I-Tundra ingenye yezinhlelo zemvelo zale planethi lapho ukuhlukahluka kwezilwane nezitshalo kuhlangana endaweni enesimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu kanye nenhlabathi enemisoco embalwa. Kulesi sihloko uzofunda ikakhulukazi ngezici ze-Tundra Flora, ngakho-ke sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda.
Izici ze-Tundra Flora
I-Tundra ecosystems igcwele ukweqisa. Amazinga okushisa asehlobo asukela ku-3 kuya ku-16 degrees Celsius, nakuba izinga lokushisa elivamile lonyaka lingama -28°C. Imimoya ingashanela endaweni yonke ngamakhilomitha angama-97 ngehora. Lezi zici, kanye nesikhathi esifushane sokukhula (imvamisa izinsuku ezingama-50-60) kusho ukuthi ukuhlala endaweni ye-tundra kunzima futhi kuyinselele. Ngenhlanhla, ukujwayela kwezitshalo ze-tundra kuye kwavumela izinhlobo eziningana ukuba ziphile kule ndawo. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-1.700 zezitshalo ze-tundra. Okulandelayo, sizobonisa ezinye izibonelo ze-Flora ye-Tundra.
Ubulembu
Ubulembu buyingxenye yezitshalo ze-tundra, ezingezona imithambo, futhi ezithwala izinhlamvu ezisiza ukudiliza inhlabathi futhi zikhiphe imisoco ezitshalweni ezizungezile. Kulesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo, ubulembu busebenza njengongqimba olungaphezulu oluvikelayo, luvikela i-permafrost (umhlabathi oyiqhwa unomphela) ngezansi emoyeni ofudumele ongaholela ekuncibilikeni. Ukwakheka kokuphila kwezitshalo e-tundra kuvame ukuncika ekuphumeni komhlabathi.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-tundra flora lungatholakala kalula futhi kaningi ezindaweni ezinkulu zokukhululeka okuphansi, lapho kutholakala khona inhlabathi enamaxhaphozi e-peat futhi amanzi ahlala eseduze nobuso bomhlaba. Ngokulandelayo, kungashiwo ukuthi banekhwalithi ethakazelisayo yokuhlala bengasebenzi izinyanga, noma ngisho neminyaka, bemunca umswakama njengesipontshi lapho sitholakala futhi.
Utshani noma Amakhambi
Olunye uhlobo olubalulekile lwe-tundra flora olungashiwo, utshani. Iningi lazo litholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ze-ecosystem, lapho kukhona amatshe omile ngasemifuleni nasezindaweni eziyisicaba, ezinamaxhaphozi. Utshani bungadideka kalula nesitshalo esifanayo esaziwa ngokuthi i-sedge. Isiqu sotshani siyindilinga, kanti isiqu sohlaka simise njengonxantathu esiqeshini esiphambanayo. Indlela elula yokuveza umehluko ensimini iwukukhumbula inkulumo ethi "imihlanga inemiphetho."
Izikhukhula
Izimbali ezakha iqoqo elikhulu lezinhlobo ze-tundra flora ngokuvamile zincane futhi ziphakama ngamasentimitha ambalwa ukusuka phansi. Kungashiwo ukuthi eziningi zaziwa ngokuthi "izitshalo ze-cushion" ngoba ukukhula kwazo kwenzeka kumata aminyene ukuze zizivikele emazingeni okushisa aphansi nasemoyeni. Nakuba zincane uma zihlobene nesitshalo sonke, izimbali zinkulu futhi zinemibalabala. Izinhlobo zezimbali ezingaphezu kuka-400 zingatholakala e-tundra.
Uma ucabangela izimbali ze-flora ye-tundra, kuyadingeka ukugqamisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezithelo eziphuma kuzo. Ezimweni eziningi lezi zivezwa ngendlela yamajikijolo ngemva kokuqhakaza kwezimbali okuphumelelayo kanye nempova yezitshalo. Phakathi kwezithelo ezivame ukuphonsa lezi zimbali zomjikelezo we-arctic yizi: amajikijolo, ama-blueberries, amagilebhisi amabhere noma ama-bearberries, phakathi kwabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ziwumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwezilwane zendawo lapho ziningi ekwindla.
Isihlahlana
Izihlahla zivame ukuba phansi, eduze komugqa wesihlahla kunemithambeka ephakeme ye-alpine tundra. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-shrub zifana nezinhlobo zezihlahla ezisezindaweni ezifudumele zomhlaba. Zikhona endaweni epholile ye-tundra njengezihlahla, okusho ukuthi zidinga imisoco embalwa ukuze ziphile futhi ziphansi phansi ukuze zivikeleke emimoyeni enamandla. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-tundra flora ezigqamayo kulesi sigaba, lokhu: I-Dwarf birch, i-balsam poplar ne-willows.
I-Tundra Flora Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo
Izitshalo eziningi ze-tundra flora zingapheli, okusho ukuthi zonga amandla nemisoco yezinkathi eziningi zokukhula ngaphambi kokuqhakaza. Okokuqala, iminyezane inezicubu ezizungeze izimbali zayo ezingakhuphula izinga lokushisa eduze kwembali ngo-5°F kuya ku-15°F ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lomoya. Futhi kwesinye, isitshalo esaziwa kakhulu esibizwa ngokuthi itiye iLabrador sigcina amaqabunga aso ekupheleni kwehlobo esikhundleni sokuwayeka awele phansi, okusiza ukuthi avikeleke emoyeni.
Kanti, i-arctic poppy kanye ne-arctic dryad ingazungeza amakhanda ezimbali zazo ukuze ilandele ilanga usuku lonke, inikeze izitshalo ukushisa namandla okwengeziwe. Ukwazi le mininingwane, kungashiwo ukuthi i-flora ye-tundra iye yashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze isinde ebusika obubandayo, inkathi emfushane yokukhula kanye nemimoya enamandla. Nakuba i-tundra ingase ibonakale iyinyumba ekuqaleni, igcwele umphakathi wezitshalo onamandla, eziningi zazo eziye zahlala lapha izinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Isimo Sezulu, Umhlabathi kanye Nezilwane ZaseTundra
Usuvele wazi konke okuhlobene ne-flora ye-tundra, kusukela kuziphi izinhlobo zezitshalo ezitholakalayo, ukuqonda ukuguquguquka kwayo okunamandla kulolo hlobo lwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Kudingekile ukuveza amanye amaphuzu angaphelelisa ukwaziswa okukulesi sihloko, njengoba isitshalo singesona ukuphela kwento yalesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo, kunezilwane, isimo sezulu, inhlabathi, esebenzisana nayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kuqashelwe izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-tundras.
Isimo sezulu
I-tundra ayinazo izinkathi ezingaphezu kwezimbili ngonyaka, kanti ubusika bude kakhulu. Amazinga okushisa ayo angafinyelela ku-5º C ezinyangeni ezishisayo nangaphansi kuka-20º C ezinyangeni ezibandayo. Ngokuvamile, ibonakala ngesimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu kanye nomoya onamandla kakhulu. Nakuba izimvula zakhona ziyindlala, akusona isimo sezulu esomile ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi ezindawo lapho le biome ikhona. Lokhu, kuhlangene nomhlabathi ongaphansi oqandisiwe, kukhiqiza uhlobo lwe-biome emanzi.
Imvamisa
Indawo engaphansi iqhwa unomphela. Lesi simo sibizwa ngokuthi i-permafrost. Ukubanda kungase kujule kakhulu noma kunciphe kuye ngezinga lokushisa lomoya. Inhlabathi ye-Tundra ngokuvamile iyi-gley, ungqimba lomhlabathi ofakwe emanzini ocebile ngensimbi, okwenza kube nombala ompunga oluhlaza okotshani. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba inhlabathi inamanzi amaningi, ayitholakali ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi isetshenziswe izitshalo nezilwane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inhlabathi yezinto eziphilayo iyenza ingavundi.
Fauna
Esinye sezici ezihlobene nezitshalo ze-tundra, izilwane ezihlala kuyo futhi naphezu kokubonakala kwayo incithakalo, inezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlaba umxhwele. I-Caribou, evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-reindeer Ezweni Elidala, ihlala ezindaweni ezihlala eNyakatho Melika nase-Eurasian tundra, enabantu abaningi basezweni elikhulu abafuduka phakathi kwezindawo zokuzala ama-tundra kanye nezindawo zasebusika zasehlathini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinezinkabi ze-musk, ezatholwa ngaphambi komlando kuwo womabili amazwekazi, kodwa zihlala e-Asia kuphela futhi ziyizilwane ezidla uhlaza ezinkulu kakhulu ezizalelwa e-tundra.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izilwane ezidla inyama ezimangalisayo ezihlala kule terrestrial biome nazo kufanele zigqanyiswe. Izilwane eziyinhloko zaleli qembu zakhiwe amabhere asezindaweni ezishisayo, atholakala endaweni esogwini ukuze aphephele, noma kunjalo, unyaka wonke asezindaweni ezisenyakatho yembulunga yonke nasolwandle oluphakeme ukuze athole inyamazane yawo. Elinye lamabhere angabonakala kulendawo yilawo ansundu. Lezi zamuva zivame kakhulu eCanada nase-Alaska.
Izinhlobo ze-Tundra
Ku-ecosystem evezwa yi-Tundra, lapho enye yezimpawu zayo kuwuhlaza oluyivelakancane, izinhlobo ezintathu ze-Tundra zihlukaniswa, esizichaza ngezansi:
i-arctic tundra: itholakala enyakatho nenkabazwe, engxenyeni enkulu yeCanada nase-Alaska ngaphansi kwezinguzunga zeqhwa zase-Arctic. Ikakhulukazi, i-arctic tundra inamazinga okushisa ngezinye izikhathi ngaphansi -70 °, ngakho-ke izihlahla azivamile, kodwa kungenzeka ukubona izinhlobonhlobo ze-tundra flora, njengotshani kanye ne-foam. Ngokulandelayo, kungenzeka ukuthola izilwane eziningi, ngoba ukucebile komhlabathi kukhulu kune-alpine tundra. Kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuphakama kwale tundra kunomoya-mpilo omncane emoyeni, okunciphisa ukusabalala kwezilwane zendawo.
I-alpine tundra: Zitholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezintaba zanoma iyiphi indawo eMhlabeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwabanye ochwepheshe noma abantu ngabanye, leli klasi lingase laziwe ngegama le-taiga. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngenxa yomthambeko wentaba lapho i-alpine tundra ikhona, ine-drainage enhle, ngakho-ke inhlabathi engaphansi ayiqhwa, ngokungafani ne-arctic tundra. Lapha amazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-5°C no-7°C ehlobo kanye no-40°C ebusika.
I-Antarctic Tundra: le-ecosystem itholakala kuphela e-South Georgia, e-South Sandwich Islands, nase-Antarctic Peninsula. Lapho ungathola ama-lichens, ama-liverworts, izinhlobo ze-algae yasemhlabeni neyasemanzini. Ngokuqondile, ungathola izinhlobo ezimbili zezitshalo: utshani base-Antarctic kanye nesibungu sase-Antarctic. Ngokungafani ne-arctic tundra, izilwane ezincelisayo azikho lapha. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izwekazi kanye neziqhingi ziqhelelene namanye amazwekazi.
Uma uthanda lesi sihloko mayelana nezitshalo ze-tundra futhi ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinye izihloko ezithakazelisayo, ungabheka izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: