Idolobha lanamuhla laseTarragona lakhiwe phezu kwelinye lamadolobha amakhulu. amadolobha aseRoma anethonya kakhulu entshonalanga yeMeditheraI-Tarraco. Ukuhamba emigwaqweni yayo namuhla kufana nokushintshana phakathi kwezingqimba zomlando lapho izindonga zamaRoma, imibhoshongo yensimbi yasendulo, izakhiwo zesimanje kanye nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka lwaseMedithera ngemuva konke kuxubene ndawonye.
Ngale kohambo olujwayelekile lwelanga nolwandle, I-Tarragona iyisifundo somlando esivulekileIsakhiwo sayo semivubukulo saqashelwa yi-UNESCO njengeNdawo Yefa Lomhlaba ngoba, naphezu kokuba ifihliwe kancane ngaphansi kwedolobha lanamuhla, igcina isibonelo esicishe sibe yincwadi yesifundo sokuthi inhloko-dolobha enkulu yesifundazwe yoMbuso WaseRoma yayinjani kanye nesibonelo izakhiwo zaseRoma okwashintsha phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.
Ukusuka eTarraco yase-Iberia kuya enhloko-dolobha enkulu yaseHispania
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwamabutho, indawo lapho iTarragona ikhona namuhla yayivele ihlalwe khona Imiphakathi yase-Iberia yama-Ilergetes nama-Cisetaniekuhwebeni namaFenike namaGreki ayehamba ogwini. Okutholakele kwezinto zakudala kubonisa ukuthi kwakukhona abantu abahlelekile okungenani kusukela ngekhulu lesi-5 BC, ikakhulukazi endaweni yase-Ebro Valley.
Imithombo yasendulo, njengoLivy noPolybius, ikhuluma nge-oppidum encane ebizwa ngokuthi UCissis noma uKissaIzifundo ze-Numismatic zixhumanisa la magama ne-Kesse, eyavela ezinhlamvu zemali zase-Iberia kusukela ngekhulu lesi-2 nelesi-1 BC, okubonisa indawo yokuhlala ebalulekile yabantu bomdabu kule ndawo, ngaphambi kokufika kweRoma kodwa kakade yayihlobene kakhulu nokuhweba kwaseMedithera.
Ngo-218 BC, phakathi Impi Yesibili YamaPunicAmabutho aseRoma afika Ama-Emporiae (ama-Ampuria) Futhi ngemva nje kwalokho, kukhulunywa ngeTarraco okokuqala emibhalweni. Eduze neCissis, amaRoma athumba ikamu laseCarthage futhi, ngokusho kukaLivy, aphinde abhekana nesitha “hhayi kude neTarraco,” uphawu lokuthi le ndawo yayivele isiqala ukuba nokubaluleka kwamasu.
Phakathi kuka-210 no-209 BC, amabutho ayeholwa nguScipio Africanus asebenzisa iTarraco njenge isikhungo esikhulu sasebusika kanye nesikhungo sezokuthuthaKusukela lapha, wahlela imihlangano nezizwe zamaHispanic (i-conventus edumile) futhi waqinisa ubudlelwano nabantu abaningi bomdabu. Ukwethembeka kwedolobha kwakukhulu kangangokuthi uLivy ulichaza njengomngani nomngane wabantu baseRoma, futhi waze wakhuluma ngabadobi baseTarraco ababambisana nezikebhe zabo ekuvinjezelweni kweCarthago Nova.
Ukuxhumana nomndeni wakwaScipio kwakusondelene kakhulu kangangokuthi uPliny Omdala waze wathi I-Tarraco “yayiwumsebenzi wamaScipios”Njengoba nje iCarthage yayinjalo kumaCarthage. Kusukela kulezo zikhathi zokuqala zamaRiphabhulikhi, idolobha laba yinsika yezempi neyokuthutha yamaRoma eHispania.
Inhlangano yezombusazwe kanye nokugxuma ukuya ekoloni lamaRoma
Ngesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi, iTarraco yaqinisa indima yayo ohlelweni lwezifundazwe zaseRoma. Kusukela ngo-197 BC kuqhubeke, lapho izifundazwe zase I-Hispania Citerior ne-Hispania UlteriorIdolobha lisebenza njengesizinda sempahla kanye nendawo yokuhlala yababusi ngesikhathi semikhankaso yokulwa namaCeltiberiya nabanye abantu bangaphakathi kwezwe.
Asazi isimo sokuqala esisemthethweni sedolobha, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi lalisebenza njenge- i-conventus civium RomanorumOkusho ukuthi, umphakathi ohlelekile wezakhamuzi zaseRoma, kanye namajaji amabili aphethe ukuphathwa kwendawo. Imininingwane eyembula kakhulu ukudingiswa kwenxusa uGaius Porcius Cato, owakhetha iTarraco ukuba akhonze ekudingisweni kwakhe ngo-108 BC, okubonisa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwase kuyidolobha elikhululekile noma elihlangene, elifanele futhi elivikelekile ngokwanele.
Phakathi nekhulu loku-1 BC, iTarraco yasekela UJulius Caesar empini yombango noPompeyEvela e-Ilerda (eLleida) eseduze, uCaesar wathola izimpahla ezivela edolobheni, isenzo sokwethembeka okungenzeka ukuthi sathonya ukunikezwa kwesikhundla sobukoloni okwalandela. Ochwepheshe abaningi manje bakholelwa ukuthi kwakunguCaesar ngokwakhe, ngemva kokunqoba kwakhe eMunda, owaphakamisa iTarraco yaba yikoloni yamaRoma.
Ngaphansi kuka-Augustus, igama elisemthethweni lacebiswa yibo bonke ubukhazikhazi bombuso: Colonia Iulia Urbs Triumphalis TarracoIgama elithi Iulia lalibhekisela kuKhesari, kanti iTriumphalis yayihlonipha ukunqoba kuka-Augustan. Leli gama libonisa ukuziqhenya kanye nendima emele idolobha ngaphakathi kokuphathwa kombuso.
Ekupheleni kweRiphabhulikhi kanye nokuqala koBukhosi, inani labantu baseTarraco kungenzeka ukuthi laliyizakhamuzi ezicishe zibe ngu-30.000-40.000, okuyisibalo esiphezulu kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho ukwakheka okukhulu, okusabonakala edolobheni elikhulu lomlando namuhla, kwaqala khona ukwakheka.
Augustus eTarraco kanye nokudalwa kwenhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe
Phakathi kuka-27 no-25 BC, uMbusi u-Augustus waya e-Hispania ukuyoqondisa inkolo. imikhankaso yokulwa namaCantabrian nama-AsturiansNgenxa yezinkinga zakhe zempilo, wanquma ukuhlala eTarraco isikhathi eside, okwenza idolobha laba yisikhungo sezepolitiki sangempela sale nhlonhlo.
Imithombo ilandisa ukuthi u-Augustus wayala ukuba kwakhiwe i-altare edolobheni nokuthi, lapho abantu baseTarragona bembonisa umuthi wesundu owawuhlume kuwo, umbusi wahleka ngokuthi lokhu kwafakazela ukuthi i-altare lalingasetshenziswa neze. Ngaphandle kwendaba, into ebalulekile ukuthi ukuba khona kwakhe kwakhuthaza ukujula okukhulu. ukuguqulwa kokuphatha kwe-Hispania, ngokwakhiwa kwezifundazwe zaseBaetica naseLusitania, kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kweHispania Citerior.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, iTarraco yaba inhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe esisha esibizwa ngokuthi Hispania Tarraconensiseyayihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yenhlonhlo. Lesi simo njengenhloko-dolobha sichaza uhlelo lokwakha oluhlaba umxhwele olwenzeka phakathi kwekhulu loku-1 BC nekhulu lesi-2 AD, kanye nezakhiwo ezenzelwe ukukhulekela umbuso, ukuphatha, kanye nokuzijabulisa.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi esifanayo, i-Via Herculea yasendulo yaguqulwa yaba yi- Ngo-AugustaUmgwaqo omkhulu owaxhumanisa iRoma neningizimu yeHispania ogwini lwaseMedithera. Ingqophamlando etholakala enkundleni yezinkunzi yamanje iqopha lo mgwaqo phakathi kuka-12 no-6 BC futhi isikhumbuza ukuthi iTarraco yayiyindawo ebalulekile yokuma phakathi kweBarcino (Barcelona), iDertosa (Tortosa), iSaguntum, neValentia.
Ukuchuma kwesikhathi sika-Augustan kwakukhulu kangangokuthi ababhali abanjengoPomponius Mela bachaza iTarraco njenge- ichweba elicebe kakhulu kulolo gwiniIdolobha laze lakha imali yalo ngezifinyezo ezifana ne-CVT noma i-CVTTAR, enezithombe ezihlotshaniswa nehlelo lobukhosi, uphawu lobunzima bezepolitiki elalibufinyelele.
Ubukhazikhazi bombuso, inhlekelele kanye nokuguqulwa ezikhathini zasendulo
Ngemva kuka-Augustus, iTarraco yaqhubeka nokujabulela isikhundla esikhethekile eMbusweniNgo-15 AD, kwakhiwa ithempeli elalinikezelwe kumbusi ohlonishwayo, mhlawumbe eduze kwenkundla yamakoloni noma engxenyeni esempumalanga yedolobha. UTacitus ukhuluma ngalo lapho exoxa ngezingxoxo zeSenate ngenkolo yobukhosi.
Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaVespasian kanye nabamlandela, ukuguqulwa kwentela kwanikeza Ubuzwe baseLatini bengxenye enkulu yezakhamuzi zaseHispaniaLokhu kwenza kwaba lula igagasi elisha lemisebenzi yomphakathi eTarraco: inkundla yesifundazwe yanwetshwa, kwakhiwa indawo enkulu yokukhulekela yasebukhosini engxenyeni engenhla yedolobha, futhi izindawo ezifana ne-amphitheater zavuselelwa. Phakathi kuka-70 no-180 AD, iningi lezithombe ezihlonishwayo esizaziyo namuhla zafakwa kulezi zindawo.
Idolobha liphinde laxhunyaniswa nabantu abaphambili abafana no- ULucius Licinius Sura, iSenator enamandla nomngane woMbusi uTrajan, owayengumxhasi weTarraco; noma uMbusi uHadrian, okungenzeka ukuthi wavakashela idolobha cishe ngo-122-123 AD futhi wengamela lapho ingqungquthela yesifundazwe.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesibili AD, kuvela izimpawu ezicacile ze ukwehla komnotho kanye nomphakathiIzinsiza zokwakha izithombe nezikhumbuzo zancipha, futhi imibhalo eqoshiwe yembula ukuvelela okwandayo kwabanikazi bezindawo ezinkulu nezikhulu eziphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nabathengisi basemadolobheni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuba khona kwezempi kwanda, okubonisa izinguquko esakhiweni samandla ombuso.
Ngekhulu lesi-3, iTarraco yabhekana nemiphumela yokuhlasela kwamaJalimane kanye nokungezwani kwangaphakathi eMbusweni. Kodwa-ke, idolobha lasinda futhi kancane kancane lajwayela iqiniso elisha le-Late Antique. Ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kukaDiocletian, iNhlonhlo yase-Iberia yahlelwa yaba izifundazwe eziyisithupha zahlanganiswa zaba yisifunda-dolobha esisodwa saseHispanicI-Tarraco yahlala iyinhloko-dolobha, yize yayiyisifunda esincane.
Phakathi kokuphela kwekhulu lesi-3 nokuqala kwekhulu lesi-4, izakhiwo eziningana ezabhidlizwa zakhiwa kabusha noma zathathelwa indawo, kanye nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi I-portico kaJupiter okuyinto abanye abacwaningi abayichaza njengengxenye yesonto elikhulu, uphawu lokuqhubeka okukhulu naphezu kwenkinga evamile.
Ukunqoba kweChristian Tarraco, iVisigoth kanye neMuslim
Ukusabalala kobuKristu kwaphawula isahluko esisha emlandweni waleli dolobha. Ngonyaka ka-259, phakathi nokushushiswa kombuso, UMbhishobhi uFructuosus kanye namadikoni akhe u-Augurius no-Eulogius babulawa e-amphitheaterBashiswa bephila phambi kwesixuku. Kamuva kwakhiwa isonto elikhulu esihlabathini njengesikhumbuzo sabo, okuchaza ingxube yezinsalela zamaRoma nezamaKristu okuqala kule ndawo.
Ngokushintshela enkathini yamaVisigothic, iTarraco yalahlekelwa kancane kancane ukubaluleka kwezomnotho kanye nokwezibalo zabantu. Cishe ngo-474, iNkosi u-Euric yathumba idolobha, kubonakala sengathi alizange libhujiswe kakhulu, isebenzisa izakhiwo zokuphatha ezikhona. Ukutholakala kwamathuna amaKristu kusukela kulesi sikhathi kusikisela okuthile ukuqhubeka kwempilo yasemadolobheni, yize manje isimpofu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nobuhle bayo bangaphambili.
Ngonyaka ka-585, idolobha laba yindawo yesigameko esibalulekile: ukubulawa kukaHermenegildoIndodana yeNkosi uLeovigild, umuntu obalulekile ezimpini zenkolo nezepolitiki zombuso wamaVisigoth, iwubufakazi beqiniso lokuthi, ngisho noma incipha, iTarraco yahlala iyisikhungo esibalulekile samandla eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia.
Ukunqotshwa kwama-Arabhu nama-Muslim kwenzeka cishe ngo-713-714. Imithombo ayicaci: abanye ababhali bakhuluma ngokuvinjezelwa kwenyanga yonke kanye nokubhujiswa okungenzeka kube cishe okuphelele, kodwa kuyaziwa ukuthi UMbhishobhi uProspero wabalekela e-Italy Ngaphambi nje kwalokho, futhi azikho izindaba ezithembekile ngombusi okwakufanele ahlele ukuzivikela. Okubonakala kuqinisekile ukuthi, ngemva kokunqotshwa kwamaSulumane, idolobha lacishe lalahlekelwa ngokuphelele ukubaluleka okuncane kwezokuphatha nezenkolo elalikugcinile.
Noma kunjalo, iTarraco ayizange iyeke ukuhlalwa. Emakhulwini eminyaka, abantu babesebenzisa kabusha izinto ezakhiweni zakudala zaseRoma ngendlela ehlelekile, kangangokuthi Izitebhisi, ama-ashlar kanye nemibhalo eqoshiwe kwagcina kufakwe ezindlini zasendulo, emasontweni nasezindongeniLe "ndawo yokumba yasemadolobheni" ichaza ukuthi kungani izinsalela eziningi zamaRoma zifikile kithi zisesimweni esiqhekekile kakhulu noma esifihliwe kancane.
Isakhiwo sezinto zakudala saseTarraco: Indawo Eyingqayizivele Yefa Lomhlaba
Isakhiwo semivubukulo saseTarraco sibhekwa njengenye yezindawo ezidumile okubanzi kakhulu futhi okubaluleke kakhulu kulo lonke elaseRoma i-HispaniaNgo-2000, i-UNESCO yayifaka ohlwini lwefa lomhlaba ngekhodi ethi 875rev, eqokomisa kokubili ukunwetshwa kwayo ngokwezikhathi (kusukela ngekhulu lesi-3 BC kuya ekhulwini lesi-6 AD) kanye nendima yayo eyisibonelo ekuhleleni amadolobha aseRoma.
Lesi simemezelo sasisekelwe ezindinganisweni ezimbili eziyinhloko. Isigaba II sigcizelela ukuthi izinsalela zeTarraco ukubaluleka okuphawulekayo ekuthuthukisweni kobudolobha baseRoma futhi yasebenza njengesibonelo kwezinye izinhloko-dolobha zezifundazwe. Isigaba III sigcizelela ukuthi zinikeza ubufakazi obucacile nobungenakuqhathaniswa besigaba esibalulekile emlandweni wezindawo zaseMedithera ezikhathini zasendulo.
Phakathi kwezinto ezifakiwe kule ndawo evikelwe kukhona izindonga zamaRoma, indawo enkulu yenkolo yombuso, inkundla yesifundazwe, isekisi, inkundla yamakoloni, inkundla yemidlalo, inkundla yemidlalo enesonto lamaKristu okuqala, indawo yokungcwaba yamaKristu okuqala, umsele waseLes Ferreres, uMbhoshongo waseScipios, inkwali yaseMèdol, izindlu ezinkulu zaseCentcelles naseDels Munts, kanye ne-arch yaseBará.
Nakuba izinsalela eziningi ezibonakalayo ziyizingcezu noma zihlanganiswe ekwakhiweni kwakamuva, indawo inikeza isithombe esinamandla kakhulu sobukhulu benhloko-dolobha yasenduloKwezinye izimo, njengesekisi noma izindonga, isimo sokulondolozwa sihle ngokwanele ukuqonda ngokucacile ubukhulu nemisebenzi yokuqala.
I-UNESCO iphinde igcizelele ukuthi iTarraco yayiyi- indawo yokuhlala yamaRoma yokuqala neyakudala kunazo zonke eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia nokuthi uhlelo lwayo oluyingqayizivele lwamathafa okwenziwa, oluhambisana nemithambeka yemvelo yezwe, luyisibonelo esithakazelisayo kakhulu sokuhlela amadolobha aseRoma edolobheni elisogwini.
Izindonga Nemibhoshongo: Isikhumba sokuzivikela sikaTarraco
Izindonga zaseTarragona ziyi- umsebenzi wokuqala omkhulu wobunjiniyela baseRoma ogcinwe edolobheni futhi ingenye yezingxenye zokuzivikela ezindala kakhulu kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga yamaRoma ngaphandle kwe-Italy. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kokuqala kuqale ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-3 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-2 BC, okuhambisana neminyaka yokuqala yokuba khona kwezempi zamaRoma kule ndawo.
Ekuqaleni, umngcele wafinyelela cishe Amamitha angu-3.500ehlanganisa ingxenye engenhla yedolobha, lapho izinsalela eziningi ezaziwa kakhulu zigcwele khona namuhla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikakhulukazi cishe ngo-150-125 BC, udonga lwaphakanyiswa futhi lwaqiniswa, luvumelana nokukhula kwedolobha kanye nezidingo ezintsha zamasu.
Imibhoshongo eminingana evelele yalolu hlelo lokuzivikela isalondolozwe: uMbhoshongo Wombhishobhi Omkhulu, uMbhoshongo WeCabiscol, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, UMbhoshongo waseMinerva, ebhekwa njengefanekisela kakhulu. Ngaphakathi, kutholakale umbhalo wesiLatini omdala kunayo yonke owaziwayo eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia, futhi kolunye lwezindonga zalo ezisemaceleni kubonakala umfanekiso kankulunkulukazi uMinerva, umvikeli waseRoma namadolobha ayo.
Leyo mpumuzo, ekhombisa unkulunkulukazi isigqoko, isihlangu, nomkhontoYahlala ifihliwe amakhulu eminyaka ngoba yayimbozwe yingxenye yakamuva yodonga lomuzi. Ayizange iphinde ivele kwaze kwaba ngu-1932, lapho ukuwa okwabangelwa umswakama ovela esigodlweni esiseduze kwadiliza ingxenye yengxenye engenhla, kwembula uhlangothi lombhoshongo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iye yaba enye yezimpawu ezithinta inhliziyo kakhulu zeTarragona yaseRoma.
Enye imininingwane exakile yindawo umlenze kaMinerva wesobunxele obekwe ngayo, ophambaniswe kancane ngendlela ephoqelelwe. Ngokomongo wamaRoma, lesi senzo sasihunyushwa njengophawu lwe inhlanhla nesivikelo, okufana nesenzo sethu "sokunqamula iminwe yethu", esifanelana kahle nomsebenzi we-apotropaic womhlobiso oseduze nelinye lamasango omuzi wasendulo.
Amaforamu, ithempeli kanye nokuhlelwa kwedolobha lenhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe
Ukuhlelwa kweTarraco njengenhloko-dolobha yaseHispania iCiterior kuqala kanye neTarraconensis kamuva kwavezwa uhlelo lwethala oluklanywe ngokucophelela eyayihlanganisa idolobha kusukela engxenyeni engenhla kuya echwebeni. Phezulu kwakukhona indawo enkulu yokukhulekela yasebukhosini kanye nethempeli, kanti emagcekeni aphansi kwakukhona inkundla yesifundazwe, isekisi, kanye nenkundla yamakoloni.
El inkundla yesifundazwe Kwakuyinhliziyo yokuphatha yeqiniso yesifundazwe. Yayihlala amahektha angaphezu kwayisikhombisa futhi yayakhiwe ngezitezi ezimbili: ingxenye ephezulu yayigcinelwe inkolo yobukhosi, enegceke elikhulu elinezicabha kanye nethempeli; kanti ingxenye engezansi yayigxile ekuphathweni kwezepolitiki kanye nomthetho, enezakhiwo ze-curia, amahhovisi asemthethweni kanye nezindawo ezinkulu ezivulekile.
del ithempeli eliyinhloko Iningi lalokho okusele liyisisekelo kanye nemikhondo yemivubukulo. Nakuba kungenakushiwo ngokuqiniseka okuphelele, izincazelo eziningi zikhomba ukuthi liyithempeli elinikezelwe kuMbusi u-Augustus ohlonishwayo. Enye yezindlela ezicacile kakhulu zokubona indawo yalo ngeso lengqondo ukungena eKhathedrali bese ubheka izindawo ezithile zomgwaqo lapho kwasuswa khona amatshe okusika ukuze kumbiwe: lapho, izinsalela zesikhulumi sasendulo zingabonakala.
Endaweni ephansi kancane kutholakala inkundla yamakoloni noma inkundla yendawoInkundla yayiyisikhungo sempilo yokuphatha kanye neyenhlalo yezakhamuzi zaseTarraco. Kulokho manje okubizwa ngokuthi iLleida Street, umuntu angabona izinsalela ze-basilica, i-portico ene-tabernae (izitolo), i-curia, ingxenye yethempeli laseCapitoline, kanye nezinye izindlu. Le nkundla yahlela impilo yansuku zonke yekoloni, kusukela kwezentengiselwano kuya kwezepolitiki zikamasipala.
Uma ufuna ukuthola umbono ojwayelekile wokuthi idolobha lalinjani ngesikhathi salo sokuchuma, kuyasiza kakhulu ukuvakashela i- imodeli enkulu yeTarraco Itholakala ePlaza del Pallol. Njengoba inama-square metres angu-21 kanye nezinga layo lemininingwane, ivumela umuntu ukuthi aqonde ubudlelwano phakathi kwama-terrace, izindonga, amaforamu, isekisi kanye nechweba, futhi abone ukuthi ukwakheka kwamaRoma kusathinta kanjani ukuhlelwa kwedolobha kwanamuhla.
Ithiyetha, isekisi kanye ne-amphitheatre: unxantathu omkhulu wokuzijabulisa
Njenganoma yimuphi umuzi obalulekile waseRoma, iTarraco yasungula ibutho elinamandla kakhulu. uhlelo olukhulu oluzinikele ekuzilibaziseni nasekusakazeni izinkulumo-zeIzakhiwo ezintathu ezinkulu zokuzijabulisa zakha lesi sici: inkundla yemidlalo yaseshashalazini, isekisi, kanye ne-amphitheater.
El Inkundla yaseshashalazini yamaRomaKusukela ngesikhathi sika-Augustus, ekupheleni kwekhulu loku-1 BC, yayimi eduze kwechweba nendawo yezentengiselwano. Namuhla, imigqa yokuqala yezihlalo igciniwe, kanye nezitebhisi ezimbili eziqondile ezichaza i-cavea kanye nengxenye ye-orchestra eyindilinga, kanye nezinsalela zesiteji (i-pulpitum) kanye nodonga lwesiteji (i-scaenae frons). Yayeka ukusebenza ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-2, mhlawumbe ngenxa yezinguquko ekunambithekeni noma ekushintsheni kwesimo sasemadolobheni.
El Isekisi laseRomaYakhiwa ekupheleni kwekhulu loku-1 AD, le nkundla ingenye yezakhiwo ezilondolozwe kahle kakhulu kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga yamaRoma. Yayinohlelo lwephansi olude kakhulu, olulinganiselwa cishe amamitha angu-325 ubude namamitha angu-115 ububanzi, futhi lulandela uhlobo olujwayelekile lwezakhiwo zemijaho yezinqola. Ngaphakathi, kwaba nemijaho edumile ye-quadriga, iqhutshwa abagibeli bezinqola ababeyizithixo zangempela zabantu abaningi; kulula ukucabanga ngababukeli behalalisela abantu abadumile njengoScorpus, abamasiko abo abonisa ukunqoba okungaphezu kuka-2.048.
Isakhiwo sesekisi sasisekelwa yi- inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezindawo zokugcina izimpahla kanye nezindlela zokungenaLezi zindlela zokuhamba ngaphansi komhlaba zazisebenza kokubili ukusekela izitendi nokuqondisa ukugeleza komphakathi. Eziningi zalezi zindlela zokuhamba zingavakashelwa namuhla, zinikeza umbono womthamo omangalisayo wesakhiwo. Nakuba sayeka ukusetshenziswa njengendawo yesekisi cishe ngekhulu lesi-5, ithonya laso liyaqhubeka nokubumba indwangu yasemadolobheni engxenyeni engenhla yedolobha.
El I-amphitheatre yaseTarracoYakhiwa ekupheleni kwekhulu lesibili AD, le nkundla itholakala ngaphandle kwesikhungo sedolobha laseRoma, eduze kakhulu neVia Augusta kanye nolwandle. Indawo yayo iyamangalisa: izindawo zokuma, eziqoshwe edwaleni futhi ezakhiwe ngokwengxenye, zibheke eMedithera. Enkundleni, enobude obungamamitha angu-62,5 ububanzi no-38,5, kwaba khona izimpi zokulwa (munera), ukuzingela izilwane zasendle (venationes), kanye nokubulawa kweziboshwa ezilahliwe emphakathini.
Ngaphansi kwesihlabathi kugcinwa fossae noma amaphasishi angaphansi komhlaba lapho izilwi nezilwane zazilinda khona ngaphambi kokungena enkundleni. Umbhalo wonyaka ka-221 usalokhu kolunye lwezindonga zesikhulumi. Ngemva kokufelwa ukholo kukaFructuosus namadikoni akhe ngo-259, i-amphitheater yaqala ukuba nesonto lamaKristu okuqala futhi kamuva kwaba yisonto lamaRoma, elinezimpawu ezibekwe phezu kwesakhiwo sokuzijabulisa samaqaba, okwenza umehluko omkhulu ongokomfanekiso.
Amanzi, ukufa kanye nenkumbulo: umsele wamanzi kanye ne-necropolis yamaKristu okuqala
Idolobha elingangeTarraco lalidinga uhlelo lokuhlinzeka ngamanzi ukuze lifane. Isici esihlaba umxhwele kakhulu salolo nethiwekhi yi- Umsele wamanzi i-Les Ferreres, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi iDevil's Bridge. Itholakala cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-4 enyakatho yedolobha, iwela isigodi esinesakhiwo esingamamitha angu-217 ubude kanye nokuphakama okuphezulu okungamamitha angu-27.
Yakhiwe ngamabhulokhi amatshe abekwe omile futhi iqukethe izitezi ezimbili zama-arches ahambisanayo: ishumi nanye ezingeni eliphansi kanye namashumi amabili nanhlanu phezulu. Kusukela ngekhulu loku-1 AD, kwakuyingxenye yenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yeziteshi ezaziqoqa amanzi emifuleni iFrancolí neGaià bese ziwayisa emathangini nasemathonjeni asedolobheni.
Emkhakheni wemingcwabo, umlingiswa oyinhloko yi- i-necropolis yamaKristu okuqalaItholakala phakathi kweRamón y Cajal kanye ne-Independencia avenues zanamuhla, indawo yangaphambili yeTobacco Factory, kanye neCardenal Vidal i Barraquer avenue, ingenye yamathuna amakhulu futhi abaluleke kakhulu okuqala kwamaKristu kulo lonke elaseNtshonalanga yamaRoma, enamathuna angaphezu kuka-2.000 aqoshiwe.
Indawo yokungcwaba yakhiwa eduze kwesonto elalinikezelwe kubafel’ ukholo uFructuosus, u-Augurius, no-Eulogius, futhi libonisa ubufakazi bokuba khona ndawonye kuka- ukungcwatshwa kwamaqaba namaKristuNgaphezu kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamathuna: i-sarcophagi, amathuna ase-amphora, ukungcwatshwa kwe-tegula, njll. Konke lokhu kusenza sikwazi ukulandela eduze ushintsho lwenkolo nolwezenhlalo phakathi kwekhulu lesi-3 nelesi-6.
Ezinye izikhumbuzo zomngcwabo eziphawulekayo zifaka phakathi Umbhoshongo weScipios, ithuna elimise okwesiqongo kusukela ngekhulu loku-1 AD elitholakala cishe ngamakhilomitha ama-5 empumalanga yeTarragona, elinezithombe ezithakazelisayo zikankulunkulu womngcwabo u-Attis emzimbeni ophakathi; kanye ne-villa-mausoleum yaseCentcelles, cishe ngamakhilomitha angu-4,6 enyakatho-ntshonalanga, edume ngokulondoloza enye yemidwebo yedome endala kakhulu enezihloko zobuKristu ezweni lamaRoma.
I-Mèdol quarry, cishe ngamakhilomitha ayi-9 enyakatho yedolobha, iqedela le ndawo yokufa nenkumbulo ngombono ohlukile: kwakusukela lapho lapho ingxenye enkulu yedolobha yatholakala khona. itshe okwakhiwe ngalo izakhiwo zomphakathi eziyinhlokoNgisho nanamuhla ungabona "umgodi" omangalisayo oshiywe ukukhishwa okuqhubekayo emakhulwini eminyaka.
Amadolobhana, indawo yaseBará arch kanye nesifunda saseTarraco
Amandla eTarraco awazange agcine endaweni ebiyelwe ngodonga. Indawo ezungezile yayigcwele izindlu zasemakhaya nezindawo zokuhlala ezisezingeni eliphezulu eyayixhaphaza indawo futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, yasebenza njengendawo yokubalekela abantu abaphezulu basemadolobheni. Amadolobha ase-Els Munts kanye namaCentcelles okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla avelele kakhulu.
La I-villa dels MuntsItholakala e-Altafulla, cishe ngamakhilomitha ayi-10 empumalanga, ingenye yezindawo zokuhlala zamaRoma ezibaluleke kakhulu kule nhlonhlo. Kungenzeka ukuthi yayingeyesikhulu esiphezulu ekuphathweni kweTarraco futhi inikeza isithombe esiphelele sokuthi kwakunjani ukuhlala endlini enkulu esogwini enezindawo zokugezela, izingadi, kanye nemihlobiso emihle ye-mosaic.
Emkhakheni wengqalasizinda yemigwaqo, uphawu olukhulu yi- I-Bará triumphal archcishe ngamakhilomitha angama-20 empumalanga yeTarragona. Liyi-arch elula, enomgodi owodwa, eyakhiwe ngamatshe futhi cishe isukela esikhathini sika-Augustus. Lalitholakala ngqo phezu kwe-Via Augusta futhi seliye laba ngesinye sezikhumbuzo ezithathwe izithombe kakhulu endaweni yasendulo yaseTarragona.
Lonke leli nethiwekhi lama-villa, ama-mausoleum, ama-quarry, nama-arches, kanye nengqalasizinda efana nomsele wamanzi kanye ne-Via Augusta uqobo, libonisa izinga I-Tarraco yaveza isimo sezomnotho esibanzi kakhulu nesingokomfanekiso, ngale kwesizinda esiqinile samadolobha.
Namuhla, ukuvakashela lezi zindawo—kusukela eDeveli's Bridge kuya eMbhoshongweni weScipios noma e-villa dels Munts—kusenza siqonde ukuthi inhloko-dolobha endala yesifundazwe yayisebenza njengesikhungo sangempela sokudonsa amandla ogwini lwaseTarragona, ngokwezepolitiki, ezentengiselwano kanye nezenkolo.
I-Tarragona yesimanje: phakathi kwamanxiwa, ulwandle nokuphila kwansuku zonke
Ubuhle beTarragona abugcini nje kuphela ngekhwalithi yamanxiwa ayo, kodwa futhi nase- indlela okwedlule okuhlala kugxile ngayo empilweni yansuku zonkeIzindonga zanciphisa ukukhula kwesikhungo somlando amakhulu eminyaka; isekisi lalilungisa ukwakheka komgwaqo engxenyeni engenhla; futhi kusukela eBalcó del Mediterrani ungabona ngokushesha ichweba lesimanje, i-amphitheater yamaRoma kanye nogu lolwandle iMiracle.
ISonto LaseSanta Mary kanye neSonto LaseTecla, elixubene nezinto zaseRomanesque nezeGothic, limi endaweni ephakeme kakhulu ye-acropolis yasendulo. Ngaphandle kwenani layo lobuciko—i-cloister, i-altare leRenaissance, i-façade enezithombe zabaprofethi nabaphostoli—isonto lasendulo libonisa i- ubukhulu obuqinile obungokomfanekiso nobemikhosi, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi semikhosi yaseSanta Tecla, lapho idolobha ligcwele ama-castell, ama-correfoc kanye nezindwendwe.
I-Los izinqabaEqinisweni, le mibhoshongo yabantu ingenye yezimpawu ezinkulu zobuntu baseTarragona. Njengoba yamenyezelwa njengefa lesintu elingabonakali yi-UNESCO ngo-2010, le mibhoshongo yabantu ihlanganisa amakhulu abantu babo bonke ubudala ngaphansi komqondo olula kodwa onamandla: wonke umuntu uyadingeka, kodwa akekho obalulekile. Phakathi kukaJuni no-Okthoba, futhi ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi seSanta Tecla, imibukiso yamaqembu amane edolobha iguqula izikwele zibe umbukwane oyingqayizivele.
Isifunda sokudoba saseSerrallo sinezela esinye isahluko esibalulekile. Phakathi kwezikebhe zokudoba nezindawo zokudlela zendabuko, kulula ukuwela ngaphansi kwesifiso sokudla okumnandi. irayisi elimnyama, i-prawn ebomvu, noma isidlo senhlanzi enamafuthaI-Observatori Blau, indawo enezinzwa eziningi enikelwe eMedithera kanye namasu okudoba, isiza ukuqonda ubudlelwano bomlando bedolobha nolwandle kanye nemvelo yalo.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kunenethiwekhi ecebile yeminyuziyamu nezindawo: iNational Archaeological Museum (okwamanje enengxenye yeqoqo layo ezindaweni zesikhashana ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kwayo), iMuseum of Modern Art, iCentral Market, izinkambo eziqondiswayo zeRoman Tarraco, imicimbi yomlando efana ne I-Tarraco VivaIviki Elingcwele elinomcimbi wokungcwaba oNgcwele obhalwe phansi kusukela ngo-1550, imikhosi yaseSant Magí, imibuthano yokudla enikelwe elayisini lokudla kwasolwandle noma eromesco, kanye nomkhosi wewayini i-L'Embutada.
Idolobha laseTarragona namuhla liyindawo lapho Isikhathi esidlule samaRoma asiyona nje isizinda, kodwa siyingxenye ephilayo yendawo kanye nobunikazi beqembuKusukela emibhalweni esetshenziswe kabusha emifanekisweni yasendulo kuya emfanekisweni wesekisi eqoshwe ngaphansi kwezindlu zanamuhla, kanye nemibhoshongo yabantu ephakama phambi kwezindonga ezingaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbili ubudala, konke kusimema ukuthi sibone idolobha njengeqoqo lezinkathi: i-Iberian, i-Roman, i-Visigoth, i-medieval, i-modern, kanye ne-modern. Labo abasondela ngelukuluku elincane bathola ukuthi, phakathi kwamatshe, i-Tarragona isalokhu iyi-Tarraco ekhazimulayo eyayiyinhloko-dolobha yesinye sezifundazwe ezinkulu zoMbuso WaseRoma, kodwa futhi idolobha laseMedithera elinobuntu kakhulu, elamukelayo, neliphilayo.
