Una i-nebula yeplanethi Kumane kuwukuthi i-nebula ephumayo eqinile emvilophini ekhazimulayo ekusakazeni kwe-plasma negesi ionized, eqhunyiswa ngesikhathi segatsha elikhulu le-asymptotic eliwela izinkanyezi ezinkulu ezibomvu ezikhathini zokugcina zokuphila kwabo.
Umsuka Wegama Leplanethi Nebula
Leli gama lisuka eqinisweni lokuthi abacwaningi balo, ekhulwini le-XNUMX, baqaphela ukuthi ukubonakala kwalo kwakufana namaplanethi amakhulu abonwa ngezibonakude ezibonakalayo zesiteshi, nakuba bengenakho nhlobo. ukuhambisana namaplanethi.
Kuyisenzakalo esifushane ku ulwazi ezezinkanyezi, ephikelela ngokulandelana kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zeminyaka (isikhathi sokuphila se-a inkanyezi evamile ihlanganisa iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi).
Futhi, ekupheleni kwe- ukuphila kwezinkanyezi Njengoba zifinyelela esigabeni esikhulukazi esibomvu, izingqimba zangaphandle zenkanyezi zikhishwa ngenxa yokubhuquza nomoya obukhali wasemkhathini. Ngemva kokukhishwa kwalezi zingqimba, umgogodla omncane wenkanyezi usala, oshisa kakhulu futhi ukhanya ngokungena ngaphakathi. Ngalo mqondo, ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet okuvezwa yile eksisi kukhipha izendlalelo zangaphandle inkanyezi eyayizikhiphile.
Ngokufanayo, iplanethi nebulae ziyizinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu kusayensi yezinkanyezi, ngenxa yokuthi zidlala indima engaphezu kwemvelo ekuguqukeni kwamakhemikhali emithala, ukubuyisela izinsimbi ezisindayo neminye imikhiqizo i-nucleosynthesis yenkanyezi (njenge-carbon, i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo ne-calcium). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufakazelwe ukuthi lezi zinqubo zihlobene eduze ne-dynamics ye imithala nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo.
En imithala kude, iplanethi i-nebulae yizinto ezifanele okungatholakala kuzo ulwazi olunenzuzo mayelana nomthethosisekelo wawo wamakhemikhali.
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Ngendlela efanayo, izithombe ezitholwe yi- isibonakude indawo yokuphumula baye babonisa ukuthi ama-nebulae amaningi eplanethi abonisa i-morphology eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Cishe ingxenye yesihlanu kuphela yazo ibonisa izimo eziyindilinga ezingaphezulu noma ezingaphansi. Isici esibangela lolu hlobo olubanzi lomumo alukaqondwa kahle, nokho kucatshangwa ukuthi izinkanyezi ezimaphakathi, imimoya yezinkanyezi nezizibuthe zingadlala indima enkulu.
Isiteji seNebula Yeplanethi
Uma isiteji se-Planetary Nebula siqhubeka, amagesi akhishiwe ahamba ngesivinini samakhilomitha amaningana ngomzuzwana ngokuphathelene nenkanyezi emaphakathi. Ishintsha ibe insalela (i-white dwarf) ye inkanyezi yokuqala ebomvu enkulu, futhi yakhiwe ngekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo ngama-electron awo abolile, ane-hydrogen enganele, njengoba iningi lawo lasuswa esigabeni sangaphambilini segatsha esikhulu se-asymptotic. Kodwa-ke, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo kungase kukwenze kuthakazelise kumongo we ukwakheka kwenkanyezi.
Njengoba igesi isakazeka, i inkanyezi ephakathi uyakwazisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngezigaba ezimbili: okokuqala, ukunciphisa lapho kushisa, i-carbonizing i-hydrogen isuka oqwembeni olungaphandle iye emnyombweni.
Kulesi sigaba, inkanyezi emaphakathi igcina ukukhanya okungaguquki, ekugcineni ifinyelele amazinga okushisa acishe abe ngu-100 K. Engxenyeni yesibili, inkanyezi ibekezelela inqubo yokuqandisa lapho igobolondo le-hydrogen elingaphandle seliphelile, limosha ingxenye ethile ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Insalela isakaza amandla ayo kodwa ukuncibilika kuyayeka ukwenzeka, njengoba ubuningi benqwaba sebonakele futhi okusele akwanele ukufinyelela amazinga okushisa abalulekile ukuze kukhululwe lolu hlobo lwenqubo. Inkanyezi iba yiqhwa ngendlela yokuthi imisebe ye-ultraviolet i-diffused ayibukhali ngokwanele ukwenza i-ionize igesi ezungezile. Ngakho-ke, ukucwaninga kwalezi zigaba kunomthelela ekuqondeni kangcono umjikelezo wempilo yezitshalo. izinkanyezi.
Ekugcineni, isiteji se-Planetary Nebula siphelelwa yisikhathi lapho ifu legesi lihlangana kabusha, lishiya isimo se-plasma futhi lingabonakali. Ku-Nebula yeplanethi yasekuqaleni, isikhathi sokuphatha lesi sikhathi cishe iminyaka eyi-10. I insalela yezinkanyezi, inkanyezi emhlophe, izoqhubeka ngaphandle kokubekezelela noma yiziphi izinguquko ekuqhubekeni kwayo, iqhwa kancane kancane.
5 Izici Zomzimba Zeplanethi Ye-Nebula
Ezinye izici zomzimba ukuthi lokhu uhlobo nebula, Yilezi:
1. Izimo
I-Las iplanethi nebulae abonisa izimo ezihluke kakhulu, kusukela kokubukeka ngendlela exakile nokuyinkimbinkimbi kuya cishe eyindilinga yasezulwini. Kodwa-ke, lesi sakamuva asifinyeleli cishe ku-20% wesamba saso.
2. Ahlukaniswa ngokwezimo zawo
Iningi lama-nebula eplanethi lingahlukaniswa ngokumelela kwawo, okungukuthi, angaba yindilinga, ayi-elliptical, noma i-bipolar (ephawulwe kusukela ku- Umhlaba, njengoba umumo uncike engeli lapho zibonwa khona). Kodwa-ke, ngokwezinga elincane, kukhona nezinye ezinezici ezihlukene, njenge-annular, quadrupolar, irregular, helical, nezinye izimo ezibonakalayo. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kwamafomu nakho kukhombisa i-physics eyinkimbinkimbi kumongo we ukwakheka kwe-galactic.
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3. Ububanzi
I-Planetary Nebula yasekuqaleni ine-a ububanzi bonyaka wokukhanya, futhi lakhiwe igesi ehlakazeke kakhulu, enokuvumelana phakathi kwezinhlayiya eziyikhulu neziyi-100 nge-cubic centimeter ngayinye. Ngokusobala, lezi zici zihluka kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nalezo izinkanyezi ezinkulu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, umkhathi woMhlaba unezinhlayiya ezingu-2,5 × 1019 nge-cm3 ngayinye. I i-nebulae omncane banokufana okuphezulu, kwesinye isikhathi ukulandelana kwezinhlayiya eziyisigidi (106) nge-cm3 ngayinye. Njengoba i-nebula ibola, ukuminyana kuncipha ngenxa yokusabalala kwayo emkhathini.
Imisebe evezwa inkanyezi emaphakathi ithungela amagesi emazingeni okushisa angaba ngu-10 K.000 Ngokuvamile, ezindaweni eziseduze nenkanyezi, le gesi ingafinyelela izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kakhulu, elizungeze i-39-16 K. 000 Umthamo osebenzayo endaweni eduze kwe inkanyezi Emaphakathi ivamise ukugcwala igesi eshisa kakhulu, isondele ku-1 K. Le gesi ibangelwa ebusweni benkanyezi ngendlela yomoya wasemkhathini oshesha kakhulu.
4. Umehluko
I-nebulae yeplanethi ingase ingalingani ngokuya ngengxenye yayo ekhawulayo, okungaba yindaba noma ukukhanya. Esimweni sokuqala, azikho izinto ezanele ku-nebula ukuthi zingene kuzo zonke izithombe ze-ultraviolet ezivezwa inkanyezi, futhi i-nebula ezwakalayo ithola i-ionized ngokuphelele.
Ekugcineni, inkanyezi ayivezi ngokwanele izithombe ze-ultraviolet ukwenza i-ionize yonke igesi eduze, isakaza isuka enkanyezini isigaba se-ionization futhi ishiya izifunda ezingaphandle zingathathi hlangothi, ngakho-ke akuwona wonke amagesi akhona endaweni engabonwa, njengoba le gesi ibanda kakhulu kangangokuthi iveza ukukhanya ebangeni le-infrared) .
5. Ukusabalalisa
Babalelwa ku-3000 abaziwayo i-nebula yeplanethi emthaleni wethu. Lena inombolo encane uma iqhathaniswa nenani eliphelele lika-; Kukhona cishe i-Planetary Nebula eyodwa kuzo zonke izigidi ezingu-60 zazo. Lokhu kuhambisana nesikhathi sayo esifushane sokuphila ngokulingana nezinkanyezi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi cishe kwakheka ama-nebulae amaplanethi amasha amathathu unyaka ngamunye. Ukusatshalaliswa kwalezi nebula nakho kusivumela ukuthi sifunde umlando we izinkanyezi emthaleni wethu.
Ngokuvamile zitholakala endizeni ye- IMilky Way, ukujabula kakhulu eduze kwesikhungo somthala.
Ucwaningo lwe-Planetary Nebula ngamaqoqo avulekile lusivumela ukuba sinqume ngokunemba okukhulu umkhawulo wenqwaba phakathi kwamadlozi amhlophe qhwa kanye nezinkanyezi ze-neutron, ezitholakala phakathi kuka-6-8. izixuku zelanga.
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Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma sikhuluma ngalesi simo sendawo yemvelo kufanele sicabange ukuthi iyohlala ihlobene nokuqala noma ukuqala kwezinkanyezi ezintsha futhi kulokhu, i-Planetary Nebula ihlobene kakhulu nomsuka wezinkanyezi. izinkanyezi imidondoshiya ebomvu.
