La ihlathi elomile ibalwa njengenye yezindawo zemvelo ezigqame kakhulu ezindaweni noma ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, kulokhu okuthunyelwe sikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi ngalolu hlobo lwehlathi, izici zalo, isimo sezulu, impumuzo nokunye okuningi. Ungaphuthelwa!
ihlathi elomile
Kubizwa ngokuthi ihlathi elomile leyo ecosystem noma i-biome, lapho indawo ezungezile ibusa kakhulu ehambisana nobuningi bezihlahla ngokuvamile ezinezici zehlathi elomile, lapho ubukhona besimo sezulu esinomswakama bungathuthuki khona.
ihlathi elomile afaka isitayela sezulu esomile ngokuphelele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona ukunwetshwa kobusika, okunesikhathi esingangezinyanga ezine kuya kweziyisithupha. Ngokuqondene nohlobo lwenhlabathi, lokhu kuvame ukuqukatha iphesenti eliphakathi lokuvundisa, lokhu ngekhwalithi yokukhiqiza izitshalo kanye nokukhiqiza okukhulu.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamahlathi omile phakathi kwazo ezivame kakhulu esingabala, amahlathi avuthulukayo, anezici ezichazwe kahle, ezingelinye lamahlathi aphelele emhlabeni wezitshalo, njengoba iningi lazo ligcinwa linemvula enezimvula ezinamandla. ihunyushelwe ezimpophomeni ezinkulu, ezibeka njengezimila eziyinkimbinkimbi nentuthuko.
Kamuva sizobe sinikeza izici zehlathi elomile, esingabala ngazo ukuthi esinye sazo ukuhlukahluka okukhulu nokuneqabunga kwezihlahla zalo, sibala lezi ezinokuphakama okungenani okungamamitha angu-40 kuya kwangu-60.
Ngokuqondene nezitshalo nezilwane, le mithambeka emibili imelela enye yezingxenye ezinkulu kakhulu lolu hlobo lwezimila. ihlathi eliluhlaza ukuba kuye, izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane ezijwayele ukujwayela kahle kakhulu uhlobo lwesimo sezulu olunikezwa indawo yokuhlala.
Lokhu kuyasebenza nasezitshalweni, njengoba kunezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezenza ukuphila endaweni eseduze nehlathi, ngendlela engokwemvelo engenzeka, nezimo zesimo sezulu zivuma ukusimama kwazo.
Izici zehlathi elomile
La ihlathi elomile Inezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezici ezihambisana nayo futhi ziyichaza ngendlela evamile, ngenxa yazo singakwazi ukunquma lapho siphambi kwehlathi elomile, elishisayo, noma eliswakeme, nazi ezinye zezici zalo ezivelele:
isakhiwo plant
Njengoba sesishilo ngaphambili, i- ihlathi elomile Ayibalwa njengehlathi eliyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphelele, ngenxa yesakhiwo esibonakala ngayo. Akubhekwa njengento eyinkimbinkimbi njengoba ukwakheka kwezitshalo zayo kuhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezi-3 kuphela. Lezi izi:
- amafomu ezihlahla
- utshani
- amakhambi
Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zohlaza zenzeka ngokugcina isikhathi okukhulu ehlathini elomile, lapho kungatholakala khona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zazo, okuhlukahlukana kwamaqabunga kanye nokuminyana kwezitshalo okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla.
Ngokuqondene nezihlahla, emahlathini omile kuvame ukuba nezihlahla ezincane kunezinye izinhlobo zamahlathi, okuyiqiniso elimangalisayo. Njengoba sishilo esigabeni esandulele, izihlahla zayo zingafinyelela kumamitha angama-40, noma kunjalo, okungenani ezimweni eziningi, eziningi zazo zivame ukuhlala ngamamitha ayi-15 ukuphakama.
- amasu aguquguqukayo
Lokhu kubonisa esinye sezici zayo ezivelele kakhulu, kucatshangelwa ukuthi uhlaza luyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngendlela emangalisayo nezinguquko ezinkulu kanye nezinqubo zesimo sezulu. Kucatshangelwa ukuthi iningi izitshalo ezenza ukuphila kulolu hlobo ihlathi eliluhlaza ukugcina izinhlobo ezahlukene zamasu okuguquguquka, lawa masu axhumene namanzi, adlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekuphileni kwezitshalo ezihlala ezindaweni ezithile ezomile.
Yize i- ihlathi elomile Ibonakala ngokuba khona okuphansi kwemvula, kulezi zifunda ngokuvamile kunezikhathi ezithile zomswakama, ezinobude obuncane kakhulu noma ukwanda, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo zisebenzisa ngokugcwele ukuwa kwamanzi emvelo, zisebenzisa le nsiza ebalulekile. ukuhlala ezikhathini ezinde zesomiso esikhona ehlathini. Izindlu ezimpandeni zawo ingxenye yoketshezi olubalulekile njengendawo yokulondoloza okuzothi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zikwazi ukuphila ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu zesomiso.
Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kweLeaf
Ngokumangalisayo, lokhu kungenye yezindlela ezithuthukiswa yizitshalo ukuze zigweme ukunciphisa noma, zehluleka lokho, ukulahlekelwa inani loketshezi olubalulekile (amanzi) oluqukethe ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sazo, yingakho, ukugwema lesi senzakalo, izitshalo ngokuvamile zichitha. amahlamvu abo ukuze bazuze ukongiwa kwenani lamanzi aqoqwa ukuze kuphile imvelo endaweni abahlala kuyo.
Lapho lo mphumela wenziwa, isitshalo singena esimweni sokuphumula, ukuze kuncishiswe ukugqoka kwamandla, ngaphambi kwalo msebenzi izitshalo zilahlekelwa ingxenye enkulu yamahlamvu azo, noma kunjalo, ziyakwazi ukubuyisela amaqabunga awo ngokufika kwemvula.
- ama-phreatophytes
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izimila zigcina umbala ofanayo oluhlaza emaqabunga awo, yingakho izikhathi ezinde zesomiso zingathinti ngokuphelele izici zezitshalo. Lo mphumela oluhlaza wenziwa ngenxa yendlela yokuqoqa uhlaza olumunca ngokuphumelelayo. Phakathi kwezitshalo ezikwazi ukufeza le nqubo, sithola isihlahla somnqumo.
- ukubhuka isakhiwo
Manje, njengoba sesishilo ezigabeni ezedlule, uhlaza olukhulu lwehlathi elomile lunekhwalithi yokugcina amanzi, umbuzo ophakamayo, siwagcinaphi? Hhayi-ke, isakhiwo sokugcina sigcinwa esiqwini futhi, ngokulandelayo, ezimpandeni zezitshalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyizihlahla noma ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo ezincane. Bonke benza lo mphumela wokugodla. Phakathi kwezitshalo ezikwazi kakhulu ukwenza lo msebenzi ngempumelelo enkulu, sithola izitshalo ezibizwa ngokuthi i-xilopódios.
- i-sclerophyllous
Imele indlela evumela inqubo yokumuncwa kwamanzi. Iphinde ivumele ukuguga kwamanzi noma, uma kungenjalo, ukulahlekelwa kuncishiswe kakhulu.
Ukuncishiswa kweqabunga leqabunga
Lo msebenzi ungokwemvelo ngokuphelele, uvumela amaqabunga afanele ukuthi athuthuke ngokugcwele, noma kunjalo, ukunciphisa kwawo kubonakala ngokuphelele ngenxa yamandla akhishwa ilanga.
Izinhlobo zamahlathi namahlathi omile
Kukhona ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwamahlathi namahlathi omile, ngalinye lawo linezici ezifanayo kwezinye izimo. Ngezansi sizokwethula izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zamahlathi ezikhona kwezinye izifunda emhlabeni wonke, ezinikezwe kahle kakhulu ukuba khona kwezitshalo nezilwane.
I-Spinescent xerophytic jungle
Imele enye yezinhlobo zamahlathi anezitshalo ezinkulu, lapho kukhona khona izihlahla ezinkulu, ezinikezwe amaqabunga ahlelwe kahle kakhulu ahambisana nenqubo ye-sclerophyll. Kwezinye izici, lawa mahlathi nawo anezinqubo ezithile ezivumela amaqabunga ukuba afinyelele ukuguqulwa okuphumelelayo, lokhu kuwo wonke umzimba wabo wesakhiwo, kuhlanganise nesiqu ngisho namaqabunga ayo. Lesi sitayela sehlathi sivame ukutholakala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika.
Kuyo kunenqwaba yezinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlukahlukene, nokho, izitshalo ezivame kakhulu ezindaweni yilezo ezinameva ekwakhekeni kwazo. Phakathi kwabo ama-roses, nezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-cacti.
ihlathi eliluhlaza
Ingenye yezinhlobo zehlathi ezaziwa kakhulu, ezinokoma okukhulu ngaphakathi, kucatshangelwa ukuthi isikhathi esomile sithatha okungenani izinyanga ezingaba ngu-6. Eziningi zalezi zinkathi zonyaka ezomile, izitshalo eziningi ezenza ukuphila kulezi zikhala ngokuvamile zilahlekelwa amahlamvu azo, okuyiqiniso elingelona iqiniso elibi, ngoba ngaleli qiniso, izitshalo ziyakwazi ukugcina amanzi futhi ziphile phakathi nenkathi eyomile.
Amahlathi noma amahlathi aluhlaza
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi lokhu kungenye yamahlathi noma amahlathi, ngokuvamile anezimila ezingabonisi amaqabunga aluhlaza, ngokuphambene nalokho, izitshalo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu zinamaqabunga omile ngokuphelele. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi isikhathi esomile singasuka ezinyangeni ezi-4 kuye kweziyi-5.
Ihlathi lehlathi noma i-monsoon
Lokhu kungaqukatha ezinye zezici zehlathi elivuthulukayo, kodwa ukwakheka kwalo kungaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, uma kuqhathaniswa namahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo, njengoba ihlathi le-monsoon linezitshalo ezizinze kahle, ezingabonisa i-epiphytism enkulu.
Imvamisa
Ihlathi elomile ngokuvamile liqukethe isitayela noma uhlobo lomhlabathi oyisihlabathi, ngisho namahlathi atholakale enohlobo lwenhlabathi yobumba, lokhu kuwumhlabathi obalwa njengomhlabathi wokuvunda okhiqizayo, ovumela izitshalo ukuba zikhule ngempumelelo enkulu. ukwakheka kwawo izimpande zawo.
Ngenxa yezikhathi ezinkulu zesomiso, inhlabathi ayithinteki ngokwemibandela yokuphucwa imisoco yayo, igcine lezi ngobuqotho nokuvunda okukhulu. Umhlabathi kufanele ujule impela, njengoba izimpande zezitshalo zidinga ukumila ngaphakathi kwalesi sakhiwo, okuzozisiza ukuthi zihlale zizinzile lapho zitshalwe khona.
Indawo yehlathi elomile
Izindawo ezishisayo ezishisayo ngokuvamile zimele indawo ephephile nedlame kakhulu lapho amahlathi omile akhula khona. Lezi zivame ukuhanjelwa imimoya enamandla eshaya ingaphakathi lazo, phakathi kwazo sithola umoya we-monsoon, othinta amahlathi omile ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka.
América
Kusukela eMexico kuya eBrazil, singabona uhlaza olukhulu nokuba khona kwamahlathi omile ezwenikazi laseMelika, lokhu okungenye yezimila ezibanzi kakhulu emhlabeni, ezinokwehlukahlukana okukhulu kwezilwane nezitshalo phakathi nendawo. Kokubili eVenezuela naseColombia ungabona lolu hlobo lwehlathi elomile, elicebile ngokuphelele ngesakhiwo salo semvelo. Njengakwamanye amazwe afana nalawa:
- Argentina
- Ecuador
- Peru
- Brasil
- Paraguay
Lawa amanye amazwe ayingxenye yezwekazi laseMelika, anezindawo ezinkulu noma izifunda ezinkulu zemifino endaweni yazo, leli hlathi libhekwa njengelinye lamahlathi ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, ngenxa yobukhulu bezimpawu zalo, amanye awo la mazwe athathwa njenge-megadiverse ngenxa yamahlathi namahlathi anwebeka kulezi zindawo.
Afrika
Endabeni yezwekazi lase-Afrika, ihlathi elomile litholakala enkabeni esentshonalanga, elikwazi ukungena emathafeni ase-Afrika aziwayo. I-Afrika ibalwa njengelinye lamazwekazi anobukhona obukhulu bamahlathi omile. Phakathi kwezindawo ezigcina ubukhona balolu hlobo lwehlathi sithola:
- Mozambique
- eSomalia
- Zimbabwe
- Kenya
- Ethiopia
- Madagascar
Isifunda sase-Asia
Kule ndawo noma isifunda, imimoya ye-monsoon igcwele, efinyelela kakhulu. Kulokhu, amahlathi omile ngokuvamile atholakala ezindaweni ezilandelayo:
- I-Pakistan
- I-Tailandia
- I-Cambodia
- Vietnam
I-Flora ekhona ehlathini elomile
Lolu hlobo lwehlathi elomile luvame kakhulu olulula kakhulu ngokwehlukana oluvezwa ngamahlathi ashisayo, noma amahlathi anomswakama. Lokhu kungenxa yezimo zezulu ezenzeka endaweni yazo, ngoba lolu akulona uhlobo lwesimo sezulu olulungele ngokuphelele izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo nezilwane. Kodwa-ke, inezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala njalo ezihambisana nayo. Phakathi kwabo sithola izinhlobo zezitshalo ezilandelayo:
UFabaceae
Iwuhlobo lwezitshalo ngokuvamile oluvame kakhulu emahlathini amaningi noma emahlathini omile. Zivame ukuza ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, zonke zinezici ezicacile nezithambile. Endabeni yamahlathi omile atholakala ezwenikazi laseMelika, kuyacatshangelwa ukuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezenza ukuphila kuzo sithola:
- I-Acacia
- I-Pithecellobium
- Izazi
- albiza
- Ceiba
Emahlathini ezwekazi lase-Afrika, kuvame ukuba nezinhlobo ezithile ezigqamayo ngesakhiwo sazo, phakathi kwezivamile sithola izihlahla ezinde, okuhlanganisa nezitayela zezitshalo ezibizwa nge-mopane.
I-Malvaceae
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, lokhu kumelela olunye lwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezivame ukugqama kakhulu njengezihlahla ezinkulu. Lezi zihlahla zinezimo ezimangalisayo, ngenxa yezimpawu zesiqu sazo esigobe ngokuphelele, esihambisana nokuma kwebhodlela. I-ceiba ingesinye sezitshalo ezivame kakhulu emahlathini aseMelika.
Ihlathi leMonsoon
Kuwuhlobo lwehlathi lapho kugcwele khona izinhlobo ezahlukene zoqalo, lolu hlobo Isihlahla iyisici ngokuphelele, kucatshangelwa izimfanelo enazo.
Izilwane zasehlathini ezomile
Njengoba sesibonisile, i ihlathi eliluhlaza noma inezinhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane ngaphakathi, ngenxa yezimo zezulu ezingathandi iningi lezilwane ezijwayela ezinye izinhlobo zesimo sezulu esishisayo, okuyizo kuphela lezo zilwane ezikwaziyo ukuzivumelanisa kahle nezimo ezimbi kakhulu ezinikezwayo. ngemvelo yehlathi elomile. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezenza ukuphila eduze kwayo singagqamisa lokhu okulandelayo:
AmaMamferfer
Phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezigqama kakhulu yilolu hlobo lwehlathi oluyisici kangangokuthi ngokuvamile sithola izilwane ezincelisayo ezikwazi ukujwayela ngokuphelele indawo ezihlala kuyo, phakathi kwazo sithola:
- Puma
- I-Jaguar
- Izindlovu
- I-Ocelot
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye izinhlobo zezinkawu zivame ukutholakala, njenge Spider monkey, enendlela yokuphila evumela ukuthi ithole induduzo endaweni ezungezile yehlathi, ingenye yezilwane ezihlala zijabule kakhulu ngezimo zemvelo namathuba anikezwa imvelo.
Endabeni yezindlovu, lezi zivame ukutholakala kakhulu emahlathini ase-Afrika, njengezindlulamithi, yingakho inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zamadube nazo zivame ukutholakala. Ngokungafani nehlathi laseMelika, elinezilwane zasendle ezincane kakhulu, ngoba amagundane avame ukutholakala ngamanani amakhulu kanye nezilwane ezihlala njalo, okungezasezifunda noma amazwe ahlukene emngceleni wawo. Kuyo ngokuvamile kutholakala:
Aves
Ngokuqondene nezinyoni ezenza ukuphila ehlathini elomile, ngokuvamile sithola izinhlobonhlobo ezincane, njengoba lezi ziningi Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezihlala zifudukela kwezinye izindawo noma izifunda, zifuna ukudla, nokho, ezinye zazo zihlala zimile endaweni ezungezile, phakathi kwazo esizithola kakhulu:
- I-Turpial
- I-Guacharaca
- Intshe
- I-Buitres
- ukhozi lwezempi
Iziqubuzelayo
Lesi ngesinye sezinhlobo ezitholakala kakhulu ehlathini elomile, njengoba zinamandla okuzivumelanisa nezimo zezulu ezihlukahlukene, phakathi kwezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezivelele kakhulu esingabala:
- Ama-Serpientes
- I-Tortugas
- amadragons e-comodo
- I-Iguanas
isimo sezulu esomile sasehlathini
Empeleni, uhlobo lwesimo sezulu lubaluleke kakhulu ukugqamisa mayelana nehlathi elomile, ngaphandle kokungabaza isici esichaza izimo lapho likhula khona futhi lichaze indawo yalo. Ngokuvamile, amahlathi omile ngokuvamile achazwa ngokuthuthuka kwawo ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo ngokuphelele.
Ukuzikisa
Ngokuphathelene nemvula, lezi ngokuvamile ziyisici esingavamile ukuba khona njalo ku- ihlathi elomile, nokho, lapho zenzeka endleleni noma ohambweni lwazo endaweni enamahlathi, imvula ihlala ingaphezu kuka-700 mm futhi ifinyelela cishe ku-1.900 mm. Nokho, isikhathi esomile sithatha cishe isigamu sonyaka.
Ukushisa
Ngaphezulu kuka-30 ° izinga lokushisa lalolu hlobo lwehlathi elomile livame ukwenzeka, okuwuhlobo lokushisa okuphakathi.
Nciphisa
Impumuzo ekhona emahlathini omile ihlukahlukene, ngoba inenani elikhulu lezikhala ezisukela ezintabeni zama-morphologies nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, ehambisana nezinhlobo eziningi zezihlahla, i-sonde yona iyizintaba ezinkulu, izigodi zokwandiswa okukhulu nobukhulu, phakathi kwezinye izici. ezichaza izici zokusiza zehlathi.
Ihlathi elomile eMexico
IMexico ibalwa njengelinye lamazwe okuthi, ngenxa yokwandiswa kwezindawo zayo ezinkulu, linezingxenye ezinkulu zamahlathi, amahlathi, amathafa, izintaba, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo ezihlobisa izifunda zayo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amahlathi omile agcwele endaweni yakhe. insimu. Kulolu hlobo lwehlathi, isikhathi esomile ngokuvamile siba side kakhulu. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi isikhathi sesomiso sibekwe ngaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisi-7.
Ihlathi elomile eVenezuela
I-Venezuela ingelinye lamazwe angama-megadiverse angeke aphuthelwe kulolu hlu. Lokhu, ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezindawo ezichaza isizwe, kungelinye lamazwe asemngceleni we-Amazon, isandiso sendawo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-mega green lung ebonakala ngezimila ezinkulu ezinqamula amazwe amaningana aseNingizimu Melika.
E-Venezuela, ukuba khona kwezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zamahlathi kuqashelwa, hhayi kuphela izindawo ezomile, kodwa futhi nezintaba, ezihambisana nohlaza olukhulu lapho inqwaba yezinhlobo zezilwane ezivumelaniswe kahle kakhulu nohlobo lwengqungquthela olunikezwa imvelo ingatholakala. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zamahlathi ezivame ukutholakala kuleli, okulandelayo kuyagqama:
ihlathi eliluhlaza
Lokhu kutholakala ezintabeni. Okuchazwa ngamahlathi anezintaba ezinde. Ngokungafani namahlathi aseMexico, lawa anenkathi yokomisa ethatha izinyanga eziyisithupha, ehambisana nezinga lokushisa elicishe libe ngu-28 °.
Inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezitshalo litholakala kuleli hlathi elomile laseVenezuela. Ukulawula ukugqama phakathi kwabo, okulandelayo:
- I-Legumes
- Vaure
- I-Araguaney
- Yacure
- Cactaceae
- Vera
- arboreal
Zingezinye zezitshalo ezitholakala kakhulu ehlathini elomile eliseVenezuela. Ukuba i-araguaney isihlahla esiwuphawu, esinohlobo oluthile lwamaqabunga ngenxa yombala ophuzi ogqamile ogqama amaqabunga awo. Ngesiqu esinsundu esigcina umehluko okwenza isihlahla sibe esikhethekile, namuhla esiyifa lamasiko esizwe.
ihlathi elomile elinamaqabunga angama-semi-deciduous
Lolu hlobo lwehlathi ngokuvamile luvame kakhulu kuyo yonke indawo yaseVenezuela, njengoba lutholakala emathafeni amaningi achaza izwe. Lolu hlobo lwehlathi lunemigudu yamanzi, oluqondwa njengemifula, izimpophoma, amachweba namachibi anabela kuso sonke isifunda samahlathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lolu hlobo lwehlathi luhlala ngaphakathi kwalo inani elikhulu lezilwane ezihlala endaweni efanele.