I-Oort Cloud iyindandatho eyakhiwe izigidi zemfucumfucu yeplanethi ewumphumela wokushayisana kwamaplanethi. Esihlokweni esilandelayo sizokwazi konke ngakho Iyini i-Oort Cloud? nakho konke okuhlobene nalolu hlobo lomcimbi oluveza lokho esikwazi ngokuthi iComets.
Iyini i-Oort Cloud?
La I-Oort Cloud, iwuhlobo lwebhaluni oluqhelelene nomzila kaPluto, lapho izinkanyezi ezinomsila ziphuma khona lapho ngezikhathi ezithile esikwaziyo ukuzibona lapho zidlula esibhakabhakeni.
Kuthiwa lokhu kumele kwenziwe ngezinkulungwane “zemfucumfucu” evela esimisweni sonozungezilanga ngokwaso, futhi yimizimba embalwa emincane eyaphuma esimisweni sonozungezilanga ngenxa yokushayisana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-Proto-Planet, okuyimizimba okwathi kamuva ezakha wonke amaplanethi.
Imizimba ethile ivamise ukuxoshwa kulelifu okuthi uma lisondela eLangeni lishise lize lifike ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu bese iqhwa eliphezu kwawo lihwamuke, kubangele lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi. iziphepho zelanga.
Isizathu sokuthi kungani lezi zinkanyezi ezinomsila zigxumela ngaphakathi kwe-Solar System ayikacaci kahle, nokho, amagagasi emithala asecatshangelwe, ngisho nalokho okungase kubizwe ngokuthi "iNkanyezi eyi-Twin" yeLanga, okungase kucatshangelwe. ibizwe ngeNemesis, njengoba ukudlula kwayo eduze nesimiso sonozungezilanga uqobo yikho okudala lokho ososayensi abaningi abakubiza ngokuthi "Izimvula zenkanyezi enomsila" okuyikhona okuchaza ukuba khona kwamaCataclysms on Planet Earth.
historia
Inkanyezi enomsila ifinyelela ekwaziseni ububanzi obubanzi bosayizi emizileni yenkanyezi enomsila, ngaphezu kokuthambekela okuthile nokucashile. Ezikhathini zangaphambili, zonke izinkanyezi ezinomsila zazihlukaniswa ngamaqembu ama-2 amakhulu asekelwe esikhathini sawo sokujikeleza, okuyizi:
- Izinkanyezi ezinomsila wesikhathi eside: Ngezikhathi ezingaphezu kweminyaka engama-200.
- I-Comets yesikhathi esifushane: Ngezikhathi ezingaphansi kweminyaka engama-200.
Endabeni yezinkanyezi ezinomsila zesikhathi eside, zinezici ezi-2 eziphawuleka kakhulu: Eyokuqala ukuthi ama-orbits awo avame ukuhlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu. Okwesibili ukuthi ukungena endaweni yamaplanethi kuvame ukuba yi-isotropic, okusho ukuthi ayinayo isiqondiso esithandwayo.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, cishe amaphesenti angu-50 awo wonke ama-comet esikhathi eside abe okuthiwa ama-retrograde comets, okuvame ukuhambisana nokusatshalaliswa kwawo okungahleliwe.
Kwaba uhlobo olujwayelekile lwenkolelo yokuthi izinkanyezi ezinomsila zivela emkhathini wezinkanyezi noma ukuthi ngokuvamile zizungeza amabanga amade ezinkanyezini nokuthi ukuguqulwa kwamandla adonsela phansi yikhona okungase kubangele ukuthi ezinye zazo zibanjwe izinkanyezi ezifanayo. Nokho, ngonyaka ka-1950 kwaqanjwa isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile saseDutch UJan Oort Uyena owaveza lokhu okulandelayo:
- Kwakungeke kwenzeke ukubona noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenkanyezi enomsila olwalungabonisa ukuthi luvela emkhathini wezinkanyezi.
- Izinkanyezi ezinomsila ezingena esimisweni sonozungezilanga zizophazamiseka kuwo wonke amaplanethi, ikakhulukazi i-Jupiter, ngoba kunenani elikhulu leziqongo zama-cometary ezikhathini ezinde. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inani elikhulu lazo langena okokuqala ngqa esimisweni sonozungezilanga, ngoba ngaphandle kwalokho imigudu yazo izobe isishintshile kakade ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwamandla adonsela phansi amaplanethi amakhulu kakhulu.
- Imizila yazo zonke izinkanyezi ezinomsila eziphila isikhathi eside yafika yaba nohlobo lokuthandwa okuphawulekayo maqondana ne-aphelion yazo efinyelela ku-50.000 AU.
- Umsuka wezinkanyezi ezinomsila wawungasuki endaweni ekhethwayo.
Kusukela ngale mibono, kwaze kwahlongozwa ukuthi umsuka wezinkanyezi ezinomsila uvela efwini elibanzi elingaphandle kwemingcele yesimiso sonozungezilanga ngokwaso. Kusho ifu, eminyakeni edlule, laze labizwa ngokuthi I-Oort Cloud. Ngokwezibalo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kukhona izinkanyezi ezinomsila eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1, naphezu kokuthi kuyisilinganiso esihlanzekile esingenakho ukhonkolo; ngoba akubanga khona muntu okwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo le-Oort Cloud, kungasaphathwa zonke izinto eziyizungezile.
Lezi zinto zaziyofika zakheke phakathi nezigaba zokuqala zokudalwa kweSolar System enkulu eduze neLanga, nokho-ke, zaziyofika zikhishwe lapho ziqondana khona nemingcele yesimiso sonozungezilanga ngomphumela ofanayo wamandla adonsela phansi. amandla. Zonke lezo zinto ezingaphunyukanga ku-orbit yefu elishiwo ziyingxenye yalo.
Izinto ezithile zashiwo i-Oort Cloud, ngenxa yokuphikelela okukhiqizwa uhlobo oluthile lwenkanyezi eseduze, zingagcina zixoshwa efwini zibheke eLangeni, lapho zihamba khona ohambweni lwezigidi zeminyaka kuze kube ngolunye usuku lapho umjikelezo wayo ushintshwa. ngenxa yomphumela ofanayo wamandla adonsela phansi awo wonke lawo maplanethi amakhulu, isibonelo:
- I-Jupiter
- Saturn
Ukuze ezinye zazo zibe yilokho sonke esizazi ngokuthi izinkanyezi ezinomsila zenkathi ende, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezinye zazo lapho zidlula emgudwini wesimiso sonozungezilanga zilahlekelwa ukuphila kwazo konke emkhathini ngaphandle kokubuyela emuva.
Izici
I-Oort Cloud ingakwazi ukusekela ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthi buyini isisindo sesimiso sonozungezilanga, esingaba sikhulu kakhulu kunaleso se-Planet Jupiter, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi inkolelo-mbono encane. Kukhona ukuthambekela kokucabanga ukuthi lokhu kungase kube uhlobo lwebhaluni oluvala ngokuphelele sonke isimiso sonozungezilanga kanye nokuthi inkolelo-mbono efaneleka kakhulu ukuthi idalwe yimfucumfucu eminingi ohlelweni lwelanga.
Ngempela, phakathi nokuqala kwalo iLanga lalitholakala ohlotsheni lwefu legesi kanye nothuli, okwaqala ukwakheka kulo ubuningi obungapheli bamaplanethi futhi ngokuhlanganisa lawa, wonke amaplanethi avela. .
Ingxenye yawo wonke lawa maplanethi afika ekuhluphekeni okukhulu ezingeni le-orbital ngenxa yokuhlangana kwazo nezinye izidumbu ezinkulu ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-proto-planets futhi ngendlela yokuthi akwazi ukuthola imizila emide ecishe ibe yi-parabolic futhi ekugcineni "yaqoqwa" ngaphakathi kwe-Oort Cloud, ngokwesilinganiso sokuhlukaniswa konyaka ongu-1 wokukhanya lapho iqhubeka nokubusa maqondana nazo zonke lezo zinkanyezi eziseduze naphezu kwethonya elibuthakathaka lamandla adonsela phansi eLanga.
Inkanyezi enomsila ehlala e-Oort Cloud
Inombolo izoncika ekuvumelaneni lapho wonke lawo ma-Oort Cloud comets avame ukwethulwa emkhathini we-interplanetary. Ngokwenani elibonwayo lezinkanyezi ezinomsila zesikhathi eside, izazi zezinkanyezi eziningi okwamanje zibala ukuthi inama-comet angaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6; ezinkulu kakhulu ngosayizi kunesimiso sonozungezilanga.
Ingxenye yesithupha kuphela yazo ingeyefu eliguquguqukayo nelingaphandle elachazwa yi-Oort; ezinye zingaphakathi kwawo, okuminyene kakhulu kunalokho esikucabangayo. Uma isilinganiso esingcono kakhulu singase sisetshenziswe esilinganisweni sesisindo senkanyezi enomsila, bekungaba izigidi ezingama-40.0000 zama-Metric Tons, okungaholela ekutheni isamba sezinkanyezi ezinomsila e-Oort Cloud sibe sikhulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-40 kunePlanethi Yomhlaba. .
Izinkanyezi ezinomsila ze-Oort Cloud zingaphazanyiswa amandla adonsela phansi ezinkanyezi ezidlulayo. Eqinisweni, zonke izinkanyezi kudiski ye-Milky Way zihlanganyela ukunyakaza okufanayo enkabeni yomthala, kodwa futhi ziyanyakaza ngokuhlobene. Izinkanyezi ziqhamuka eziqondisweni ezingahleliwe, ngakho-ke izinguquko zesivinini kwesinye isikhathi ziba zinhle futhi kwesinye isikhathi zibe zimbi.
Lesi sazi sezinkanyezi okuthiwa u-Oort nguyena owacabanga ukuthi izinkanyezi ezinomsila zavela ngaphakathi kwebhande le-asteroid futhi zaxoshwa amaplanethi amakhulu ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwesimiso sonozungezilanga. Nokho, izinkanyezi ezinomsila ziyinqwaba eqandisiwe, njengohlobo lwebhola elikhulu leqhwa elingcolile; ngaphakathi kwebhande le-asteroid akunakwenzeka ukuba izingcezu zeqhwa zijiye ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Ubukhona bawo buthathwa kuphi?
Ngonyaka ka-1932, isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile okuthiwa u-Erns Öpik sasho ukuthi izinkanyezi ezinomsila ngokuvamile ezizungeza isikhathi eside zavela phakathi kwefu elikhulu kakhulu elidlulela ngalé kwayo yonke imingcele yesimiso sonozungezilanga. Ngonyaka ka-1950, esinye isazi sezinkanyezi esidumile okuthiwa u-Jan Oort kwaba umuntu owabhala ngokuzimela le nkolelo-mbono eyaziwayo, ebangela indida.
U-Jan Oort uyena owaqinisekisa ukuthi wonke ama-meteorite awazange akheke emzileni wawo wamanje, ngenxa yezenzakalo zezinkanyezi ezingamele phezu kwawo, aqinisekisa ngakho ukuthi imizila yawo nakho konke lokhu kufanele ukuthi kuqoqwe phakathi kwefu elikhulu. Ngenxa yala madoda angu-2 aziwayo kusayensi yezinkanyezi, kusho i-Oort Cloud ithola igama layo.
Isazi sezinkanyezi u-Oort nguyena owaphenya phakathi kwezinhlobo ezi-2 zenkanyezi enomsila. Esokuqala yizo zonke ezine-orbit engaphansi kwe-10 AU kanti eyesibili yizo zonke ezinemizila yesikhathi eside ecishe ibe yi-isotropic, imvamisa idlule ku-1.000 AU ifinyelele ku-20.000.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uyena owayebukela njengoba bonke laba babeqhamuka nhlangothi zonke zomthala. Yilokho okwamvumela ukuba acabange ukuthi, uma bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, ifu "Okungenzeka" kufanele libe nohlobo lokuma kwendilinga.
Yini ekhona futhi ingabe i-Oort Cloud ihlanganisa?
Ngokwemibono yemvelaphi yaleli fu elibizwa ngokuthi i-Oort Cloud, litholakala ngaphakathi kokwakheka kwalokho okuyisimiso sethu sonozungezilanga futhi nakuzo zonke izimangaliso ezinkulu ezaba khona kanye nasezintweni ezifanayo ezaxoshwa yilokhu kushaqisa okufanayo. . Zonke izinto eziyakhayo zakhiwe eduze nemvelaphi yeLanga.
Nokho, izinqubo zamandla adonsela phansi nawo amaplanethi amakhulu ngokwawo afika azohlanekezela imigudu yawo, ewakhiphela ezindaweni ezikude kakhulu nalapho ekhona ngempela. Ngaphakathi kwaleli fu elikhulu le-Oort singahlukanisa izingxenye ezi-2 okuyizi:
I-Inner Oort Cloud
Ihlotshaniswa namandla adonsela phansi kakhulu neLanga, futhi ibizwa ngokuthi "i-Hills Cloud", enomumo wediski. Lokhu kufinyelela phakathi kwezi-2.000 nezi-20.000 ze-AU.
Ifu Le-Outer Oort
Lokhu kuba yindilinga, okuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nezinye izinkanyezi kanye nokuthi iyini igagasi lomthala, elifika liguqule ukuzungeza kwawo wonke amaplanethi, awenze ayindilinga kakhulu. Lokhu kuvame ukulinganisa phakathi kuka-20.000 no-50.000 AU. Singagcizelela ukuthi ngempela umkhawulo wamandla adonsela phansi weLanga.
I-Oort Cloud iba isethi, ehlanganisa wonke amaplanethi ayingxenye yesimiso sonozungezilanga, okuhlanganisa amaplanethi amancane, wonke ama-meteorite, izinkanyezi ezinomsila, ngisho nenani elikhulu lezigidigidi zezindikimba zasezulwini ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kuka-1,3 km.
Naphezu kokuba kunenani eliphawulekayo lezindikimba zasemkhathini, ukuhlukana phakathi kwazo zonke kungalinganiselwa ukuthi amashumi ezigidi zamakhilomitha.
Ubuningi obukhona buphelele obungaba nabo buyinto engaziwa izazi zezinkanyezi, nokho, ukwenza uhlobo lokulinganisa, ukuthatha owaziwayo "i-Halley's Comet" njengesibonelo, kube nokwenzeka ukubala ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi cishe ku-3. × 10 ^ 25 kg, okusho ukuthi inkulu ngokuphindwe ka-5 kunePlanethi Yomhlaba.
Umthelela wegagasi ku-Oort Cloud nasemhlabeni
Ngendlela efanayo naleyo inyanga ifika ngayo izosebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwamandla kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba, okubangela ukuba amagagasi aphakame, kuye kwachazwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwento ngokuvamile lwenzeka ngokwe-galactically. Ukwehlukana okukhona phakathi kwento ethile maqondana nenye yikho okunciphisa amandla adonsela phansi omunye angaba nomthelela kwenye.
Ukuze siqonde lesi simo, singagqamisa amandla adonsela phansi ewasebenzisayo kuwo Ukunyakaza komhlaba, kokubili iNyanga neLanga Konke kuye ngokwendawo lapho iNyanga ikuyo maqondana neLanga kanye nePlanethi Yomhlaba, ngakho amagagasi angahluka ngobukhulu bawo. Ukuqondanisa nenkanyezi enkulu ebomvu (Ilanga), kuzothonya amandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni ngendlela yokuthi yilokhu okwenza igagasi likhuphuke kakhulu.
Manje, endabeni ye I-Oort Cloud, singachaza ukuthi ingamela zonke izingxenye eziwuketshezi zeplanethi njengolwandle futhi endabeni ye-Milky Way yiyona engamelela iNyanga. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi i-tidal effect, okuyikona okubangela ukuwohloka kwengaphakathi lomthala.
Ngaso sonke isikhathi kucatshangelwa ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi eLanga avamise ukubalula uma lisuka kude kakhulu nalo, okwakuthi ngokuvamile amandla amancane yiwona adingekayo ukuze akwazi ukuphazamisa ukunyakaza kwezindikimba ezithile zasemkhathini, okuvimbela ukuba ziphinde zithunyelwe. elangeni.
Imijikelezo Yokuqothulwa Kwezilwane Kuplanethi Yethu
Into eyodwa bonke ososayensi abakwazile ukuyifakazela ukuthi njalo, ikakhulukazi njalo eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-26, kuba khona uhlobo lwephethini oluziphindayo. Iza ekubhekaneni nenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezishabalalayo ngalezi zikhathi. Nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ngempela ukuthi kungani lolu hlobo lwesimo lwenzeka. Omunye umbono ongacatshangelwa umthelela we-Milky Way kule Oort Cloud.
Uma sicabangela ukuthi iLanga lizungeza umthala kanye nokuthi leyo ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Galactic Plane" ivamise ukudlula emzileni wayo ngokujwayelekile okuncane, le mijikelezo yokushabalala ingachazwa.
Kuye kwabalwa ukuthi phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-20 kuya kwezingu-25, inkanyezi enkulu ebomvu (iLanga) ifika ukuze idlule kulokho okuyindiza yomthala. Uma lokhu kuvamise ukwenzeka, amandla adonsela phansi ebizowenza endizeni eshiwo azokwanela ukuphazamisa ngokuphelele ifu le-Oort. Okwakubhekwa ukuthi lokhu kwakuzonyakazisa kuphazamise yonke imizimba eyingxenye yefu. Ingxenye enkulu yazo yayizobuyiselwa emuva emzileni weLanga.
Umbono Ohlukile
Ezinye izazi zezinkanyezi ezinkulu sezicabange ukuthi iLanga selisondele kakhulu endizeni yomthala futhi ukucatshangelwa okuthile mayelana nalokhu kuvame ukuphakamisa ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kungase kuvele kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Spiral Arms" ye-Galaxy enkulu. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi kunenqwaba yamafu amangqamuzana, nokho, nawo agcwele okuthiwa ama-Blue Giants.
Lezi izinkanyezi ezinkulu futhi, ngaphandle kobukhulu bazo obukhulu, zinesikhathi esifushane kakhulu sokuphila kunokuvamile, ngoba zidla ngokushesha uphethiloli wazo wenuzi. Njalo ngemva kweminyaka ethile ezinye zalezi zinkanyezi ezinkulu eziluhlaza zivame ukuqhuma, okubangela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Supernovae. Yilokhu okuchaza ukuthi kungani i-Oort Cloud inyakaziswa ezikhathini eziningi futhi iyithinte ngezindlela ezithile.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunjani, lezi zenzakalo azikwazi ukubonwa ngeso lenyama, nokho, iPlanethi Yomhlaba iyaqhubeka iwuhlobo lwezinhlamvu zesihlabathi ezi-1 ngaphakathi kokungapheli kwezinhlelo. Kusukela ku-galaxy yethu kuya eNyangeni noma amasathelayithi e-Mars, ziye zathonya imvelaphi yazo, ukuphila kanye nakho konke ukuba khona kwezinto ezithwele iplanethi. Ziningi izinto ezenzekayo njengamanje esimisweni sonozungezilanga, ngisho nangaphezu kokuqonda kwethu.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UizINpihzM
