze ahlukanise izinto ezihlukene phakathi kwesithombe esifanayo esingadidaniswa umthelela wokuphazamiseka wokukhanya okuhambe iminyaka yokukhanya.
Ngaphezu kwamalensi ayo anamandla, iHubble Telescope ifakwe amathuluzi akhethekile ahlukahlukene akwazi ukuskena isikhala samasignesha kagesi noma ama-radioactive.
Sisebenza kanjani isibonakude se-Hubble?
Izinsimbi eziyinhloko:
Ikhamera ye-infrared yezinto eziningi kanye ne-Spectrometer (NICMOS)
Yafakwa kusibonakude ngesikhathi semishini yokusevisa e-Hubble ngo-1997 futhi iklanyelwe ukuthola izithombe ze-spectrum ye-infrared space spectrum (iminyaka eminingana yokukhanya).
Lesi sixhobo siyakwazi ukuthwebula ukukhishwa kwamandla kwezinhlayiya ezine-ionized, ikakhulukazi ezinkanyezini zegesi kanye namaqoqo e-nebula emission.
Okukodwa kokutholwa kokuqala kwenziwa ngenxa ye- I-NICMOS ye-telescope ye-Hubble, kwakuyi- isibhamu nebula, ukunqwabelana ngokweqile kwegesi yendawo yonke ezungeze inkanyezi Isibhamu, inkanyezi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eyi-hypergiant, ngokungangabazeki ingenye ekhanya kakhulu emthaleni wethu.
Kamuva, iphrosesa yedatha ye-spectrometer yashintshwa ukuze kutholwe izithombe ezivumela ukutadisha umkhathi wama-exoplanets angu-4 atholwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-130 yokukhanya kusistimu yethu, enezimo ezifanayo nezoMhlaba.
Ikhamera Ethuthukisiwe Yezinhlolovo Zemkhathi (ACS)
I-ACS kwaba ukuthuthukiswa okwenziwe kusibonakude ngesikhathi kuseviswa i-mission 3B ngoMashi 2002. Eqinisweni, i-Advanced Camera for Space Survey kwakuyithuluzi elathatha indawo yethuluzi lokuqala kusukela ngo-1990: i-Faint Object Camera (FOC).
Nakuba okwamanje ingasebenzi ngokwengxenye, i-ACS ngokushesha yaba i Iqembu eliqaphile likaHubble sibonga ukuguquguquka kwayo okumangalisayo.
Okokuqala, inezithungatha ezimbalwa ezizimele ezimboza yonke imikhakha ye-spectrum ye-electromagnetic, ngakho ingathatha izithombe ngokugqama kwe-ultraviolet kanye ne-infrared ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Iphinde ibe nendawo enkulu yokubona ukusebenza kahle kwe-quantum kanye nezihlungi ezihlukahlukene ezikuvumela ukuthi uthwebule izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto ezikude kakhulu zasemkhathini njenge-nebulae, izinkanyezi ezinomsila, ama-asteroids, amaplanethi nezinkanyezi zazo zonke izinhlobo.
I-ACS cishe kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu yokubuka indawo emlandweni kuze kube manje. Ngenxa yokuzwela kwayo okuphezulu kakhulu sikwazile ukuthola izithombe zendawo yonke okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayinakwenzeka ngaphambili, okuhlanganisa ne I-Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
Isithombe esithathwe "ukuzalwa" kwendawo yonke, njengoba ilensi yayikwazi ukuthatha umkhondo wokukhanya okudala kunanoma iyiphi irekhodi, eyakhishwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-13.000 edlule. Ngenxa yalesi sithombe, sikwazile ukubala iminyaka elinganiselwe yokudalwa kwendawo yonke.
I-Wide Angle Camera 3 (WFC3)
Ikhamera ye-WFC3 ithathe indawo ye-WFC2, iqembu elifinyelele impilo yalo ewusizo e-Hubble ngonyaka ka-2008.
Ikhamera ye-WFC3 ibe ngcono kakhulu ekhonweni lesibonakude se-Hubble lokuthwebula izithombe ze-spectrum ebonakalayo, ngenxa yezinzwa zayo zokutholwa kwe-UV, ezinganikeza izithombe ezinemibala ngokulungiswa kwamaphikseli angu-2048 x 4096.
Kusukela kwafakwa i-Wide Angle 3 ku-Hubble, ikhwalithi yemininingwane ezithombeni ezibalulekile, njengokuzalwa kwenkanyezi entsha ku-Carina Nebula ngo-2012, iye yathuthukiswa kakhulu.
Isithombe esithwetshuliwe sibonisa isikhathi esiqondile sokufiphala ngokweqile kwezinhlayiya zegesi ye-cosmic, zize ziminyene ngokwanele ukwenza inkanyezi.
I-Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)
Okunye ukuthuthukiswa kwakamuva kwe-Hubble kwenzeka ngo-2009, ngesikhathi se-B4 service mission, lapho i-NASA ifaka i-COS kusibonakude.
I-COS yakhelwe i-spectrography ebangeni le-ultraviolet lesikhala. Leli thuluzi liyakwazi ukubona iminonjana yemisebe kagesi ngendlela ebucayi kakhulu, yingakho likhiphe ulwazi oluningi mayelana nenqubo yokwakhiwa kwemithala emisha emikhulu namanebula.
I-COS isize ukuphendula eminye yemibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi yesimanje njenge:
- Injani inqubo yokwakheka kwemithala?
- Ukubuka ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-halos emithala
- Izinkanyezi zakha kanjani ekunqwabeleni kwamagesi asendaweni yonke?
- Tadisha ngomkhathi wamaplanethi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga.
- Ukutadisha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezenzakalo ze-cosmic ezifana ne-supernovae
5 Okutholakele Okwenziwe Ngenxa Yezithombe Zesibonakude se-Hubble
Umphakathi wesayensi ngeminyaka yama-90s wawazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi ukwethulwa kwe-Hubble Space Telescope kwakuzoshintsha ngokuphelele futhi unomphela imithetho yokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi, kodwa ababengakwazi kwakuwububanzi bokutholwa ababezokufeza ngenxa yamandla ayo. ilensi..
Ngenxa yokulungiswa okuphezulu kwe hubble telescope izithombe, siye sakwazi ukuqonda ukumakhenika kwendawo yonke kunanini ngaphambili futhi sibone ezinye zezinto zemvelo ezimangalisa kakhulu endaweni yonke yethu; njengokufa kwezinkanyezi.
Lapha unokutholwa kwesayensi okungu-5 okuzuzwe ngenxa yezithombe zesibonakude i-Hubble
Izimbobo ezimnyama kanye nokubulawa kwe-cosmic
Nakuba kwakuhlongozwa ukuba khona kwezimbobo ezimnyama maphakathi nekhulu lama-1990, asikwazanga ukukuqinisekisa kwaze kwaba ngemva kuka-XNUMX, ngenxa yokwethulwa kwe-Hubble Space Telescope.
Ngenxa yokuthi zimunca ukukhanya endaweni ezizungezile, izimbobo ezimnyama cishe azikwazi ukubonwa ngezibonakude eMhlabeni, ngakho kwaba ngu-Hubble owathola izithombe zokuqala ezicace ngempela zembobo emnyama.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ilensi yesibonakude iyakwazi ukuthwebula ukukhishwa kwemisebe okuvezwa ukunqwabelana kwamagesi ane-ionized aqoqana azungeze isikhungo esinamandla adonsela phansi sezimbobo ezimnyama.
Eqinisweni, eminyakeni yakhe yokubuka kwakhe, safunda ukuthi imithala eminingi ezungezayo igcwele izimbobo ezimnyama ezinkulu ezikhungweni zayo. Esimweni sethu, i-Milky Way izungeza imbobo emnyama enkulukazi ebizwa ngokuthi Sagittarius a.
Ekugcineni, izithombe zesibonakude se-Hubble zikwazile ukuthwebula ngokuningiliziwe esinye sezehlakalo ze-cosmic ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ezihlobene nemishini yezimbobo ezimnyama: imbobo emnyama eshwabadela inkanyezi ye-neutron. Isehlakalo esibizwe yizazi zezinkanyezi ukubulawa kwe-cosmic.
Ukuqinisekiswa kwemodeli ye-inflation ye-cosmic
Ucwaningo lwezenzakalo ze-cosmic ezingabonwa kuphela ngezibonakude ezifana ne-Hubble luye lwavumela umphakathi wesayensi ukuthi uqoqe ubufakazi balokho kuze kube muva nje okwakuyinkolelo-mbono nje: umkhathi wethu ukhula njalo.
Ukubuka okuphindaphindiwe kwe-supernovae, njengalena echazwe esithombeni, kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ziya ngokuya ziqhelelana neplanethi yethu, okusho ukuthi indawo yonke ayikayeki ukwanda kusukela ngeBig Bang eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.000 edlule.
Ngokuqondana nje, umuntu wokuqala owaphakamisa umbono wokuthi zonke izakhi ze-galaxy zihlezi ziqhela komunye nomunye ngenxa yokwanda kwenkundla yesikhathi sasemkhathini kwakungu-Edwin Hubble, kulokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi. Ithiyori ye-Hubble.
Kuyiphutha elimangalisayo ukuthi okutholwe kuqala okukwazi ukuqinisekisa i- Ithiyori ye-Hubble ziqoqwe yisibonakude esibizwa ngegama lakhe.
ubukhona bendaba emnyama
Uma sikhuluma kabanzi ngendaba emnyama, sizobe singena emhlabathini onodaka, njengoba lesi ngesinye sezihloko okuxoxwa ngazo kakhulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi futhi iqiniso liwukuthi kunedatha encane ngayo ukuze siqonde imvelo noma injongo yayo endaweni yonke. Isikhala.
Ukucatshangelwa kokuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezingaqondwa kahle eziphunyuke ekubonweni kuwo wonke ama-electromagnetic spectrum akukusha. Eqinisweni, igama elithi "into emnyama" Yasungulwa ngo-1933 isazi sezinkanyezi saseSwitzerland uFritz Zwicky.
Nokho, kwaba ngenxa yezithombe zesibonakude sikaHubble lapho ekugcineni kwaqinisekiswa khona ukuba khona kwezinhlayiyana ezimnyama ezingaqondakali, njengoba ilensi yayo ezwela kakhulu yakwazi ukubona ukuhlanekezelwa okucashile kokukhipha ukukhanya endaweni ebonakalayo.
Umthelela wokubukwayo ofana nokujika kokukhanya uma kungqubuzana nezinhlayiya zento. Lo mphumela we-cosmic waziwa ngokuthi i-gravitational lens.
Into emnyama kucatshangwa ukuthi isebenza njengezicubu "ezingabonakali", ezikwazi ukubamba ndawonye izingxenye ze-cosmic ezingabuswa imikhakha yamandla adonsela phansi ezinhlayiya.
Ngokwesibonelo, kucatshangwa ukuthi iqoqo le-galactic mega i-Abell 2029, ehlanganisa izinkulungwane zemithala ebangeni leminyaka yokukhanya eyizigidi ezimbalwa, "isongwe" ngendwangu yento emnyama eyibambayo. Lo mbono ungaqinisekiswa ngokubheka ukuhlanekezela ekukhanyeni okubangelwa i-gravitational lensing uma ubheka i-Abell 2029.
Ukubheka imvelaphi yendawo yonke
Cishe ukutholwa okubaluleke kakhulu okutholwe ilensi yesibonakude i-Hubble isithombe esazi namuhla ngokuthi Isikhala sikaHubble esijule kakhulu.
Lesi sithombe esiyimpikiswano sithathwe ngokulandela umzila wokukhanya omdala kunayo yonke orekhodiwe. Ukukhanya okubonakalayo esithombeni kwakhishwa amakhulu ezigidi zezinkanyezi eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.000 edlule, ngesikhathi sokwanda kwendawo yonke ngemva kokuqhuma okukhulu.
Ukuze kuzuzwe lesi sithombe, zonke izisetshenziswa zokuthwebula zetheleskopu ye-Hubble zasetshenziswa, ngenhloso yokuqoqa ulwazi olubukwayo kukho konke okuguquguqukayo kwe-electromagnetic spectrum.
I-Ultra Deep Field ifana ne-Hubble ebheka emuva ngesikhathi, izwa ukukhishwa kokukhanya okuvela emithaleni ezalwe ekuqaleni kwezigaba zokudala, phakathi kweminyaka engama-600 nengama-800 ngemva kwe-Big Bang.
Lesi sithombe sasiza kakhulu ekuqondeni kangcono inqubo yokwakheka kwemithala nezinkanyezi ngemva kokupholisa izinto.
Ukutholwa kwezinsika zendalo
U-Hubble uthole amakhulu ezinto ze-cosmic ezithakazelisayo, kodwa ezimbalwa kuzo ezidonse ukunaka okuningi "njengezinsika zendalo," ingxenye ye-nebula ekhishwayo ebhalwe njengesifunda se-H II.
Izinsika Zendalo ziyinto ye-cosmic etholwe engxenyeni ye-Eagle Nebula (ephinde yatholwa u-Hubble), kodwa okuthakazelisayo ngalesi sifunda se-H II izinga elimangalisayo lokuzalwa kwezinkanyezi ezintsha, okwenzeka ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinhlayiya ze-hydrogen ezikhona kumagesi asendaweni yonke.
Kumakholomu amathathu egesi eminyene ebonakalayo esithombeni, enkulu kunazo zonke ikala isamba seminyaka yokukhanya engu-9.5 ububanzi, okusenza sibe nkulu ngempela. Kukholakala ukuthi le ndawo ihlala izinkanyezi ezingaphezu kuka-8500, okuzoyenza ibe isifunda se-cosmic esinezinkanyezi eziningi kakhulu ezaziwa emkhathini.
Ukubhekwa njalo ku- izinsika zendalo Baye bavumela ukuqonda kangcono uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha kwezinto okwenzeka emkhathini, lapho i-supernovae ikhipha izinhlayiya, ezibe sezifingqiwe ngaphakathi kwamafu egesi ye-cosmic ngenxa yomphumela wezindawo zazo zamandla adonsela phansi, lapho ziba yingxenye yezindikimba ezintsha zasemkhathini.
