Siyabonga ku i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha izakhiwo ezincane zingacwaningwa, thola ukuthi yiziphi izinzuzo ezilethwa lobu buchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu.
i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha
La i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha iwubuchwepheshe obuye bathuthukiswa ngendlela ethile ekwazile ukusebenza ngezinto, izidakamizwa nezakhiwo ezikalwa ngama-nanometer, okuyiyunithi yobude obulingana nengxenye yesigidi semitha.
Lokhu kuguquka kwezobuchwepheshe kukwazile ukudala intuthuko enkulu kwezokwelapha zendabuko. I-nanotechnology yezokwelapha ifinyelele ekudaleni nasekusebenzeni okuphelele kwezitho zokwenziwa, ngokuhlonipha imvelo nokunyakaza kwazo ngayinye yazo, ibe nokwamukelwa okuhle ngendlela emangalisayo kwemizimba yeziguli.
Lolu hlobo lokuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe lenze ochwepheshe kulo mkhakha bakwazi ukuphatha izakhiwo ezisesikalini se-nano njengamaseli, amagciwane, i-DNA, phakathi kwabanye. Ukuze ukumiswa kabusha komunye nomunye wabo kungafinyelelwa ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezigulini.
Ukuvela kwe-nanotechnology yezokwelapha kwenze insimu yokwandisa lapho ithuthukiswe khona ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokuhlomisa elingatholakala ngokuthuthuka okuhle kwendawo.
Nokho, kuyadingeka ukuba nengqalasizinda kanye nokuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe ukuze ukuvela kwaleli gatsha kube yimpumelelo. Ukuphathwa ngendlela efanele kwalokhu kuthuthukiswa kwezokwelapha kufinyelela ngendlela ephelele yokuthi ukunikezwa kwezidakamizwa, ukwelashwa okwaziwa ngokuthi isakhi sofuzo kanye nokuxilongwa kusondele ekupheleleni.
Lolu hlobo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezokwelapha lwenze i-nanotechnology yamangqamuzana yasebenza namuhla. Ukwenza ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngaphakathi kwempilo yabantu kuphelele, kuthuthukiswe izinga lempilo yomuntu ngamunye walabo abadinga lolu hlobo lokunakekelwa.
Kuyadingeka ukuqonda ukuthi i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha ikwazile ukuklama nokufeza ukusebenzisana komzimba nama-prostheses abekiwe. Emashumini eminyaka adlule, ukucaciswa kwamathambo, i-cartilage kanye nezikhumba zokwenziwa kuye kwafinyelelwa, okuyinto ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obuphambili abunqatshiwe ngumzimba futhi ikwazi ukufeza umsebenzi wabo ngokuphelele.
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe buyini nokuthi bukwazile kanjani ukuguqula ingxenye ngayinye yempilo yethu, sikumema ukuthi ufake isixhumanisi esilandelayo Izinhlobo Zobuchwepheshe
Izinto ezisetshenziswa ku-nanotechnology yezokwelapha
Uma sibhekisela ku-nanotechnology yezokwelapha kufanele siqonde ukuthi ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala izinto ezisetshenziswa kule ntuthuko zintsha ngokuphelele.
Lobu buchwepheshe busebenzisa izinto zobunjiniyela ezihlukene nezihlukene ezivumela ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-nanotechnology yezokwelapha kanye nomzimba wesiguli ukuthi kube yinto ephilayo ngokuphelele futhi ingangenisi kangako.
Njengamanje kunamakhulu emikhiqizo enalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe, oluvumela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ukuthi kuhluke futhi kushayelwe ihlombe kunoma yimuphi umkhakha wezokwelapha. Isetshenziswa namuhla ekwelapheni umdlavuza, i-cardiological, immunological, izinkinga zokuvuvukala, i-hepatitis, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwasetshenziselwa izifo eziwohlokayo futhi insimu yayo ikhula kakhulu.
Phakathi kwezinto ezisetshenziswa ku-nanotechnology yezokwelapha esinazo
I-Liposomes
Okokuqala sithola impahla ye-nanotechnology yezokwelapha ebizwa ngokuthi i-liposomes. I-Liposomes yi-nanoparticles eye yathuthukiswa ukuthi isetshenziswe emikhakheni ehlukene yezokwelapha.
Lezi nanoparticles zakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili. Eyokuqala i-nucleus yayo, enokwakheka kwamanzi okumbozwe ulwelwesi oluhlukanisa ama-agent ahlukene angonakaliswa ngokuthinta enye into. Lolu lwelwesi luyimpahla ye-phospholipid ekhethekile ekwakhiweni kwalezi zakhi.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-liposomes iye yakwazi ukuthuthukisa ezindaweni ezilawulwayo, okuye kwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi nanoparticles. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-liposomes aqukethe i-doxorubicin ku-nuclei yawo enamanzi akwazile ukugunyazwa yi-FDA (Food and Food Administration) ukuthi asetshenziswe ekwelapheni umdlavuza, ikakhulukazi umdlavuza we-ovarian kanye ne-myeloma.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le nanotechnology yezokwelapha yenze ama-liposomes abonakala ngokuba kazibuthe athuthukise ukuzinza okukhulu, okuvumela ukuthuthwa okuphumelelayo nokushesha kwezidakamizwa ezahlukene ukuya ebuchosheni.
ama-micelles
Le nanotechnology yezokwelapha ifana kakhulu nama-liposomes, kokubili avela futhi athuthukiswa ezindaweni ezivaliwe nezilawulwayo. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi amacala angaphakathi kwawo ahlale esesimweni esivikelwe ngokugcwele ngaphandle kokuvezwa ezindaweni eziphila kuzo eziholela ekuwohlokeni kobuchwepheshe obungabangela le nanoparticle ukuba ingasebenzi kahle.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi le nanotechnology yezokwelapha inesimo esiyindilinga esakhiwe yisisekelo kanye nesembozo saso. Inhlanganisela yokuqala i-hydrophobic kuyilapho eyesibili igxile ku-hydrophilic, okuvumela ama-micelles ukuthutha ama-micelles ngendlela efanele futhi nokufinyelela okulula kumasayithi athile futhi okunzima ukufinyelela kuwo njengobuchopho bomuntu.
AmaNanotubes
Lokhu kwaziswa kwe-nanotechnology yezokwelapha kwethulwa ngo-1991. Lezi zakhiwo zakhiwe ngamashidi e-graphene, aziwa nangokuthi amashidi e-carbon, asongwa abe umumo oyicylindrical ubude obufunekayo.
Le nanotechnology yezokwelapha ingatholakala ngesendlalelo esisodwa noma eziningana kuye ngokuthi umklamo kanye nezidingo zesiguli. Ngendlela efanayo, ububanzi nobude bayo kungahluka kuze kube cishe i-millimeter.
Phakathi kwezinzuzo ezivelele kakhulu zama-nanotubes ukuguquguquka okuphezulu, ukunwebeka kanye nokumelana anakho, kuhlanganiswe nobuthi obuncane ababukhiqizayo emzimbeni womuntu, alungele i-semiconductivity kanye ne-superconductivity edingekayo kulezi zimo zezokwelapha.
Ama-nanoparticles egolide
Lolu hlobo lwe-nanotechnology yezokwelapha lwakhiwe ngamaqoqo noma inqwaba yama-athomu egolide alungiswayo noma ahlukaniswa nomphumela wokuncishiswa kukasawoti wegolide.
Lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe lusetshenziswe ezivivinyweni ezihlukene ze-colorimetric ukuthi ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwalawa ma-nanoparticles sikwazile ukuqonda, ukuthuthukisa kanye nokwenza kahle ama-matrices e-biomolecular ahlukene.
Amachashazi we-Quantum
Ekugcineni sine-nanotechnology yezokwelapha eyethulwe noma ehlonzwe njengamachashazi e-quantum. Lezi zinhlelo zobuchwepheshe ezintsha zigxile kakhulu kuma-nanocrystals angama-semiconductors aphelele okuthi, uma ethintana nokukhanya futhi kuye ngosayizi wawo, azokhipha imibala ehlukene.
Lawa machashazi e-quantum asivumela, ngenxa ye-spectrum ye-excitation anayo, ukuthi senze ukukhishwa okuguqulekayo ezikhathini ezinde ukuze kuhlanganiswe amaprotheni adingekayo ku-conductor walawa machashazi e-quantum.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lawa machashazi e-quantum aphelele njengama-probes nama-nano vectors anekhono lokunxenxa amangqamuzana nama-molecule ahlukene ukuze afinyelele isiguli esiqondiwe.
I-nanotechnology yezokwelapha kanye nezokuthutha zayo
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi intekenteke futhi intekenteke kangakanani le nanotechnology yezokwelapha, ngenxa yokuthi yakhiwe izinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo okuthi, ngomklamo oyingqayizivele, zifinyelele izinguquko zokwelapha ngaphakathi kokwelashwa okuhlukene.
Ukuzilibazisa kwalezi zakhiwo zamangqamuzana kucace kakhulu njengoba kusebenzisa izinhlanganisela ezihlukene ezivumela ukusebenzisana okuqondile kwama-neurons namanye amaseli ngenxa yama-nuclei akhuliswa kuwo.
Uma sikhuluma ngama-nanoparticles, nakuba kungase kubonakale kungakholeki, sibhekisela kubuchwepheshe obuthuthukile obukwazile ukudlula ezinhlobonhlobo ze-cytoplasmic kanye ne-nuclear coatings ukuze kusebenze amangqamuzana athintwe ukuphazamiseka okuthile ngokufakwa kwezinto ezingaba amakhemikhali, izakhi zofuzo. noma yezinto eziphilayo.
I-Nanotechnology ithuthuke kakhulu kangangokuthi inamandla okubona imisebenzi yezinhlayiya esizihlela kabusha futhi sikwazi ukuzibandakanya ngaphakathi kwaleli seli.
Phakathi kwezinzuzo eziye zathuthukiswa ngokuthuthwa kwale nanotechnology yezokwelapha ukulawulwa kwe-pharmacokinetics, okusisiza ekuvumelaniseni usayizi nezakhiwo ezigqamayo ebusweni kanye nendlela ibhalansi ephelele phakathi kokumelana nomzimba nezicubu lokho. ukwakha le nanotechnology yezokwelapha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusivumela ukuthi sihlukanise i-pharmacokinetics ne-biodistribution, okumele ilawulwe ngokuvumelana nohlobo lokwelapha olungasetshenziswa. Lokhu kungafezwa ngenxa yokubekwa uphawu kwama- molecule asebenzayo ngemithi, okuvumela ukuvuleka kwawo ezindaweni ezithile.
Le nanotechnology yezokwelapha ikwazile ukukhulisa amandla okuthwala ama-molecule ezidakamizwa ayiswa kumaseli asendleleni yokuvuselelwa kabusha. Lokhu kuvumela ukungenelela okuhlukene kanye nokwelashwa okungenziwa ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwezidakamizwa ngama-nanoparticles.
I-nanotechnology yezokwelapha nokukhululwa okulawulwayo
Omunye wemibono ye-avant-garde i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha eye yaba nawo amandla okuzuza ukusatshalaliswa okulawulwayo kwezidakamizwa noma imithi ehlukene. Umbono wangempela ugxile eqinisweni lokuthi ngokusebenzisa i-nanostructures indawo edinga ukuvuselelwa ingaqashelwa futhi ihanjiswe ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngale ndlela, ngokusebenzisa isikhuthazo, ikhulula umthwalo ohambisanayo womuthi.
Ukufeza lokhu, imithi kufanele ihlanganiswe ngokuphelele, ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela emibi engase ikhiqize izidakamizwa ngenkathi idluliselwa endaweni ethintekile.
Lapho i-nanostructure ifinyelela endaweni, umuthi kufanele ukhululwe ngenani elibalwe ncamashi ukuze uqale ukusebenza. Ukuze kufinyelelwe lesi silinganiso esinembile, izinga lokushisa kanye ne-PH yendawo evuselelwa kabusha kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuze kulawulwe ngokunembile ukuwohloka kanye nomthelela okungenzeka kube nawo emzimbeni.
Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukukhishwa okulawulwayo kwezidakamizwa noma imithi, sikushiyela ividiyo elandelayo
I-nanotechnology yezokwelapha nomdlavuza
Enye yentuthuko ebaluleke kakhulu i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha efuna ukuyifinyelela igxile ekusetshenzisweni kwalawa ma-nanoparticles ukuthutha imithi noma izidakamizwa ezisetshenziswa ngozibuthe ukuze kufinyelelwe endaweni enenzuzo.
Uma lobu buchwepheshe bubonakala, imithi elwa nomdlavuza ingase ihlanganiswe nama-ferrofluid ahlukene azofinyelela endaweni ethintekile ngokusebenzisa izizibuthe, ezingavumela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlayiya ze-carcinogenic ezicutshini futhi zihlasele ngokukhethekile amangqamuzana alimele.
Esinye sezici izimila ezikhona ukuthi ziqinile, lokhu kuvumela i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha ukuthi ihlasele ngobuhlakani isimila kuphela.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ivumele ama-nanoparticles ukuthi akhombe futhi ahlukanise amaseli omdlavuza ezindaweni ezinempilo. Ngokufeza lokhu kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuqoqwa okukhethekile kwamathumba okuyizi:
ukuqongelela okuthile
Uma sibhekisela ekuqoqweni okungahambi kahle kwama-nanoparticles, sikhuluma ngomphumela wokuhlunga nokugcinwa kwezakhiwo esingena emzimbeni. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi umthelela we-EPR omele ukukwazi ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kanye Nomphumela Wokugcinwa.
Lo mphumela uvela ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwemithambo yegazi emisha eyaziwa ngokuthi i-angiogenesis, evumela ukwanda kokungena nokuphuma kwe-lymphatic kwezimila. Lo mphumela ungenziwa yizici ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokukhishwa kwe-bradkinin, i-nitric oxide, i-peroxynitric, phakathi kwabanye.
Lapho umzimba uthola ukwanda kwalezi zici, ukungena kwezicubu zamangqamuzana omdlavuza kuyanda, okuvumela isimila ukuthi sikhule futhi sithathe umzimba owengeziwe. Umphumela we-EPR uvumela i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha ukuthi isungule amasayithi okuhlasela acindezela ukujikeleza kwemithambo yegazi nomoya-mpilo, okwenza kube lula ukufa kwesimila ezindaweni ezithintekile.
Ukuqongelela Okusebenzayo
Lolu hlobo lokwelapha lugxile ngokukhethekile ekufakweni kwangaphakathi kwama-nanoparticles, okuzovumela ukwelapha ngendlela egxilile emangqamuzaneni athintekile, ngenxa yalokho esikwaziyo njengokusebenza kwama-molecule omhlahlandlela.
Uma sikhuluma ngama-molecule aqondisayo, sisungula ukuhlobana anakho namaprotheni angaphezulu, lokhu kuvumela ukuxhumana namaseli omdlavuza azovezwa ezinqubweni ze-endocytosis ukuze kutholakale ukukhululwa kwemithi ezohlasela amangqamuzana athintekile.
I-nanotechnology yezokwelapha kanye nezifo ze-neurodeergenerative
Umzimba womuntu umane uphelele, omunye wemizabalazo i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha ehlangabezane nayo isekucekeleni phansi komzimba womuntu wezakhi ezingaphandle kwawo, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni lapho udaba lobuchopho lukhona.
Kodwa-ke, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe buye bathola ukuthi uma isiguli sihlushwa izifo ze-neurodeergenerative, umzimba uyakwazi ukufunda ama-nanostructures aqukethe amaprotheni njengesixazululo futhi uvimbele ukubhujiswa kwawo.
Ngakho i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha inikeze inketho yokutakula ngokudlulisela izidakamizwa kuma-neuron namaseli asengozini yokuwohloka futhi awahlasele ngobuhlakani.
Enye yezinzuzo zalobu buchwepheshe ukuthi buyakwazi ukubola, ngakho-ke njengoba sesiwufezile umsebenzi, asikho isidingo sokuba sikhathazeke ngokwenza ukubonisana ukuze bususwe emzimbeni njengoba bona ngokwabo bayadliwa.
I-nanotechnology yezokwelapha kanye nokuvuselelwa
Uma sikhuluma ngomuthi ovuselelayo kufanele sazi ukuthi sikhuluma ngomuthi ofuna ukuvuselela noma ukuvuselela izici ezihlukahlukene zomzimba womuntu njengamangqamuzana, izitho noma izicubu, ngenhloso yokugcina yokubuyisela noma ukubuyisela ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwendawo. umbuzo.
Kungakho lapho umuthi wokuvuselela usebenza ne-nanotechnology yezokwelapha, kulindeleke intuthuko yesayensi yezinkanyezi. Njengoba izinto ezisetshenziselwa ama-nanostructures ziqukethe izinto ezibonakalayo nezamakhemikhali ezivumela ukuvuselelwa kwendawo ethintekile ukuba kwenzeke. I-nanotechnology yezokwelapha ivumele ukubunjwa kwalezi zakhiwo ukuvumela ukuklama nokudalwa kwamaseli ezicutshini ezithintekile.
Ukwakhiwa kwalawa ma-nanomaterials kudinga ukuthuthukisa ngokusebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi ukuthi ama-neural prostheses ahambisana kahle ukuze kuzuzwe i-biocompatibility izicubu ezidingayo ukuze kuzuzwe ukwakhiwa kokumbozwa kwendawo ethintekile.
Le nyunyana yemithi iyakwazi ukuthembisa ukuthi ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwezicubu, izitho noma amaseli kusebenza ngempumelelo ngenxa yosizo olusebenzayo endaweni yethishu entsha. Njengoba i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha ivumela ukulawulwa kokuqalwa kwezinqubo ezahlukene lapho ama-molecule akwazi ukuthutha imithi ngisho nama-stem cells ukuze afeze injongo yokuvuselela.
Ukuvuselelwa kwemizwa
Ngenxa yentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe egqamayo ku-nanotechnology yezokwelapha, ukuvuselelwa kwezinzwa manje sekuyinto engokoqobo. Inhloso yalo muthi ukuhlanganisa amaseli ahlukene kanye nezicubu ngaphakathi kwe-nanostructures ukuze ziqondiswe endaweni ethintekile futhi zifinyelele ukukhula kwamaseli.
Enye yezinzuzo ezivelele kakhulu ze-nanotechnology yezokwelapha ukudala izakhiwo eziguquguqukayo, ezihlala njalo zobude obudingekayo, okulungele ukuvuselelwa kwezinzwa. Ngenxa yokuthi le ndalo emisha yesakhiwo ingenziwa ukuthi isebenze nezinzwa ngaphakathi kwezindawo ezithintekile futhi ifinyelele ukukhula kwamaseli ngokusebenzisa isikhunta esinikezwa i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha.
Njengamanje, ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha okuhlukene kugxile ekwakhiweni kabusha, ukulungiswa nokuvuselelwa kwezingxenye ezahlukene zesimiso sezinzwa, lapho i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha emgodleni womgogodla nayo ifundwa. Yini engasiza abantu abakhubazekile ezindaweni ezahlukene zomzimba.
ukuvuselelwa kobuchopho
Lolu hlobo lomuthi lugxile ekuzuzeni ngokuphelele indawo yobuchopho evumela ukukhuthazwa nokuvuselelwa kwezicubu zobuchopho. Lokhu kungafezwa ngenxa yokuthi ama-nanomaterials nezakhiwo esizisebenzisayo zingaba amapulatifomu avimbela ukubola nokufa kobuchopho ezingeni lamaselula.
Uma sikhuluma ngokufa kobuchopho ezingeni lamangqamuzana, siyaqonda ukuthi sibhekisela emonakalweni obangelwa i-infarction yobuchopho, ama-superoxides, ukulimala kwengozi noma izinkinga ezinkulu emthonjeni womgogodla.
Uma kungenzeka ukuqonda nokusungula endaweni elawulwayo ukuthi ama-nanomaterials athumela ezindaweni ezithintekile namaseli izidakamizwa noma imithi edingekayo ukuze kuvuselelwe amaseli endaweni yobuchopho, singathola ikhambi lezifo eziningi ezigxile endaweni yobuchopho. umzimba womuntu.
I-nanotechnology yezokwelapha ekuhloleni
Inhloso yokubandakanya i-nanotechnology yezokwelapha ekuxilongeni igxile ekuhlonzweni ngqo kwezifo, kanye nesimo sendawo yeselula noma yamangqamuzana yendawo ethintekile.
Uma sikhuluma nanoma yimuphi udokotela kunoma yimuphi umkhakha, bazovuma ukuthi ukuxilongwa kusenesikhathi kunoma yisiphi isifo kuvumela amandla okuphendula ukuthi asheshe futhi asebenze kahle ngaphakathi kohlelo lokuphulukisa.
Futhi nge-nanotechnology yezokwelapha, lokhu kuxilongwa okusheshayo kungafinyelelwa ngamazinga aphezulu kakhulu wokuphelela. Ngenxa yokuthi kuzovumela ukufundwa okuphelele kwendawo ethintekile kusetshenziswa amadivaysi e-nano kanye nesistimu yokuqhathanisa ukuze kutholakale ukuxilongwa okunembile nokuthembekile.
Enye yezinzuzo ezivumela ukusetshenziswa kwale nanotechnology yezokwelapha ukuthi singakwazi ukufeza izithombe ngamadivayisi angadingi ukusebenzisa omaka be-fluorescent noma omsakazo. Ngenxa yokuthi babona ngesikhathi sangempela ukuzwela kanye nesimo samaseli endaweni yentshisekelo.
Ukusebenza kwalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe kucatshangwa ukuthi kusetshenziswe ezimisweni zokufunda ezisebenza nge-nuclear magnetic resonance, njengezimila nomdlavuza okhulayo.
Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-nanotechnology yezokwelapha
Kuso sonke lesi sihloko sibonile ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe obusha obuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa sebuvele bushintsha kanjani umkhakha wezokwelapha ngenxa yokusebenza kahle nokunemba kwawo. Futhi nakuba izicelo eziningi zisesesigabeni sokutadisha, akunakuphikwa ukuthi uma kungenzeka ukulawula indawo yokubulawa kokwakhiwa kwe-nanostructures kanye nokusebenza okuphelele, kungaba usizo olukhulu emagatsheni ahlukene emithi.
Omunye umkhakha wezokwelapha ongena emkhakheni we-nanotechnology yezokwelapha usekuvuselelweni nasekulungiseni kokubili izicubu zemisipha namathambo. Lokhu ngeke nje kuvumele ukuvuselelwa kwamaseli ukuba kwenzeke njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, kodwa futhi imisipha ephelele, ngenxa yokuphelela kwe-nanotechnology yezokwelapha, ingavuselelwa ngokuphelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sithola ukulungiswa kwamathambo okungaba usizo olukhulu ngesikhathi sokulimala okubalulekile noma okungabonakali okufana nokuphuka noma ama-roses abalulekile ngaphakathi kwesistimu yamathambo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi akuphi.
Lokhu kungaba ngenxa yokuthi ama-nanostructures angahlelwa ukuze abone imifantu ohlelweni lwamathambo futhi alungiswe ngezindlela ezimbili. Eyokuqala igxile ekujovweni kwezidakamizwa ezivumela ukululama ngokushesha okukhulu, kuyilapho okwesibili kuthuthukiswa ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zakhiwo ze-nano ngaphakathi kwethambo ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwamathambo.
Nakuba kuyisayensi ukuthi akukakakwazi ukufeza intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kukhomba ekuthuthukisweni kwemithi. Ngendlela efanayo, kwenziwa izifundo ukuze imithi noma izidakamizwa zikwazi ukungena ku-nanostructures ukuthumela ama-antiseptics, ama-antibiotics, ama-chemotherapies, ama-radiotherapies kanye nemithi engapheli yokuhlasela indawo ethintekile ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuveza wonke umzimba emiphumeleni emibi.
Esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani ama-nanostructures asesesigabeni socwaningo ukuthi nakuba lezo ezakhiwe nge-carbon fibre zingazange zibe nezithiyo ezinkulu, lezo ezinesakhiwo sesiliva zibe nomthelela omubi ngaphakathi kohlelo njengoba zikhona kuye kwafakazelwa ezifundweni ezahlukene ukuthi isicelo. zalezi nanostructures ziphindwe izikhathi ezingamashumi amane nanhlanu ezinobuthi futhi ziyakwazi ukuqeda amabhaktheriya abulalayo kanye nama-benign.
Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izifundo zezokwelapha ziqhubeke lapho lolu hlobo lwe-nanotechnology yezokwelapha lungenziwa luphelele ukuze kwenziwe ukuxilonga okunembe kakhulu nokuthi izinqubo zemithi zisebenza kakhulu kunemithi yendabuko. Ngenxa yemithi noma izidakamizwa zithathwa ngqo ezindaweni ezithintekile.
Izingozi ze-nanotechnology yezokwelapha
Njengoba sesike sacacisa, lolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe lusesigabeni sokuhlolwa, ngakho-ke lubophezelekile ukusho ubungozi noma imithelela ochwepheshe ekuthuthukisweni kwalolu hlobo lobuchwepheshe abahlangabezane nayo.
Enye yezingozi ezibaluleke kakhulu eziye zatholwa ukuthi lapho i-titanium dioxide ne-zinc oxide isetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni ama-nanoparticles, singathola ukulimala kwamangqamuzana esikhumba futhi ngenxa yalokho ku-DNA. Lolu cwaningo lwakhululwa ngo-1997 yiNyuvesi yase-Oxford naseMontreal, lolu hlobo lokuhlanganisa lungatholakala kumakhilogremu amaningi athengisa ilanga.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngo-2002, iCenter for Biological Nanotechnology e-Rice University, ese-Houston, yabonisa ukuthi ama-nanoparticles anqwabelana ezithweni, ikakhulukazi isibindi namaphaphu ezilwane ezazisetshenziswa ekuhloleni. Lokhu kungabangela umsuka wezifo ezintsha ezifana nezimila okuthi, njengesokuqala, ziguqule futhi zilimaze i-DNA. Ngokufanayo, babike ukuthi ama-nanotubes ayingozi enkulu ngoba angangena emaphashini futhi abangele ukugula okukhulu.
Okokugcina, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi i-ETC Group, eholwa yi-toxic-pathologist u-Vyvyan Howard, ikwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi ubukhulu be-nanoparticles buyingozi kakhulu kunento efanayo eyenziwa ngayo, ngenxa yokuthi banda kakhulu. amandla okwenza i-catalytic futhi ngenxa yobukhulu bawo, amasosha omzimba aba yizimpumputhe futhi awawaboni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Howard ubonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-nanoparticles kunomthelela omubi endaweni esebenza kuyo. Ngokocwaningo alwenzile, ukwazile ukukhombisa ukuthi ama-carbon nanospheres ancibilika emanzini angalimaza ubuchopho bezinhlanzi futhi abulale lawo aziwa ngamazeze amanzi.