I-Persian Violet iyisitshalo esikhula ngamakhambi esingaba ngamasentimitha angu-30 kuya kwangu-40 ubude, esaziwa ngokwesayensi ngokuthi i-Cyclamen persicum. Ingowomndeni we-Primulaceae futhi, njengoba igama layo lisho, ivela ePersia eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Ukusabalala kwayo kufaka phakathi ne-Alps yaseYurophu. Kulesi sihloko, uzofunda ngokunakekelwa nokuniselwa kwe-Persian Violet.
I-Violet yasePheresiya
I-Persian Violet, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Cyclamen kanye ne-Alpine Violet, inegama lesayensi elithi Cyclamen persicum. Iyisitshalo esikhula ngamakhambi esinobude obuphakathi kwamasentimitha angu-30 kuya kwangu-40, esibonakala ngokuqhakaza phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika, okwenza sikhange kakhulu ngoba zimbalwa izitshalo eziqhakaza ngaleso sikhathi.
Izimbali zikaViolet wasePheresiya, zinamacembe amakhulu avala elinye phezu kwelinye anikeze ukubukeka okuthile ezimbalini zawo, imibala yamacembe iyahluka komhlophe, obomvana, onsomi, isalmon kanye nobomvu. Amaqabunga awo anomumo omise okwenhliziyo ene-petiole ende kanti ingxenye engaphezulu yamaqabunga inezindawo ezisiliva ezidala iphethini eyodwa noma enye. Kuyisitshalo esingaphila iminyaka eminingana, uma ukunakekelwa kwanele.
Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwayo iveza isikhathi sokulala ezinyangeni ezishisayo zonyaka, lesi simo siyashintsha njengoba amazinga okushisa eqala ukwehla nomswakama ukhuphuka njengoba imvula ina. Ingenye yezitshalo ezimbalwa eziqhakaza ezinyangeni ezenzeka ekwindla, ebusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Ngokufanayo, ubukhulu bezimbali zaso bubonakala buncane ezitshalweni ezindala kunasezitshalweni ezincane, lapho izimbali zazo zikhudlwana. Lesi sitshalo sithanda izimbiza ezincane kunezimbali.
Ukunakekelwa
Lapho i-Persian Violet itshalwa ezindlini, ngezinye izikhathi lezi zitshalo zihlala kancane kakhulu, ngokusobala ngenxa yokuthi zithinteka ekushiseni okufudumele kwendawo lapho zifakwe khona. Uma kwenzeka ufuna ukujabulela inombolo enkulu yezimbali ezivulekile isikhathi esiningi, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi uthenge isitshalo esinama-flower buds amaningi asendleleni yokuvuthwa ukuvula. Ukuze i-Persian Violet ijwayele ukujwayela kahle ezindlini, kufanele ibe nezimo ezilandelayo:
Ukukhanyisa: Lezi zitshalo zikhula kahle elangeni elingaqondile, ngakho-ke kufanele zikhule ezindaweni ezinelanga elincane eliqondile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uma uzikhulisa engadini, kungcono ukuzibeka ezitsheni noma uzitshale ngaphansi kwezihlahla. Uma uzikhulisa ngaphakathi endlini, njengase-greenhouse, zibeke eduze kwendawo ethola ukukhanya okukhulu amahora ambalwa ngosuku.
Ukuze izinga lokushisa eliwatholayo lihlale lipholile, kuphakanyiswa ukuba libekwe lapho litshalwe endlini, endaweni ebheke enyakatho futhi libekwe eduze kwefasitela ukuze lithole umoya, ngaso sonke isikhathi livimbele ekutholeni ukukhanya. ilanga. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuyibeka eduze kwesibani, indawo yomlilo, isitofu nanoma yimuphi omunye umthombo wokushisa, ngoba isitshalo silala, izimbali zaso ziyawa futhi amaqabunga avuleke.
Ngokusho kwabalimi abaningana, lezi zitshalo zikhula kangcono emazingeni okushisa ahlukene, kuye ngokuthi zikhula kangakanani kanye nesikhathi sonyaka. Ngokwabacwaningi abaningana, amazinga okushisa afanelekile alezi zitshalo asebangeni eliphakathi kuka-12°C kuya ku-20°C, ngemva kokutshala kabusha asekela amazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-16 kuya ku-18°C. Ngokufanayo, ngesikhathi sasehlobo, izinga lokushisa elifaneleka kakhulu libonakala liphakathi kuka-18°C kuya ku-20°C futhi, lapho izinga lokushisa liqala ukwehla, lawo alisekela kangcono liphakathi kuka-12°C no-15°C, kusukela ngenyanga. October eqala ukuqhakaza kwawo.
Umswakama Osendaweni : Kungcono ukutshala i-Persian Violet endaweni enomswakama omuhle nendawo epholile. Kunconywa ukuthi ubeke imbiza esitsheni esigcwele isihlabathi esimanzi ukuze isitshalo sigcine sipholile ngaphandle kokumboza inhlabathi. Isikhathi Sokutshala: Lesi sitshalo singcono ukutshalwa phakathi kwehlobo naphakathi nehlobo. Lokhu kuzosiza i-Persian Violet ukuthi iqhakaze kahle ezinyangeni zasekwindla noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo.
Ukuvundisa : Kunconywa ukuthi uvundise ngomanyolo owuketshezi ngamanzi okunisela njalo emavikini amabili kuya kwamathathu (izinsuku ezingu-15 noma ezingu-20) ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuqhakaza kwezimbali. Umanyolo kufanele ube ne-nitrogen ephansi ukulawula ukukhula kwamaqabunga. Kunconywa ukusebenzisa umanyolo ogcina ibhalansi ye-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, ne-potassium, njengoba i-potassium ibalulekile ekuqhakazeni kwezimbali.
Umoya ovunguzayo enhlabathini : Inhlabathi kufanele ibe lula ukuqinisekisa umoya ovunguzayo omuhle. Uma sekuphelile ukuqhakaza, kunconywa ukususa amaqabunga esitshalweni i-Persian Violet. Donsa amaqabunga kancane kuze kube yilapho isiqu siphuma esiqwini, ususe noma yiziphi izingcezu zesiqu ezisele ukuze uvimbele izifo. Futhi, ngemva kokuqhakaza, lapho izimbali namaqabunga sekomile futhi sekubunile, shintsha inhlabathi, wengeze umquba kanye ne-peat moss ukuze ugcine ingxube enomoya ovunguzayo futhi ethambile.
Lokhu kwenziwa uma sekudlule cishe izinyanga ezi-4 kuya kweziyi-5 ngemuva kokutshala isitshalo se-Persian Violet, futhi sinamaqabunga acishe abe ngu-10 kuye kwayi-12, ingathuthelwa embizeni engamasentimitha ayi-8-9 ububanzi bese iba kwelinye eliphakathi kuka-12 kuya ku-14 amasentimitha. ububanzi. Lokhu kufakelwa kungenziwa futhi ngqo ebhodweni eliqondile, ukuphatha kahle ukuchelela nokuvundisa, kusetshenziswa i-substrate elinganiselayo noma inhlabathi. Uma usutshaliwe, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kwengezwe umanyolo ohlala isikhathi eside kanye ne-substrate.
Uma ukhula i-minicyclame, ukutshalwa kwayo kuqondile ebhodweni lokugcina lika-8 kuya ku-9 cm. i-substrate noma inhlabathi. Kunconywa ukuhlwanyela i-Persian Violet endaweni engaphansi noma ene-acidic ene-pH esondele ku-6.
Ukunisela
Lesi sitshalo siniselwa kangcono yi-capillarity, ukugwema ukulimaza amaqabunga nezimbali. Okungukuthi, unganiseli izitshalo ezivela phezulu ngesitsha sokunisela, noma unganiseli umhlabathi. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi amanzi abekwe esosoni lengadi ngaphansi kwebhodwe nokuthi izinga lamanzi limanzise inhlabathi, ngaphandle kokuba izinga lamanzi libe ngaphezu kwesibani. Amanzi azokwazi ukungena ngezimbobo ebhodweni futhi amanzise inhlabathi. Ngemuva komzuzu kuya kwemibili imizuzu edlule, ipuleti liyasuswa. Ngale ndlela amanzi angaphezulu ayaphuma. Imvamisa yokunisela. Iyaniselwa uma ithinta phansi bese yomile.
Ukusabalalisa kanye Nokuphindaphinda
Abalimi abathengisa izitshalo ze-Persian Violet bazisakaza kuphela ngembewu, etholwa abalimi abakhethekile, ngoba ukuthola imbewu ye-Persian Violet kunzima, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amaphesenti abo okuhluma ayancipha cishe ngonyaka wesithathu. Ukusabalalisa ngembewu, kusetshenziswa amathreyi angama-3-centimeter multilocular, futhi lapho imbewu isibekiwe, imbozwa ngenhlabathi encane noma i-substrate esetshenzisiwe.
I-pH yenhlabathi noma i-substrate iphakanyiswa ukuthi ibe cishe ku-6. Ukuze uthuthukise izinga lokudla okunomsoco we-substrate noma inhlabathi, kunconywa ukuba uvundise ngomanyolo ocebile ngama-micronutrients bese kuthi ngesonto elilandelayo umanyolo oxutshiwe ufakwe emanzini okunisela, imithamo emincane yama-macronutrients enephesenti eliphansi le-nitrogen namaphesenti aphezulu e-phosphorus ne-potassium.
I-Persian Violet inesikhathi sokuhluma esingamaviki amane. Izinga lokushisa elifanele liphakathi kuka-18°C kuya ku-20°C, okungenani libe ngu-15°C kanye nobuningi obungu-22°C. Uma usebenzisa amakamelo okuhluma amnyama, amazinga okushisa kufanele agcinwe ku-17°C. Amaqabunga okuqala eqiniso avela ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-80 kuya kwezingu-90. Ukuze uthole ama-hybrid amasha anokuthuthukiswa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukusabalala kwe -in vitro kuyadingeka , ngokuhlukaniswa kwe-corm.
Amasiko
Ukufaka isandla empilweni yabo, izimbali ezomile noma ezibunile namaqabunga ayasuswa, ukuvimbela ama-parasites ukuba angaweli kuwo. Ukuze uvuse izimbali uma isitshalo sesithuthukisiwe, zama ukubeka i-Persian Violet ezingeni lokushisa eliphakathi kuka-13°C kuya ku-15°C ebusuku. Okunye ukwelashwa ukufakwa phakathi kuka-20 kuya ku-30 ppm we-GA3 kumqhele wezimbali, njalo uzama ukungabangeli ukuthi ama-peduncle aqhume.
Izici ze-Violet yasePheresiya
I-Persian Violet isitshalo esinesiqu esifana ne-bulb, esinomjikelezo wokuphila okungapheli, esinesilinganiso sobude obuphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-30 kuya kwangu-38. Kukhona futhi ama-cultivars noma izinhlobo ezincane, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-minicyclame. Njengalezi ezinkulu, zinezimbali ezinemibala egqame kakhulu. I-tubercle yayo inombala omnyama futhi iyindilinga futhi isicaba.
Amaqabunga awo amise okwenhliziyo futhi anenyama ngokubukeka ane-petiole ende. Ifaka amaqabunga aluhlaza okumnyama anamabala anombala osiliva avela ngezindlela ezihlukene. Izimbali zayo zodwa futhi i-hermaphrodite. Bazalwa ekugcineni kwe-peduncle, banamacembe amahlanu anomumo we-wavy, anokwakheka kwe-velvety, ahlelwa emuva futhi amacembe awo angaba nemibala egqamile kakhulu, kusuka kumhlophe, pink, salmon, obomvu obomvu, onsomi. . Isikhathi sokuqhakaza kwayo sisukela ekwindla kuya entwasahlobo. Izithelo zawo zingama-capsules avuthwa phakathi kwezinyanga ezi-4 kuya kweziyi-5 ukuze avuthwe.
Ingena endaweni ethule phakathi nezinkathi zasehlobo ngenxa yokushisa kwayo okufudumele kanye nomswakama ophansi wendawo, iphinde isebenze lapho amazinga okushisa ehla futhi izimvula ziqala. Uma igcinwe kahle, i-Violet yasePheresiya ingaphila iminyaka eminingana. Isakazwa ngazo zonke izinkathi zonyaka. Izibonelo ze-Violeta de Persia zidayiswa phakathi kwezinyanga zika-Okthoba kuya kuFebhuwari.
Izinhlobonhlobo
Phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo noma izinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo kukhona eziningana ezingatholakala ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo kanye nezindawo zokugcina izithombo, phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukene: Thayipha "Pastel" eyadalwa eJalimane, eFrance naseBelgium, ebaluleke kakhulu kwezohwebo. Ezinye izinhlobo "Johan Strauss" kanye "J. Brahms” ngaphezu kwamanye amagama abaculi. Kukhona izinhlobo zakudala noma ezaziwa kakhulu ezinezimbali ezinkulu. Kulolu hlobo kukhona okuthiwa "Aaalsmeer" nochungechunge "Rosa de Zalendorf", "Harlequin"; "Sylphire", "Cardinal" nabanye.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zinhlobonhlobo, lezi nzalo ezilandelayo nazo ziyagqama: I-F1 Hybrid, enemigqa ehlukene yeqembu ngalinye lembewu: «Firmament», «Virgo», «Concerto», «Carmen», «Pastourelle», «Rosamunde, nabanye. Uhlobo oluncane, olunokubaluleka okwandayo: «Syrius», «Willie», «Brigitte», «Collete», «Anglia». Uhlobo lwe "Rococo", olwatshalwa kabanzi eminyakeni engama-20 edlule.
Isifo Nezifo
Lezi zitshalo zizwela kakhulu ezifweni ezibangelwa isikhunta ezingalimaza ama-Violets asePheresiya, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba zizalwe noma ngisho nangemva kokusungulwa kwezitshalo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kwenziwe izinqubo zezolimo ezifana nokubulala amagciwane e-substrate, ukuqapha ukuchelela kanye nemithamo. kamanyolo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinyanga ezibandayo, phakathi kokunye. Izifo nezilokazane ezingabahlasela zichazwe ngezansi.
Izifo
Isikhunta esimpunga : Phakathi kwezifo ama-Persian Violets angabhekana nazo yi-Botrytis, isifo esibangelwa isikhunta esibizwa nge- Botrytis cinerea . Izimpawu zifaka phakathi ukuvela kwesikhunta esimpunga, esibonakala kuma-petioles amaqabunga kanye nasezinhlangeni zezimbali. Amabala afanayo ampunga angabonakala nasezinhlamvini zezimbali. Ukuvimbela ama-Persian Violets ukuthi angangenwa yi- Botrytis cinerea , kunconywa ukugwema ukumanzisa isitshalo lapho unisela. Susa noma yimaphi amaqabunga abonisa amabala ampunga abangelwa yisikhunta. Faka izifutho ze-fungicide.
Ngemva kokuhluma, imbewu ingonakaliswa yiPythium debaryanum Hesse kanye neRhizoctonia solani Kühn, okuthinta izithombo futhi kubangele ukuthi zibole futhi zibune ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokuhluma. Ukwelashwa kwalezi fungi kuyindlela yokuvimbela, etholakala ngokuhlanzisisa inhlabathi noma enye indawo engaphansi komhlaba.
Isikhunta i -Thielaviopsis basicola Berk sibangela ukubola kwezimpande. Izimpawu zifaka phakathi ukubuna kanye ne-chlorosis yamaqabunga, kanye nokukhula okungapheli ngenxa yomonakalo wezimpande. Ukwelashwa kokuvimbela kuhilela ukubulala amagciwane endaweni ekhulayo, ukugwema ukugcwala kwamanzi, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa komanyolo, kanye nokunciphisa imvamisa yokunisela, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sasekwindla nasebusika.
Ukubola kwe-Rhizome : Lesi sifo sibangelwa yi-fungus i- Fusarium oxysporum Schel. Izimpawu zifaka phakathi i-chlorosis yamaqabunga futhi ingaholela ekufeni kwe-Persian Violet. Izinyathelo zokuvimbela ziyadingeka ukulawula lesi sifo. Kunconywa ukubulala amagciwane ku-substrate, ukususa izitshalo ze-Persian Violet ezigulayo, kanye nokukhipha ukhula njalo nokususa izitshalo ezigulayo.
Ukubola kwezimpande, i-rhizome, kanye ne-petiole : Lesi sifo sibangelwa isikhunta esibizwa ngokuthi i-Cylindrocarpon radicicola Wr. Isikhunta singavela ngenxa yemikhuba emibi yezolimo njengokunisela okuningi nokuvamile, ukudonsa amanzi kabi, umanyolo one-nitrogen eningi kakhulu, nokunye.
Izinambuzane
Ama-violet asePheresiya angathinteka yizimbuzane ezifana ne -Stenotarsonemus pallidus, okubangela ukubukeka okushwabene emaqabungeni nasezimbalini. Ngaphezu kwalesi simbuzane, ama-violet asePheresiya ahlaselwa yizimbuzane zesicabucabu, ama-aphid, nama-thrips. Ukuvimbela lokhu kuhlasela, kunconywa ukwenza ukwelashwa kokuvimbela nokusebenzisa ama-acaricides kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane ngesikhathi sokulungiselela i-substrate kanye nokugcinwa kwezitshalo.
Ukutheleleka kwe-thrips : Umonakalo wokudla ubangela ukuthi amaqabunga abe bomvu futhi abe nezibazi, abonakale njengamachashazi amaningi amnyama, okuyizibi zezinambuzane. Ukulawula kufezwa ngesibulala-zinambuzane.
Ukuhlasela kwe- Otirrhynchus rugosostriatus Weevil : Le bhungane encane ilimaza amaqabunga ngokuluma imiphetho yawo. Lapho esekhulile, aba mnyama noma ansundu omnyama futhi abe ngamamilimitha ambalwa ubude. Izibungu zale bhungane zihlala ngaphansi komhlaba futhi zidla izimpande, ziwohloze, kanye nama-bulb e-Persian Violets. Ukuze ulawule lokhu kuhlasela, uma ubona amaqabunga equnyiwe, kunconywa ukusebenzisa isibulala-zinambuzane njenge-malathion noma esinye isibulala-zinambuzane se-organophosphate. Ukusetshenziswa kanye nomthamo kufanele kwenziwe ngokwemiyalelo ebhalwe ilebula lesibulala-zinambuzane.
Ukutheleleka kwezinambuzane : Lezi yizibungu zePlusia sp ., kanye nezinye izibungu noma izibungu. Ukulawula kumele kwenziwe esigabeni sobusha lapho zisencane kakhulu. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokufafaza izitshalo ngomkhiqizo ofana neLindane. Izibungu noma izibungu zidla iziqu zePersian Violets phansi, eduze komhlabathi. Kunconywa ukuthi kubekwe izicupho ukuze zilawulwe. Omunye umonakalo ubangelwa yizibungu zohlobo lweMeloidogyne. Kulezi, umuthi wokubulala izinambuzane kumele ufakwe enhlabathini, futhi inhlabathi kumele ihlanzwe ngamagciwane.
Izifo Zomzimba
Ukunisela ngokweqile kufanele kugwenywe ngoba kungenzeka ukuthi lapho ukuqhakaza iziqu zembali zithambe futhi kuvame ukwenzeka ngenxa yenhlabathi egcwele amanzi ngenxa yokushoda kwamanzi. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi iziqu zibe phuzi noma iziqu zibole ngemva nje kokuthengwa kwezitshalo, lokhu kwenzeka ngoba lapho uthenga izitshalo eziqhakazayo ekwindla noma ngenkathi yasebusika, ku-greenhouse ekamelweni lokushisa futhi lapho ziyiswa ezindlini zifudumala. ngenxa yokushisa, lesi sitshalo siyathinteka futhi sibonwa yi-chlorosis yamaqabunga.
Ukuze ugweme lokhu, izitshalo kufanele zijwayele ekhaya kuqala, zibekwe eduze kwamafasitela kanye nezinsuku kamuva, uma zifunwa, endaweni efudumele kancane. Ngokufanayo, ukuvimbela izimbali namaqabunga awo ukuthi angaboli, kuphakanyiswa ukunisela nge-capillarity. Okusho ukuthi, amanzi afakwa epuleti futhi ibhodwe libekwe kulo cishe imizuzu eyi-10, ukuze izimpande zimunce amanzi nge-capillarity njengoba inhlabathi imanzisa, bese ipuleti lisuswa.
Lokhu kwenziwa uma ubona umhlabathi owomile. Nisela kabili ngeviki lisamila futhi ngesikhathi sasehlobo ngenxa yokuthi lilele, liyaniselwa kancane kakhulu. Ungakwazi futhi ukutshala i-Persian Violet engadini, njengoba imelana nezinga lokushisa elifinyelela ku-5°C, nakuba kufanele ivikelwe emisebeni yelanga, ikakhulukazi phakathi namahora okukhanya okukhulu kakhulu kosuku.
Ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokwazi imvelo emangalisayo nokuthi ungayinakekela kanjani, ufunda lokhu okuthunyelwe okulandelayo: