El I-Suprematism ingenye yezinyathelo eziqine kakhulu nezimsulwa kuwo wonke umlando wobuciko wekhulu lama-20. Wazalwa phakathi kokuvutshelwa kwezombusazwe namasiko kweRussia yangaphambi koguquko, wahlukana ngokuphelele nokumelwa komhlaba obonakalayo, esikhundleni salokho wakhetha izimo zejiyometri ezingenalutho nemibala eyisicaba njengendlela eya kokuhlangenwe nakho okungokomoya. Ngemuva kokubukeka okulula—izikwele, imibuthano, iziphambano, kanye nonxande oluntantayo ezizindeni ezimhlophe—kukhona inkolelo-mbono yobuhle eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu eyayifuna lutho olungaphansi kokufinyelela “ukuphakama kwemizwa emsulwa.”
UMdali wakho, UKazimir Malevich wathatha umdwebo wawubeka “esimeni esibi” lapho izinto, izindawo, kanye nezibalo zabantu zinyamalala khona. Endaweni yazo kuhlala amasimu ombala, ukucindezeleka kwejometri, kanye nendawo emhlophe ephakamisa ukungabi namkhawulo. Ukusuka lapho, i-Suprematism ivelela ngezigaba eziningana, iphefumulele abanye abaculi abanjengo-El Lissitzky, uPopova, noRozanova, ihlanganyela engxoxweni (futhi ingqubuzana) ne-Constructivism, futhi ishiya uphawu olujulile ku- ubuciko obungabonakali, iBauhaus, umklamo wezithombe ngisho nezakhiwo zesimanje.
UMdali wakho, UKazimir Malevich wathatha umdwebo wawubeka “esimeni esibi” lapho izinto, izindawo, kanye nezibalo zabantu zinyamalala khona. Endaweni yazo kuhlala amasimu ombala, ukucindezeleka kwejometri, kanye nendawo emhlophe ephakamisa ukungabi namkhawulo. Ukusuka lapho, i-Suprematism ivele ngezigaba eziningana, ikhuthaza abanye abaculi abanjengo-El Lissitzky, uPopova, noRozanova, behlanganyela engxoxweni (futhi bephikisana) ne-Constructivism, futhi beshiya uphawu olujulile kubuciko obungabonakali, i-Bauhaus, umklamo wezithombe, ngisho nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zesimanje.
Umongo womlando kanye nokuzalwa kwe-Suprematism
Phakathi kuka-1905 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1920, IRussia ibhekane nochungechunge lwezinguquko, izimpi, kanye nezinguquko zomphakathi Lezi zenzakalo zaphazamisa zonke izakhiwo, kuhlanganise nezobuciko. Ngemva kwe-Bloody Sunday ngo-1905 kanye nokungezwani okwaholela eNguquko ka-1917, izwe lalibhekene noshintsho olukhulu kwezepolitiki, amasiko, kanye nemibono. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lalizivulela ithuba lokuhamba phambili eYurophu ngenxa yemibukiso efana naleyo eyahlelwa ngo-1908 ngumagazini waseRussia i-The Golden Fleece, eyayinemisebenzi kaMatisse, uRenoir, uBraque, uCézanne, uVan Gogh, uKees van Dongen, uSisley, noBonnard.
Lezi zibonelo zashintsha kakhulu umdlalo: Abaculi baseRussia bahlanganisa i-Impressionism, i-Cubism, ne-Fauvismfuthi baqala ukuthuthukisa ezabo umdwebo wesimanjeNgo-1911, umbukiso weqembu elithi "Jack of Diamonds" waphawula ushintsho olukhulu oluya ekusetshenzisweni kobuciko ekudwebeni nasekubazeni. Ngemva nje kwalokho, izinhlangano ezifana ne-Russian Futurism kanye ne- UbuRayonism noma i-cubofuturism, ehlanganisa isivinini, ukuqhekeka kanye nokuhlola isimo.
Kule ndawo yokuzalela, isithombe sika UKazimir Malevich, umdwebi oqeqeshwe ekubhekaneni namaqiniso Kodwa wayekhathazekile kakhulu ngekhono lobuciko obungokomfanekiso lokusabela enkathini entsha. Ethonywe okokuqala yi-Post-Impressionism kanye ne-Neo-Primitivism, kamuva wagxila ku-Cubo-Futurism, waze waqonda ukuthi inguquko yangempela kwakumelwe idlule ekuguquleni noma ekuguquleni izinto: into kwakumelwe isuswe ngokuphelele.
UMalevich wabe esebona lokho Umbala nesimo kungasebenza njengezinto ezizimelengaphandle kokudinga ukumela noma yini ebonakalayo. Ngokusho kwakhe, umbala kufanele uyeke ukuba umthombo olula wokulingisa iqiniso futhi ube "ngumuntu" ngaphakathi kohlelo oluzimele, cishe njengeyunithi ephilayo ehlanganyela ekwakheni okuhlangene ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubuwena bayo.
Ngo-1913, ngesikhathi esebenza emidwebeni yeminye imisebenzi, uMalevich wathola ukuthi Izimo zejometri eziyisisekelo zikuvumela ukuthi uxhumane nomuzwa wangaphakathi wobumsulwa. okuyinto ayengayitholi ekudwebeni okungokoqobo. Wabe eseqala ukubhala imibhalo futhi wakha ithiyori lapho ubuciko obufanelekela ngempela isimanje kufanele buhlukane nezindikimba zendabuko futhi buziveze ngolimi olungaqondakali olusekelwe kulezi zinhlobo ezilula.
I-opera ethi "Ukunqoba Ilanga" kanye ne-germ yesikwele esimnyama
Enye yezindawo zokuguquka kwe-Suprematism yi-opera "Ukunqoba Ilanga", yaqala ukuboniswa ngo-1913 eLunapark Theatre eSt. Petersburg.Kwakuwumkhiqizo wesikhathi esizayo owahlanganisa i-libretto ka-Alexei Kruchenykh, isandulela sikaVelimir Khlebnikov, umculo kaMikhail Matyushin, kanye nomklamo wesethi kanye nezingubo zikaMalevich.
Inhloso yabalobi kwakungu ukuyeka imidlalo yeshashalazi yendabuko kanye nolimi oluvamile “lwenkondlo”esikhundleni salo ngolimi lwesiRashiya olucatshangwa ukuthi lucacile futhi lunengqondo, kanye nesiteji esinobuciko obukhulu. UMalevich uklama izingubo ezenziwe ngezinto ezilula kakhulu kanye nezimo zejometri, ezikude kakhulu nanoma yikuphi ukuba ngokoqobo, kuyilapho izibani ezikhanyayo zenza izandla, imilenze, noma amakhanda abadlali zinyamalale okwesikhashana, okudala umphumela oqhekekile futhi ocishe ungabi ngokoqobo.
Ikhethini le-proscenium lendlu ye-opera lalibonisa isikwele esikhulu esimnyama, esihlukanisiweLesi sithombe, esasisebenza njengesici sendawo, sagcina sesiyimbangela yomqondo womsebenzi wakhe wezithombe kamuva: UMalevich wahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu ngamandla angokomfanekiso aleso sikwele kangangokuthi wasiguqula saba umdwebo ozimele.
Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, Kuthatha igxathu eliqondile lobuciko obungeyona inhlosoUshiya noma yikuphi ukubhekisela okubonakalayo futhi ugxila endaweni yonke yezindiza, ama-engeli, kanye nemikhakha yemibala engasabhekiseli ezindaweni noma ezithombeni. Phakathi naleyo minyaka, ukucabanga kwakhe okungokwemfundiso kwakuchazwa emibhalweni nasezincwadini, eminye yayo yabhalwa ukuphendula ukugxekwa okunzima ayeqala ukukuthola emphakathini wezemfundo waseRussia.
Umbukiso we-0,10 kanye ne-manifesto ye-Suprematist
Isenzo sangempela sokusungula i-Suprematism senzeka ngo-1915 ngombukiso "0,10. Umbukiso Wokugcina Wezithombe Zesikhathi Esizayo", eyabanjelwa ePetrograd (eyayikade iSt. Petersburg). Isihloko sasibhekisela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, emcabangweni wokuthi “izwe elidala” laliphela futhi kufinyelelwa iphuzu elingu-zero (0), kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, sasibhekisela enanini lokuqala labaculi ababehlela ukuhlanganyela (10), yize abangu-14 ekugcineni baboniswa.
Kulo mbukiso, uMalevich wethula imisebenzi engama-39 engeyona eyenhloso, ukudala okokuqala isethi ehambisanayo yemidwebo ye-SuprematistPhakathi kwabo, abadumile Isikwele esimnyama ngemuva okumhlopheokuba yisithombe esidumile sale nhlangano entsha. Le ngxenye ilengiswe ekhoneni eliphezulu legumbi, endaweni lapho emakhaya aseRussia kwakugcinelwe khona izithombe zenkolo, okugcizelela ubukhulu bayo obucishe bube ngcwele.
KuMalevich, leso sikwele sasiyi "isithonjana esingenafreyimu sesikhathi sami"Uphawu oluthathe indawo yezithonjana zama-Orthodox, olungabonakalisi ubuNkulunkulu bobuKristu kodwa ingokomoya elisha lokungabonakali. Uphinde aluchaze njengokuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwesisindo se-chromatic, ukubonakaliswa kwalokho akubiza ngokuthi "umnotho wejiyometri."
Ngalowo nyaka ofanayo, futhi ngokubambisana nembongi uVladimir Mayakovsky, UMalevich ubhala i-Suprematist Manifestolapho echaza khona ukunyakaza ngokuthi “ukuphakama kokuqonda okumsulwa kwezobuciko obungokomfanekiso.” Ngokusho kwakhe, ubuciko kufanele bukhululwe esibophweni sokumelela umhlaba obonakalayo nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zokulandisa, ezenhlalo, noma zesayensi. Ukugxila kufanele kube kokuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphakathi komculi kanye nombukeli.
Ngo-1916 inguqulo enwetshiwe yale mibono yavela ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Kusukela ku-Cubism kanye ne-Futurism kuya ku-Suprematism: Iqiniso Elisha Ekudwebeni"Kulo mbhalo, uMalevich uthi uziguqule “waba sesimweni esimsulwa” nokuthi uphume “ekubeni yize waya endalweni,” okungukuthi, wangena ku-Suprematism njengombono omusha womdwebo ongeyona inhloso, umbono ongokoqobo ongaqondakali njengekhophi yalokho okukhona, kodwa njengobuqiniso bomuzwa.
Ifilosofi kanye nenjongo ye-suprematism
Inkolelo-mbono ye-Suprematist yakhelwe phezu komqondo oyinhloko: ukungakhethi calaUMalevich wayefuna igama elithi, emkhakheni wobuciko, lizolingana nalokho okushiwo “uNkulunkulu” enkolweni, ukuphelela kobuchwepheshe kwesayensi, noma “ubuhle” kwezobuciko bezemfundo. Uthi le mibono iqondisa izindlela zabantu, kodwa ihlala ingaphezu kokufinyelela okugcwele kolwazi lwezinto ezibonakalayo.
Kuyena, Lokho inkolo, isayensi, kanye nobuciko okwabelana ngakho ukuthi baphishekela into engeyona inhloso, iqiniso eliphakeme. okungaphelelwa amandla yizinto ezibonakalayo. Lapho ebona ukuthi into efanayo ingachazwa ngezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu kuye ngombono (wenkolo, wesayensi, noma wobuciko), uphetha ngokuthi le nto inendlela yokuphila ngaphandle kwabantu. Ingqikithi yezinto, "indawo yazo yokuba khona," asikayiqondi ngokugcwele.
Ngokusho kukaMalevich, i-Suprematism izoba yiyo ukusesha ngezithombe kwalowo mbuso ongeyona inhlosoNgakho-ke igama lenhlangano ngokwayo, elivela egameni lesiLatini elithi "suprematia" (ubukhulu, ukubusa), lidlula ezinhlotsheni zesiFulentshi nesiPolish: ubukhulu bomuzwa omsulwa ngaphezu kokumelwa komhlaba ongokoqobo.
Lokhu kucabanga kugcizelelwe encwadini yakhe "Umhlaba ongeyona inhloso"Enyatheliswa yiBauhaus ngo-1927, ugcizelela ukuthi umdali weqiniso unjalo kuphela uma izimo ezikumdwebo wazo zingahambisani nhlobo nemvelo. Ngakho-ke isikwele, indilinga, noma isiphambano ziba yizithwali zemizwa yendawo yonke hhayi izimpawu zezinto ezingokoqobo.
Isimo sakhe esibucayi saholela ekutheni ubuciko bakhe bubhekwe njengo ukungakholwa, ukungakholelwa ezintweni ezingaziwa, noma imfihlakalo ngokweqile ngabaningi besikhathi sakhe. Kodwa-ke, kuMalevich, i-Suprematism kwakungeyona into yokuphika engenalutho, kodwa kwakuwumzamo wokwakha ulimi olusha olubonakalayo olukwazi ukuveza imizwa ngaphandle kokuthembela ezithombeni ezibonakalayo, into esondelene nomculo wezinsimbi kunokudweba kwendabuko.
Izigaba Zokubusa Okuphezulu: Okumnyama, Umbala, Nomhlophe
Izazi ngokuvamile zihlukanisa ukuvela kwe-Suprematism zibe izigaba ezintathu ezinkulu, zonke zihlanganiswe eduze kwesibalo sesikwele, uhlobo oluphelele kakhulu lwe-par excellence ku-Malevich. Isigaba ngasinye sigxila esicini esihlukile sokuqashelwa kwejometri.
Isigaba sokuqala yi- isigaba esimnyamaPhakathi nale minyaka, iningi lezingoma ze-Suprematist lasebenzisa izimo ezimnyama—izikwele, onxande, iziphambano, iziyingi—eceleni kwesizinda esimhlophe. Umehluko omkhulu phakathi komnyama nomhlophe wagcizelela umqondo "wephuzu eliyi-zero" lomdwebo: umbala wehliswa waba sezingeni eliphansi, futhi isakhiwo somdwebo sasincike cishe kuphela ku-geometry.
Isigaba sesibili yileso I-Suprematism ngombalaUMalevich wandisa umbala, ehlanganisa kakhulu obomvu, kodwa futhi nophuzi, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani kanye nowolintshi. Isebenza njenge I-Red Square: ubuqiniso obungokomfanekiso bowesifazane ongumlimi ngobukhulu obubili (isikwele esibomvu ngemuva kwesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) sisebenza njengezibonakaliso zobuhle nezingokomfanekiso, ezihlotshaniswa noguquko kanye nokuguqulwa komphakathi.
Kulesi sigaba esiguquguqukayo, amafomu abonakala ukuntanta, ukuthambekela, nokuwela esikhaleni esinemifanekiso, okudala umuzwa wokunyakaza ngaphandle kwesidingo sokumelela noma yini eqondile. Umbala awusagcini ngokugcwalisa, kodwa kunalokho uphawula ukungezwani kokujula, izindiza eziqhubekela phambili noma ezihlehlayo esikhaleni somqondo.
Isigaba sesithathu nesokugcina simelelwa yi ubukhosi babamhlophe, isibonelo sakhe esaziwa kakhulu Mhlophe kokumhlophe (1918). Kuyisikwele esimhlophe, esijikelezwe kancane, ngemuva okumhlophe futhi, kodwa okunethoni ehlukile. Uhlaka alubonakali kahle; ukuhlukana phakathi kwesibalo nomhlabathi kuba cishe okungabonakali, njengokungathi umdwebo usondela emkhawulweni wokubonakala.
Ngalo msebenzi, uMalevich ukholelwa ukuthi Usethathe ukuhlolwa kwakhe kwezithombe kwaze kwaba sekugcineniUmbala uyancibilika, isimo sihlangana nendawo, futhi umdwebo ucishe ungabi ngokoqobo. Ngamazwi akhe, isikwele esimhlophe siba uphawu lokuzazi komuntu lapho sishiya ngokuphelele izinjongo zosizo, kanye nokubonakaliswa kokungabi nandaba okumsulwa.
Imisebenzi Eyinhloko Yokubusa KaKazimir Malevich
Nakuba i-Suprematism ihlotshaniswa kakhulu nezithonjana ezimbalwa ezaziwayo, UMalevich wakha umsebenzi omkhulu nohlukahlukene ngale ndlela. Eziningi zazo zakhishwa eRussia ngawo-1920 ukuze kugwenywe ukuthunjwa yiziphathimandla zaseSoviet, okuye kwavumela ukulondolozwa kwazo eminyuziyamu eYurophu nase-United States.
Phakathi kwezingcezu ezivelele kakhulu, okulandelayo kuvelele, okokuqala, Isikwele esimnyama ngemuva okumhlophe (cishe ngo-1915, i-State Russian Museum, eSt. Petersburg), yayibhekwa njengesitifiketi sokuzalwa se-Suprematism. Nakuba abaningi basilahla njenge "umdwebo ongenalutho" noma "okungekho lutho olufanekiswe ngumuntu," umdwebi ngokwakhe wagcizelela ukuthi akumeleli ukungabi nalutho, kodwa ukungabikho njengesimo esivundile, isikhala samathuba lapho okudala sekususiwe khona.
Ulandelwa imisebenzi efana nokuthi Indilinga emnyama (1913), futhi kuyi-State Russian Museum, ehumusha ukusesha okufanayo kobumsulwa kube olunye uhlobo oluyisisekelo, futhi Ukwakheka kwe-Suprematist: isikwele esibomvu nesikwele esimnyama (MoMA, eNew York), lapho ingxoxo phakathi kwemibala kanye nezibalo idala ukungezwani okukhulu kwesakhiwo.
Ezinye izingcezu ezibalulekile yilezi UbuSuprematism (UbuSupremus #58) (1916, Krasnodar Art Museum), ahlukahlukene Izingoma ze-Suprematist igcinwe eMnyuziyamu waseSedelijk e-Amsterdam, kanye nalokhu okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla Mhlophe kokumhlophe (1918, MoMA, eNew York), iphayona ngaphakathi kobuciko besimanje be-monochrome.
Kuhle futhi ukukhumbula imidwebo yangaphambilini kodwa ebalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuvela kwayo, njengokuthi Umshini Wokugaya Umese o Inhloko yomlimilapho i-Cubo-Futurism kanye nesithakazelo kubantu basemakhaya kubikezela ukukhathazeka okusemthethweni okuzothuthukiswa kamuva ku-Suprematism. Ezithombeni eziningana zeminyaka yakhe yokugcina, esevele ebuyele ebucikweni obungokomfanekiso, uMalevich wasayina ngobuhlakani umsebenzi wakhe ngesikwele esincane esimnyama, njengesibonakaliso saleso sikhathi kanye nophawu lwakhe olugqamile kakhulu.
Abanye abaculi be-Suprematist kanye neqembu le-Supremus
Nakuba uMalevich ekhona igama elingahlukanisiwe ne-suprematismLo mnyakazo wawungeyona into eyenzeka ngomuntu ngamunye. Kwakhiwa isiyingi sabaculi abazungezile, futhi Abadwebi abadumile ababehlanganyela, ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane, izinhloso zabo zokuhlanzwa okusemthethweni nokukhululwa kokupenda kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi wokumelela.
Phakathi kwezinto eziphawuleka kakhulu yilezi: El Lissitzky, Lyubov Popova, Olga Rózanova, Ivan Puni, Mijaíl Menkov, Nikolai Suetín noma Nadezhda UdaltsovaAbaningi babo bahlanganyele nakwezinye izindlela ze-avant-garde yaseRussia futhi babambisana kumaphrojekthi ahlangene, izincwadi kanye nemibukiso.
Leli qembu lasungulwa ngo-1918 Ophakemeosebenza njengendawo yengxoxo yefilosofi nobuciko mayelana nobubanzi be-Suprematism kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezinye izindawo zokucabanga. Le mihlangano ibhekane nezindaba ezisukela ohlotsheni lwesikhathi nendawo kuya ebuhlotsheni obungaba khona bobuciko nesayensi noma inkolo.
Abanye abaculi, njengabo ULyubov PopovaBazama ukuhlanganisa ukucashunwa okuqinile kwe-Suprematist kanye nokuphindaphindwa kwe-Futurism kanye ne-Cubism. Emisebenzini efana nethi Isakhiwo sezithombe (1918), ukubhekisela ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo noma ekuhleleni isikhala sasemadolobheni kusabonakala, yize kuncishisiwe kwaba amapulani namavolumu acishe abe yinto engaqondakali.
Abanye, bayathanda U-Olga RozanovaBafika ku-Suprematism ngemuva kokudlula ku-Cubism kanye ne-Futurism. Ukundiza kwendiza (1916), isibonelo, ithonya lokuziphatha likaMalevich libonakala ngokucacile ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe ezimsulwa, kodwa futhi nendaba ethile yendawo ethathwe esihlokweni sokundiza, enemibala ecacile kanye nemisindo ephakamisa ukunyuka nokunyakaza.
U-El Lissitzky: ibhuloho phakathi kwe-Suprematism, izakhiwo kanye ne-Bauhaus
Phakathi kwabo bonke abalandeli bakaMalevich, U-El Lissitzky nguyena owaba negalelo elikhulu ekusakazeni ubuSuprematism ngaphandle kweRussiaEhlabeke umxhwele kakhulu yimisebenzi ye-Suprematist, wabona kuyo ubuciko obufana noguquko lwezombusazwe lwesikhathi sakhe: ulimi olubonakalayo olunamandla lohlobo olusha lomphakathi.
Kusukela ngo-1919 kuqhubeke, uLissitzky wathuthukisa i- Ukwakhiwa kwe-Proun (isifinyezo se-“Project for the Affirmation of the New”), asichaza njengesiteshi sokushintsha phakathi kokupenda nokwakha. Le misebenzi iyinhlanganisela eyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlobo zejometri endizeni, kodwa ecatshangwa njengezakhiwo zendawo, cishe amamodeli ezakhiwo zesikhathi esizayo noma izindawo zasemadolobheni.
Ku-Proun yakhe, uLissitzky Kuthatha izimiso ze-Suprematist bese kuzishintshela kwezakhayo.Ukufinyeza akube yisiphetho ngokwako futhi kuqala ukucatshangelwa maqondana nokuphila okungokoqobo, ukuhlelwa kwendawo yokuhlala, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinto nemiyalezo ebonakalayo.
Ngo-1923, ngesikhathi sohambo oluya eJalimane, wafaka amahholo ombukiso wobuciko angewona awenhloso eBerlin, eHanover, naseDresden, futhi igcina ukuxhumana okuseduze nabantu ababalulekile be-avant-garde baseYurophu njengoTheo van Doesburg, isixhumanisi senhlangano iDe Stijl. Le nethiwekhi yokushintshana isiza imibono yeSuprematist ukuthi ifinyelele eBauhaus nakwezinye izikhungo zobusimanje baseYurophu.
Imisebenzi efana nephosta Shaya abamhlophe nge-wedge ebomvu (1919) ikhombisa ukuthi uLissitzky Usebenzisa i-Suprematist geometry ekukhulumeni ngezepolitiki.Unxantathu obomvu ungena esiyingini esimhlophe ukuze amele ukunqoba kwamaBolshevik phezu kweButho Elimhlophe ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango yaseRussia. Kuyisibonelo sokuqala somklamo wezithombe lapho ifomu nombala kudlulisela khona umlayezo wemibono ngokuqondile nangokunamandla.
Ubuhlobo nomehluko phakathi kwe-suprematism kanye ne-constructivism
Ngokwesimo se-avant-garde yaseRussia ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-Suprematism ihlanganyela ukugqama nomunye umnyakazo obalulekile: ukwakhekaNakuba bevame ukudideka, izindlela zabo eziyisisekelo zihlukile, cishe ziphambene.
Ngenkathi i-Suprematism imemezela Ubuciko ngenxa yobuciko, ngaphandle komsebenzi osebenzayo noma umyalezo wokuxhumana nabantu.Ukwakha kwavela ngenhloso yokubeka indalo yobuciko ekukhonzeni umphakathi omusha oguqukayo. Kwabakhi, umdwebi kwakufanele abe nje esinye isisebenzi, esixhumene nemboni, ifektri, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla eziwusizo: kusukela kumaphosta nezincwadi kuya efenisha, izakhiwo, kanye nemishini.
I-Suprematism, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yavikela inkululeko ephelele yokuhlangenwe nakho kobuhleAbaculi babo babengafuni ukudweba iziqubulo zezombusazwe noma ukudweba amaqhawe esigaba sabasebenzi; babefisa ukwakha ulimi oluzimele olungaxhomekile ezinhlosweni zemibono. Lokhu kuzibusa kwangqubuzana ngqo noshintsho oluwusizo uhulumeni waseSoviet ayezolubeka kusukela ngo-1921 kuqhubeke.
Ngokumangalisayo, abaningi abaklami bathathe izinto ezisemthethweni ezibolekiwe ze-suprematismBagcina amasu afana nokwakheka kwejometri noma ukusetshenziswa kombala oyisicaba, kodwa bawaqondisa emiklamweni yekhonkrithi yokukhonza uMbuso. ULissitzky uyisibonelo esihle kakhulu salolu shintsho: eqeqeshwe ngaphansi kwethonya likaMalevich, wagcina efuna ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kokucashunwa nokusebenza.
Zombili lezi zinyathelo, noma kunjalo, Banethonya elibalulekile kwezobuciko besimanje bamazwe ngamazweNgoDe Stijl noBauhaus, izimiso zabo zokwenza lula, ukucaca, kanye ne-geometry enengqondo zangena ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, ukuklama imidwebo, ifenisha, kanye nengxenye enkulu yokuhlelwa kwedolobha kwekhulu lama-20.
Ukusabela okubucayi, ukuvinjelwa kanye nokwehla kobuqhawe
Ukuvela kwemisebenzi efana ne- Isikwele esimnyama kwadala isiphepho esibucayi ngempela Emibuthanweni yaseRussia egcina imithetho, yayibizwa ngokuthi "iqhinga elinobuqili kakhulu" emibuthanweni yobuciko yakamuva, echazwa ngokuthi "isikwele esifile" noma "esingachazwanga nhlobo," kanti uMalevich wasolwa ngokuchitha isiko.
Isazi-mlando sezobuciko U-Alexander Benois nababhali abafana noDmitri Merezhkovsky Bahleka usulu ulimi olusha, belubona njengokuhlasela “kwabantu ababi” endaweni engcwele yamasiko aphezulu. UMalevich waphendula ngencwadi ende eya kuBenois, manje obhekwa njengombhalo oyisisekelo wefilosofi yamaSuprematist, lapho ephikisana khona ngokuthi ukufuna kwakhe kwakungeyona into eyenzeka ngenkani, kodwa kwakuyisidingo somlando sobuciko.
Eminyakeni yokuqala ngemva kweNguquko ka-1917, futhi ngenxa yokusekelwa kwabantu abavulekile abafana no- IKhomishana Yabantu u-Anatoly LunacharskyI-avant-garde yayijabulela inkululeko ethile. Ulimi olusha olusemthethweni lwalusetshenziswa ngisho nasezihlotsheni zasemgwaqweni kanye nakweminye imikhankaso yokusakaza izinkulumo-ze, into umlobi wempilo yabantu uStachelhaus ayezoyibheka kamuva “njengento ehlekisayo yomlando wobuciko,” uma kubhekwa isimo sokulwa nohlelo lwe-Suprematism.
Kusukela ngo-1921 kuqhubeke, ngokuqaliswa kwe- Inqubomgomo Entsha Yezomnotho (i-NEP)Umbuso uqala ukufuna ubuciko obuqondakalayo kubantu abaningi, obukwazi ukufeza imisebenzi ecacile yemfundo kanye neyokusakaza. I-Suprematism, eyayivikela ngokunembile ukungabikho kwenhloso yangaphandle, bese iba yisithiyo semibono.
I-Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia, eyasungulwa ngo-1922, iphetha ngokuthi, uma kubhekwa izinga eliphezulu lokungafundi, Sidinga ukubuyela ekubhekaneni namaqinisoUbuciko obungacacile bahlukaniswa njengobunxiwankulu, ubungcweti, futhi obungaqondakali kubasebenzi. I-State Institute of Artistic Culture (GINChUk), eyayiqondiswa uMalevich, yavalwa ngo-1926, futhi ukushicilelwa kwemibhalo yakhe yemfundiso kwavinjelwa.
Iminyaka yokugcina kaMalevich kanye nokucindezelwa kwenhlangano
Ngo-1927, uMalevich waya eJalimane ngenhloso yokuyokwenza lokho. hlola ukubambisana okungenzeka neBauhausNakuba isikole sawuthanda kakhulu umnikelo wakhe futhi saze sanyathelisa incwadi yakhe Umhlaba ongenazinjongo Ngaphakathi kochungechunge lwakhe lokuhlela, wavuma esandulelani ukuthi imibono yakhe yayihlukene ezindabeni eziyisisekelo: iBauhaus yayifuna ukuhlanganisa ubuciko, ubuciko kanye nomsebenzi, kanti uMalevich waqhubeka nokuvikela ukungasebenzisi njengesici esibalulekile sobuciko.
Ngesikhathi sombukiso wemisebenzi yakhe eBerlin, UMalevich ubuyela ngokushesha e-USSReshiya ingxenye enkulu yemidwebo yakhe eNtshonalanga, lapho yayizohlala iphephile khona. Ezinye izazi-mlando zobuciko zithi ushintsho olukhulu emsebenzini wakhe ngemva kokubuya kwakhe lungahunyushwa njengomzamo "wokwakha kabusha" ngenkumbulo imidwebo ayeyishiyile ngaphandle kwezwe.
Kusuka lapho, Ihlukana nokweqisa njengomkhuba oyinhloko Ubuyela esitayeleni sokudweba esingokomfanekiso, ehlanganisa i-Impressionism yamuva kanye nokuphindaphindwa kwe-Cubo-Futurism yomsebenzi wakhe wokuqala. Uphinda abuke izingqikithi zabalimi kanye nabantu abadumile, kodwa ithonya le-Suprematist libonakala emigqeni ehlanzekile yezingoma zakhe futhi esigcawini esimnyama usayina ngobuhlakani kweminye imisebenzi.
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uMalevich waba nesithakazelo ku- ulimi olunemifanekiso lwe-Italian RenaissanceWazama izingoma ze-classicist ezazihambisana nesikhathi sakhe esidlule esinzima. Washona ngo-1935 eLeningrad eneminyaka engu-56 ubudala, eyisisulu somdlavuza, ngemuva kokuncishwa isithunzi yisimiso samaSoviet futhi ebhekwa "njengomuntu oqamba amanga".
La Ukucindezelwa KobuSuprematism Kumlando Osemthethweni WaseSoviet Cishe kwaphela amashumi eminyaka. Ngisho nango-1984, ikhathalogi enethonya kwezobuciko baseRussia bekhulu lama-20 yalisusa ngokuphelele igama lakhe, yanciphisa ukubaluleka kwe-avant-garde yama-1910 nama-20. Kwaze kwaba yi-perestroika, ngemibukiso ebheka emuva njengaleyo eyabanjelwa eSt. Petersburg ngo-1988, lapho isithombe sakhe nese-Suprematism saqala ukuvuselelwa eRussia.
Ithonya kanye nefa le-Suprematism
Naphezu kokuba impilo emfushane njengokunyakaza okusebenzayo Phakathi cishe kuka-1913 no-1923, i-Suprematism yashiya uphawu olujulile emlandweni wobuciko nomklamo wekhulu lama-20. I-radicalism yayo esemthethweni yaphefumulela abaculi kanye nababhali bemibono kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi yaba yindawo ebalulekile yokubhekisela ekuqondeni ukucashunwa kwejometri.
Emkhakheni wokudweba, i-Suprematism itholakala eceleni noma uSonia noRobert Delaunay njengenye yezindlela ezinhle eziya ebucikweni obungameleli. Ngenkathi uKandinsky egcizelela ingxenye engokomoya ngezindlela eziphilayo kanye nemibala evezayo, uMalevich wakhetha i-geometry eyeqile kanye nokunciphisa ulimi olubonakalayo ngendlela ecishe ingabi nandaba.
Imibono yakhe yayithonya ngokusobala ukunyakaza okufana nokuthi De StijlNjengoba uPiet Mondrian noTheo van Doesburg bebephambili, bathatha ukuhlukaniswa kwejometri babhekisa ekulinganisweni okuqinile kwemigqa nezindawo zombala oyinhloko. Baphinde baba nomthelela ekulinganisweni kwemigqa nezindawo zombala oyinhloko. Bauhausikakhulukazi ngabantu abanjengoLissitzky, owayesebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwe-avant-garde yaseRussia nesikole saseJalimane.
Ngokwezinga elibanzi, i-Suprematism yasiza ekubekeni isisekelo se- ukunyakaza kwakamuva okufana ne-minimalism kanye ne-abstract expressionismUmqondo wokunciphisa umsebenzi ube yinto ebalulekile, wokuhlola "izinga elingenalutho" lokudweba, uvela kubaculi abaningi bengxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20, kusukela ku-Ad Reinhardt kuya ku-Barnett Newman noma uMark Rothko, ngamunye ngendlela yakhe.
Ngaphandle komdwebo, ithonya le-Suprematist liyabonakala ku ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, umklamo wezithombe, umklamo wezimboni kanye nokuthayiphaUkuhlola ubudlelwano bendawo ngezindlela ezilula, ukusesha ukucaca kanye nokonga izindlela, kanye nokusetshenziswa okucacile kokungabi nalutho (okumhlophe) njengento esebenzayo yokwakheka kuyizimpawu ezizophawula ingxenye enhle yomklamo wanamuhla.
Namuhla, i-Suprematism isekhona inkomba ebalulekile yokuqonda i-abstraction njengethuluzi lokucabanga okubonakalayoImidwebo yakhe ingase ibonakale idida ekuqaleni, kodwa ngemuva kwalezo zikwele, imibuthano, neziphambano kulele umbono ojulile mayelana nokwenzeka kobuciko obudlula umhlaba wezinto ezibonakalayo futhi buxhumane nento ekhona yonke futhi engapheli. Lesi sifiso, nakuba simangalisa ngokungenamkhawulo, sichaza ukuthi kungani ifa likaMalevich nabalandeli bakhe liqhubeka nokuphefumulela izizukulwane zabaculi, abaklami, kanye nababhali bemibono, nokuthi kungani imisebenzi yakhe iqhubeka nokuba yindawo ebalulekile eminyuziyamu nasemaqoqweni emhlabeni jikelele.
