Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezakha iplanethi engumhlaba zinesibopho sokucebisa nokuhlinzeka ngokuhlukahluka endaweni ngayinye ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuphila ngezitshalo nezilwane zayo. Phakathi kwezinye ezivelele kakhulu sinehlathi elomile, elibonakala kabanzi eNingizimu Melika, amazwekazi ase-Afrika nase-Asia, anezindawo ezomile kanye nemvula ephezulu, esihlokweni esilandelayo sizofunda kabanzi mayelana nalesi simiso semvelo nezici zayo eziyinhloko.
Ihlathi Elomile
Iplanethi enguMhlaba ibonakala ngokuba nezimo ezihlukahlukene ezisatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke, njengezingwadule, amahlathi, ulwandle, imifula, amachweba, ama-savannah, phakathi kokunye, zonke lezi ezaziwa ngokuthi i-ecosystem; zimelela izindawo ezinothe ngezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo, ngaphezu kwemithombo yemvelo edingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukuphila emhlabeni. Kulokhu, amahlathi agqamile, ayingubo yemvelo ehlala izihlahla nezitshalo, ngaphezu kwesimo sezulu esifudumele nesinemvula.
Amahlathi ayimvelo ebaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yobuningi bezihlahla zawo ezinikeza umoya-mpilo emvelweni futhi futhi zisebenza njengezihlanzi komoya ngokumunca isikhutha esizungeza emkhathini, ngakho-ke, umuntu uye wazama ukulondoloza lezi zindawo. Ngaphezu kokuba izindawo ezihlinzeka ngezinto zamakhemikhali ezisetshenziselwa imithi yemvelo kanye nokulwa nezifo ezithinta isintu.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zalesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo, njengehlathi elomile, elaziwa nangokuthi ihlathi elomile, elishisayo, elinomswakama omncane noma i-hiemisilva, libonisa ukwakheka kwezitshalo lapho izihlahla zimelana nezimo zezulu zenkathi eyomile eshisayo kanye nezimvula ezimfishane zigcwele kakhulu. Ngokuvamile atholakala phakathi kwalezo zindawo ezomile njengezingwadule ezingaphansi kwe-subtropical kanye nama-savannah.
Ibhekwa njengenye yama-biomes anobungozi obukhulu kakhulu, ngoba itholakala ezindaweni ezinezindawo ezinkulu zokuhlala zabantu, ngoba inikeza inhlabathi efanelekayo yezolimo nemfuyo, kanye nokumelela umthombo wokuthola izinkuni nezinkuni. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukugawulwa kwezihlahla zayo ngokweqile nokulahlekelwa izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, okuye kwaphazamisa ukulondolozwa kwalesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo.
Ihlathi elomile elishisayo litholakala ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Melika njengeBolivia, Mexico, Ecuador, lifinyelela amakhilomitha-skwele ayisigidi sokunwetshwa, kucatshangelwa ama-54% atholakala kuleli zwekazi; zikhona futhi e-Afrika ikakhulukazi eMadagascar nase-Asia eNdiya. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu samahlathi omile uhlobo lwesimo sezulu nomhlabathi wawo, lapho inkathi yawo eyomile ingahlala izinyanga ezi-3 kuya kweziyi-5 ebusika futhi inhlabathi yawo ivundile ngaphandle kokwethula imingcele.
Amahlathi omile ayingxenye yomndeni weLeguminosae ngenxa yobuningi bezihlahla, izihlahlana kanye namakhambi angapheli, nakuba abanye ososayensi becabanga ukuthi bangama-Bignoniaceae kanye ne-Malvaceae ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezimila. Ngaphezu kokwethula izilwane ezicebile ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene, ama-feline abonakala kakhulu ezwenikazi laseMelika njengama-jaguar, ama-pumas namahlosi, kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo njengezinyoka nezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezifana nezindlovu, obhejane, izindlulamithi, phakathi kwezinye, zihlala ezwenikazi lase-Afrika.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Imvelo yehlathi elomile ithathwa njengendawo ephansi ye-tropical lowland, ingenye yezindawo eziyishumi nane ezihlukaniswa phakathi kwezindawo ezihlala emhlabeni, ingenye yezindawo ezinkulu neziningi kakhulu ezwenikazi laseNingizimu Melika elinezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, izitshalo, i-hydrology, inhlabathi. , i-ecologies kanye ne-geomorphology, izici zayo eziyinhloko zigqanyiswe ngezansi:
isakhiwo plant
Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zinesakhiwo sezitshalo ezihlukahlukene esizivumelanisa nezimo zendawo nesimo sezulu, esimweni sehlathi elomile linesakhiwo esingeyona inkimbinkimbi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nehlathi lemvula elishisayo, ubukhona obuncane bezitshalo ze-epiphytic nezikhuphukayo kanye nezigaba ezingaba ezimbili noma ezintathu. Ngisho nezimila ezingaphansi ziyabonwa, ziyizihlahla ezincane nezingxube zezitshalo ezikhula eduze kakhulu nomhlabathi ngaphansi kombhede wezitshalo.
Izihlahla ezakha le biome ziphansi kakhulu ngobude kunasemahlathini emvula. Ubukhulu bawo bucishe bube ngamamitha ayi-6 kuye kwayi-12 nakuba emahlathini aluhlaza (i-subclassification emahlathini omile) angaba ngamasentimitha angama-30-50 ukuphakama.
Amasu Aguquguqukayo
Amahlathi omile anezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezitshalo nezilwane, abhekwa njengenye yezinto eziphilayo ezicebe kakhulu emithonjeni yemvelo, kodwa isici sawo esinqunyelwe amanzi, okubangela ukuthi izinhlobo zezitshalo zifune amasu okuphila; Ngokuyisisekelo bagxile ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle kwamanzi, ukuwagcina ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sawo ukuze kuzuze kakhulu, njengoba ithuba lokuxhumana noketshezi lingase lihlukaniswe kakhulu. Amanye ala maqhinga azogqanyiswa ngezansi:
Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi Kwamaqabunga
Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kwamaqabunga kunesibopho sokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi enkathini eyomile ngokuchitha amahlamvu awo, okugqamisa ukuthi izitshalo zidlula emaqabunga, lapho zilahlekelwa yiwo, isitshalo sidinga ukungena esimweni sokuphumula, sinciphise i-metabolism yaso ukuze silondoloze amandla akhona. Leli yiqiniso okufanele linakwe njengoba ziyizitho ezikhiqiza izitshalo futhi zingase zilethe izinkinga esikhathini esizayo.
Ngenkathi inkathi yemvula ifika, kufanele basebenzise amandla amaningi ukuze bakhe amaqabunga amasha. Phakathi kwezinye zezinhlobo ezivuthulukayo, i-Ceiba (Ceiba Pentandra) ezwenikazi laseMelika kanye neTeak (Tectona Grandis) e-Asia igqamile.
ama-phreatophytes
Ihambisana nohlobo lwesitshalo esikhona emahlathini omile futhi ingeyalawo ahlala eluhlaza, ngakho agcina amaqabunga awo enkathini eyomile, evelele ngokuba nesimiso sezimpande esithintana unomphela ukuze simunce amanzi emthonjeni oseduze. ukufinyelela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ekujuleni okukhulu. Ziwuhlobo lwesitshalo olubonwa emanzini agcina ukugeleza okuhlala njalo phezulu noma ngaphansi komhlaba. Ezinye zezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu yi-Cumaná Olive Tree (Capparis Odoratissima).
Reserve Izakhiwo
Kuthathwa njengesu lamahlathi omile lapho akha khona izakhiwo zendawo yokugcina amanzi, ngeziqu nezimpande zawo. Izinhlobo ezigqamayo kulesi simo i-Cactaceae (Cactus) egcina amanzi esiqwini sazo enikeza ukubukeka okumnandi, ngaphezu kokuba khona kwe-mucilage ethanda ukugcinwa kwamanzi. Ngokufanayo, kunezitshalo ezingakha izimpande eziqinile ezigcina uketshezi ngaphakathi kwazo, ezaziwa nge-Xilopódios.
i-sclerophyllous
Iqukethe ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ngokuphefumulelwa, okwenziwa ngokunciphisa ubukhulu bamaqabunga nokuqinisa izicubu zabo eziqinile. Lolu hlobo lwezitshalo luvumelana kalula nezikhathi ezinde zesomiso nokushisa, ziyizinhlobo ezingapheli, eziphila isikhathi eside futhi ezikhula kancane. Phakathi kwezigqame kakhulu kukhona iMaquis, Espinal kanye ne-Arrayan, arborescent kanye namahlozi anameva nawo afakiwe.
Ukuncishiswa kwe-Leaf Blade
Kulokhu, akukho kuncipha kobukhulu bamaqabunga abonwayo, kodwa kunalokho indawo yamaqabunga evezwa ukukhanya kwelanga, eqokomisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamaqabunga amaqabunga ahlukaniswe amapheshana noma ama-pinnae, aziwa nangokuthi amaqabunga ahlanganisiwe.
Izinhlobo Zamahlathi Omile
Ukusatshalaliswa kwamahlathi omile kubonakala emazwenikazi aseMelika, ase-Afrika nase-Asia, ahlukahluka ngobukhulu benkathi eyomile, uhlobo lwenhlabathi nezinye izici, ukuhlukaniswa kwamahlathi omile kuzokwethulwa ngezansi:
Ihlathi Lehlathi noma I-Spinescent Xerophile (Espinal noma i-Espinar)
Igama elithi xerophilous lihlotshaniswa nalezo zitshalo ezikhula ezindaweni ezomile, yilezo zindawo ezinokuntuleka okukhulu kwamanzi, ezingenakho uhlaza oluningi, ngakho-ke inhlabathi ibonakala kalula futhi isimo sayo sezulu siyindawo ebandayo noma eyomile efudumele. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhona kukhona i-evergreen (i-perennial) enamaqabunga ahlanganisiwe futhi ahlukaniswe kahle. Kuwuhlobo lwehlathi elomile elibonisa amasu okunciphisa amaqabunga, i-sclerophyllia kanye ne-succulence; Ungasebenzisa futhi uguquko kuziqu nameva.
Amahlathi e-Xerophytic atholakala kwezinye izindawo ze-Continental Africa, Madagascar naseNingizimu Melika; Ingenye yezindawo eziyinhloko zaseVenezuela ezinwetshwe endaweni esenyakatho nesogwini lwezwe lonke, ziyingxenye yezwe lezifunda ze-Falcón, Lara kanye ne-Anzoátegui. Ziyabonakala nasezweni lase-Argentina ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezinameva
Amahlathi noma Amahlathi Awohlokayo
Izinkathi zonyaka zaso zomile zisuka ezinyangeni ezi-5 kuye kwezingaphezulu, zibhekwa njengesimo sezulu sesizini sethafa, zibonakala yiqiniso lokuthi izinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlala kuzo cishe ama-80% zilahlekelwa amahlamvu azo ngezikhathi zesomiso, ngakho-ke ziyizinhlobo ezidliwayo. , beza ukuzobona lolu hlobo lwe-biome ezindaweni ezinezintaba nasezikhathini ezomile kancane.
Amahlathi noma Amahlathi Ane-Semideciduous
Imele uhlobo lwe-ecosystem ekhona e-Costa Rica, uhlobo lwezitshalo olukhona okungenani, u-50% ugcina amahlamvu awo ezinkathini ezomile. Izinkathi zayo ezomile zingahlala ezinyangeni ezi-3 kuye kwezi-4, kuye ngokuthintana kwayo namanzi ahlanzekile.
Ihlathi lehlathi noma iMonsoon Forest
Iwuhlobo lwehlathi elomile lesizini, umoya okhona ungowasolwandle oshisayo, ufudumele futhi unomswakama. Angase afane kakhulu ne-semiciduous kodwa abe nokuthuthuka okukhulu kwesakhiwo. Ifana kakhulu namahlathi ashisayo kodwa anezinkathi ezimbalwa zemvula, uma kucatshangelwa isimo sezulu esinemvula ehlobo esingaba ngu-2000 mm ngonyaka.
Uhlobo Lomhlabathi
Emahlathini omile, inhlabathi enesihlabathi igcwele, njengezihlabathi ezisihlabathi noma izihlabathi zobumba, ezibonakala ngokuba wuhlobo lwenhlabathi evundile ene-pH emaphakathi. Ngenxa yokuna kwemvula encane, bangagcina esakhiweni sabo imisoco edingekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo, beveza ukulahlekelwa okumbalwa ngenxa yokucwiliswa noma ukuwasha. Lolu hlobo lwehlathi alukwazi ukusungulwa emhlabathini ongashoni ngoba lunganciphisa ukungena kwezimpande zalo.
Indawo
Indawo yamahlathi omile ibonakala emazwenikazi amathathu eMelika, e-Afrika nase-Asia, akhona ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo, ngokuba khona kwemimoya yokuhweba nama-monsoon, naphezu kwalokhu anezici ezihlukene ngokuya ngesifunda abakuso:
América
Ezwekazini laseMelika, amahlathi omile akwazi ukumboza ingxenye enkulu yendawo yonke, kusukela engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNhlonhlo yaseYucatan (eMexico), kulandele iMelika Ephakathi kuya eNingizimu Melika. Igqamisa ingxenye ye-Caribbean kanye namathafa ase-Colombian-Venezuelan lapho lolu hlobo lwe-biome lugcwele khona. Idlulela ogwini lwasePacific lwase-Ecuador, ePeru, eParaguay, eBrazil nasenyakatho ye-Argentina. Ukuba khona okukhulu kwamahlathi omile kubonakala emazweni aseBolivia naseBrazil.
Afrika
Ezwekazini lase-Afrika, ihlathi elomile le-biome libonwa kusukela ogwini lwe-Atlantic phakathi kwe-sub-Saharan savannah ukuya enyakatho nengxenye yehlathi lemvula eningizimu. Ilandelwa e-Rift Valley ukuya esifundeni esiseningizimu yeNamibia futhi igcina ngokukhula e-Afrika Plateau. Lesi sakamuva sihlanganisa imikhakha yase-Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique kanye neZimbabwe kuze kufike eziqhingini zaseMadagascar. Ngokufanayo, izindawo ezinamahlathi omile zibonwa eGibhithe.
Isifunda sase-Indo-Asian kanye ne-Australasia
Ezifundeni zase-Asia, amahlathi omile wesimo sezulu se-monsoon abonwa, afika ukuze aveze imimoya ephikelela kakhulu ye-monsoon. Izifunda ezihlanganisa lolu hlobo lwe-biome yi-Pakistan, India, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam kanye naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-China, nazo ezibonwa engxenyeni esenyakatho nasempumalanga ye-Australia.
Flora
I-flora ihlanganisa zonke lezo zinhlobo zezitshalo ezitholakala ngaphakathi kwendawo, endabeni yamahlathi omile, anezinhlobonhlobo ezincane zezitshalo kunamahlathi ashisayo, ngendlela efanayo inikeza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo, ezifanele kakhulu zizoqokonyiswa ngezansi. :
I-Leguminosae noma i-Fabaceae
Izitshalo ezihlukaniswa phakathi komndeni weLeguminosae yilezo ezinamakhambi, ezikhuphukayo, zonyaka noma ezingapheli. Ngokuvamile zivame kakhulu phakathi kwamahlathi omile, aqokomisa amaqembu anamaqabunga ahlukaniswe kahle, izici zawo zizohluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi zitholakala kuphi:
- I-America: izinhlobo zezihlahla ezifana ne-Acacia, i-Pithecellobjum, i-Albizia, phakathi kwezinye, ziyabonwa.
- E-Afrika: ezifundeni zaseZambia amahlathi e-mopane (Colophospermum mopane) ayabonakala, awuhlobo lwe-legume ehlala njalo, kanti amahlathi asezindaweni eziphansi ahlanganisa izinhlobo ezifana ne-Acacia enobude obufika kumamitha angu-8.
I-Malvaceae
Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Bombacaceae, iyiqembu lezitshalo ze-herbaceous, woody and shrubby; Anamahlamvu ashintshanayo anemizwa eseceleni leqabunga futhi iningi livamise ukuphuka. Olunye lwezinhlobo zazo yizihlahla zamabhodlela, ezaziwa ngesiqu sazo esiwugqinsi esimise okwejika. Ezwekazini laseMelika, i-Ceiba (Ceiba pentandra) itholakala kakhulu, e-Afrika i-Baobab (Adansonia spp.) nase-Australia i-Brachychiton populneus.
ihlathi le-monsoon
Amahlathi e-monsoon agqama ngesimo sezulu kanye nomoya wokuhweba, ngokuvamile lolu hlobo lwehlathi luvela ezifundeni ezinezinkathi ezimanzi inqobo nje uma ezomile nenhlabathi yazo inothile ngensimbi. Lolu hlobo lwe-biome lubonakala e-India kanye nase-Southeast Asia izinhlobo ezifana neTeak (Tectona Grandis Verbenaceae), nezinye izinhlobo zoqalo (Bambusoideae), izinhlobonhlobo zikamango (Mangifera spp.), neem (Azadirachta indica), phakathi kwezinye.
Fauna
Ihambisana nazo zonke lezo zinhlobo zezilwane ezikhona endaweni, ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokucebisa nokugcina ibhalansi endaweni yazo yemvelo. Endabeni yamahlathi omile, awafaki izilwane eziningi kakhulu, lokhu kungenxa yezimo zokushisa kanye nokungabikho kwamanzi. Ngaphandle kwamahlathi omile avuthulukayo, aveza inqwaba yezinhlobo zezilwane, ezinye zazo ezigqanyiswe ngezansi:
AmaMamferfer
Ziyikilasi lezilwane ezinomgogodla ezinegazi elifudumele ezizalwa kusukela esibelethweni futhi eziningi zihamba ngemilenze emine, emahlathini omile ezwekazini laseNingizimu Melika izinkawu ezifana ne-puma (Puma Concolor), ocelot (Leopardus Pardalis) kanye ne-Jaguar. (Panthera onca). Phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo kukhona izilwane ezimncane ezifana nemfene ebomvu (i-Alouatta Seniculus) nezingulube zasendle njenge-Collared Peccary, okugqamisa ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo ezikhona kule nqubo yemvelo zingamalulwane namagundane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi kwamahlathi e-mopane ezwekazi lase-Afrika, kungabonwa izindlovu (Loxodonta africana), obhejane abamnyama (Diceros bicornis), izindlulamithi (Giraffa camelipardalis), i-warthog (Phacachoerus sp.) namadube (Equus spp.). Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo Zigqama ngokuba yizilwane ezidla uhlaza. Ngenkathi izilwane ezidla ezinye zikhona ibhubesi (Panthera leo) kanye nengwe (Panthera pardus).
Aves
Ziyizilwane ezinomgogodla ezinegazi elifudumele, ziyazalana futhi zichanyuselwe emaqandeni (oviparous), ziyahamba, zigxume futhi iningi lazo liyakwazi ukundiza, lokhu kuyizimpawu zazo eziyinhloko. Phakathi kwalezo ezihlala emahlathini omile aseNingizimu Melika, ama-guacharacas (Ortalis ruficauda) kanye ne-turpial (Icterus icterus) agqamile, wona abhekwa njengophawu lukazwelonke lwezwe laseVenezuela. Ezwekazini lase-Afrika ungabona intshe (i-Struthio camelus), amanqe (i-Torgos, i-Trigonoceps ne-Gyps) kanye nokhozi lwempi (Polemaetus bellicosus).
Iziqubuzelayo
Ziwuhlobo lwezilwane ezinomgogodla ezimbozwe amazenga ezingenazimpaphe noma uboya, zingakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zasemhlabeni kanye nezihlala emanzini; Ngaphakathi kwamahlathi omile ungathola izinyoka ezinobuthi (Bothrops) nezimfudu (Chelonoidis carbonaria).
Isimo sezulu
Isimo sezulu yizimo zezulu zendawo ethile, ezithonya izici ezihlukahlukene ezifana nezwe, isimo sezulu, phakathi kokunye. Emahlathini omile kunezimo zezulu ezishisayo ezinezinkathi ezimbili ezinezimvula kanye nenkathi eyomile ende. Inemvula ephakathi kuka-600 mm kuya ku-2000 mm, okuyisikhathi semvula enkulu kodwa ngendlela efanayo izikhathi zesomiso zisuka ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya kweziyi-3. Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile liphezulu, lingaphezu kuka-5ºC.
Nciphisa
Imidwebo yasemhlabeni ibhekisela ezinhlotsheni zoqweqwe lomhlaba ezibonisa izimo ze-morphological ukuthi indawo ethile ingaba nazo. Amahlathi omile anikeza okunye ukukhululeka, kwamanye amathafa, izigodi ze-intramontane, izintaba nezintaba ezibonwayo. Eziningi zazo zitholakala phakathi kwezinga lolwandle ezinobude obungamamitha angu-600 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle futhi izindawo ezinezintaba zinezinga eliphakeme phakathi kwamamitha angu-700 no-800 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Izindawo zokuhlala e- Omile Forest
Amahlathi omile atholakala emazwenikazi ase-Afrika, e-Asia naseMelika, isandiso esikhulu salesi simiso semvelo sitholakala emazweni aseNingizimu Melika, ngalinye lawo lizoqokonyiswa ngezansi:
Ihlathi Elomile eMexico
I-Mexico ingenye yamazwe anezandiso ezinkulu zehlathi elomile, elikude nenkabazwe, indawo yayo ngokuvamile iyoma kakhulu, ibe yisici esizuzisa lolu hlobo lwe-ecosystem; Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ingxenye enkulu yeNhlonhlo yaseYucatan iveza inala yale biome, lapho izinkathi ezomile zisuka ezinyangeni ezi-5 kuye kweziyisi-8 ezitholakala ngamamitha angu-2000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Izinhlobo Zesihlahla
Amahlathi omile aseMexico afika azoveza inala yezinhlobo ezintathu zemindeni yezitshalo, eyokuqala i-legumes njenge-quebracho (Lysiloma divaricata), i-Chaparro (Acacia amentácea) kanye ne-huizache (Acacia constricta). I-Burseraceae efana ne-Chinese copal ne-holy copal nayo ingabonakala. Endaweni yesibili emndenini we-malvaceae kukhona ama-poppies nama-pochote, elinye i-subclass elikhona izintende ezifana ne-coyol (Acrocomia aculeata) kanye ne-guano palm (Sabal japa). Ekugcineni, i-Cactaceae iyabonwa, njengophahla (Neobuxbaumia tetetzo) kanye nama-chandeliers, lo mndeni wokugcina ugcwele kakhulu kuyo yonke i-biome.
Ihlathi laseNixticuil laseMexico
Kuyihlathi elimsulwa (ihlathi eliyisisekelo) lesandiso esikhulu cishe esingamahektha ayi-1860, elisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yendawo yeMetropolitan yaseGuadalajara eMexico; Iyindawo yemvelo evikelekile kanye nemikhakha ethile engomakhelwane. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhona, ama-oki nama-oki agqamile, njenge-Quercus fogaceae, i-palo dulce (Eysenhardtia polystachya) kanye ne-copal (Bursera spp.). Ngenkathi izilwane zamanje zihlala izilwane ezincelisayo ezifana nama-coyotes, onogwaja, ama-possum kanye nama-skunk.
Ihlathi Elilomile eColombia
I-Colombia inezandiso ezinkulu zehlathi elomile endaweni yayo, okwabelwana ngazo njengamathafa nezwe laseVenezuela. Namuhla, i-8% yalesi simiso semvelo isaqhubeka kuleli zwe, ukulahlekelwa kwe-biome ngenxa yemikhuba emibi yezolimo, ukukhula kwamadolobha kanye nokucindezela kwemfuyo kuye kwabonwa. Indawo eqondile isogwini lweCaribbean kanye nasezifundeni zamathafa aziwa ngokuthi iValles del Patía, Arauca kanye neVichada. Ziyabonakala nasezigodini zase-Andean zemifula yaseCauca naseMagdalena.
I-Biodiversidad
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zikhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo (izihlahla, amakhambi nezihlahlana) kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane (izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo). Amahlathi omile aseColombia akhona cishe kwezinhlobo zezitshalo eziyi-2600 phakathi kwemindeni ye-legume, cacti, bignoniaceae kanye nemindeni ye-malvaceae; Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingama-230 nezinhlobo ezingama-60 zezilwane ezincelisayo.
Izihlahla ezikhona emahlathini omile aseColombia yi-cumalá (Aspidosperma polyneuron), cruise (Platymiscium pinnatum) kanye ne-caracolí (Anacardium excelsum). Ezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla ezivamile i-orejeros (Enterolobium cyclocarpum), chicalá (Handroanthus ochraceus) kanye ne-igüá (Albizia guchapele).
Ihlathi Elomile ePeru
Amahlathi omile ePeru atholakala endaweni esogwini lwePacific, ikakhulukazi emthambekeni osentshonalanga eduze nokhahlamba lwezintaba zase-Andean. Aziwa njengamahlathi enkabazwe, anokwanda engxenyeni esenyakatho yeSifunda saseTumbesian, kusukela eGulf of Guayaquil kuya endaweni yaseLa Libertad. Leli hlathi labelwa i-Ecuador, lingena phakathi nezwe lasePeruvia ngeSigodi saseMarañón esinamamitha angu-2800 ngaphezu kolwandle. Iwuhlobo lwehlathi elomile elivuthulukayo elinezinhlobo ezithile ezifanele njenge-ceiba (Ceiba pentandra), i-cacti, imidumba notshani.
Amahlathi aphakathi kwe-Andean omile ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka atholakala ezigodini ze-intramontane, ezaziwa njengendawo enezintaba enamamitha angu-500 kuya ku-2500 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, okuwuhlobo lwehlathi elomile elivuthulukayo. Zinezigaba ezimbili, ngaphezu kombhede wezihlahla ezinamamitha angu-7 kuya ku-8 ubude, izinhlobo ezikhona yi-cacti (cactus) kanye nemifino (ceibas).
Ihlathi Elomile e-Ecuador
Ihlathi elomile elise-Ecuador lifinyelela kumahekthare angu-41000 XNUMX, liwuhlobo lwehlathi elomile elivuthulukayo elihlanganyela nePeru (eyaziwa ngokuthi iTumbesino). Ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke yalesi simiso sezinto eziphilayo sitholakala e-Loja nase-Zapotillo Canton. Izinhlobo zezihlahla ezihlala kule biome yase-Ecuadorian ama-guayacanes (Handroanthus chrysanthus) ayingxenye yomndeni we-Bignoniaceae, ngaphezu kwe-ceibos (Ceiba trichistandra) yomndeni wakwa-Malvaceae, ziwuhlobo lwesihlahla esibukisayo kakhulu ngenxa yokuma kwawo komgqomo.
Ngaphezu kokuba nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ze-legumes, okugqamisa uhlobo lwe-carob (Prosopis juliflora) kanye ne-almond (Geoffroea spinosa). Ezinye izinhlobo ezifanele iPalo santo (Bursera graveolens), muyuyo (cordia lutea) kanye ne-hawthorn (Pseudobombax millei).
Ihlathi Elilomile e-Argentina
Amahlathi omile abonakala ngokubonisa indawo eyomile enemvula encane, kulokhu atholakala esifundeni esisenyakatho ye-Argentina, indawo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Chaco ehlangene neParaguay neBolivia; phakathi kwala mazwe indawo enkulu yehlathi elomile. I-geology yezwe lase-Argentina yakha ukuqhubeka okuhlukahlukene ngezimo zezulu nezemvelo ezahlukene. Idla izinkathi ezimbili kuphela ezomile nezinemvula, amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-20 degrees Celsius.
Zibuye zibonwe endaweni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga kuya enkabeni yezwe lase-Argentina lapho izinhlobo ze-xerophytic ezifana ne-Prosopis, i-Acacia, phakathi kwezinye, zibonwa; Lolu hlobo lwesifunda lubonakala ngokuba yizindawo ezomile noma ezinomswakama ongaphansi kwesimo sezulu, izitshalo ezitholakala kule mikhakha zijwayele ukushoda kwamanzi kanye nendawo eyomile.
Izihlahla Zezimpawu
Izinhlobo zezihlahla ezitholakala emahlathini omile ase-Argentina yi-quebracho ebomvu (Schinopsis balansae), i-quebracho emhlophe (Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco), ngaphezu kwesihlahla se-carob (Prosopis alba), lapacho (Handroanthus impetiginosus) kanye ne-guayacaú emnyama (Caesalpinia) i-paraguariensis). Kukhona futhi ezinye izinhlobo zesundu njenge-yatay (Butia yatay), pindó (Syagrus romanzoffiana) kanye ne-caranday (Trithrinax campestris).
Ihlathi Elomile eVenezuela
Ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana kwayo kwemithombo yemvelo, iVenezuela ithathwa njengezwe elicebile, inezimo ezimbalwa ezihlukile zendawo ezinikeza izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, phakathi kwazo ukuba khona kwama-savannah, imifula, amachibi, izintaba kanye nokunwetshwa okukhulu kwamathafa. ukuthi andise esifundeni esisentshonalanga yezwe, esithathwa njengamahlathi omile.
Ameva
Izindawo ezisagwadule zezwe zaziwa ngokuthi yi-espinar-cardonal, lapho izinhlobo zezihlahla ezincane ezifana nezihlahla ezinameva kanye ne-columlar cacti, ezibuye zibizwe ngokuthi i-cardones, zivame kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwesifunda lubonwa ekucindezelekeni kwesifunda saseLara, esifundeni esisenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Falcón kanye nasekucindezelekeni kwe-Unare.
Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu kulezi zifunda yilezo ezingaphansi komndeni we-arborescent cacti, njenge-datum cardón (Stenocereus griseus) kanye nelifaria cardón (Cereus repandus), kanye ne-globose sub-shrub cacti njenge-buchito (Mammillaria mammillaris). ) kanye nesitshalo (Melocactus curvispinus); olunye uhlobo lomndeni wezitshalo imidumba efana ne yabo (Parkinsonia praecox) kanye ne-cují yaque (Prosopis juliflora). Ngaphezu kokuba khona kwe-undergrowth ehlakazekile, izinhlobo zezihlahla ezikhula ngaphansi kwe-canopy yezitshalo endaweni ephansi.
Ihlathi Elivuthulukayo
Amahlathi omile asogwini angatholakala ezintabeni ezisogwini, ikakhulukazi enyakatho yezwe nasezifundeni zamathafa aseningizimu, ahlanganisa izifunda zase-Apure, i-Barinas kanye nengxenye yezintaba zase-Andean, ethula amahlathi avuzayo Izintaba eziphansi cishe amamitha angu-6 kuya ku-9 amamitha, isikhathi esomile esingafika ezinyangeni eziyisi-6 nezinga lokushisa eliphakathi kwama-27 degrees Celsius.
Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezivelele kakhulu kulolu hlobo lwehlathi imifino, i-malvaceae, i-cacti ne-bignoniaceae. Phakathi kwezinye zezibonelo ezibonakala kakhulu i-vera (Bulnesia arborea), i-yacure (Pithecellobium dulce) kanye ne-araguaney (Handroanthus chrysanthus), yokugcina ingenye ebaluleke kakhulu ekubeni uphawu lwesizwe.
Ihlathi elinamaqabunga amancane
Eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi amathafa asentshonalanga atholakala ezifundeni zaseLara, Cojedes, Barinas, Apure, Guárico nezinye, kunendawo enkulu yamahlathi aluhlaza, anemifudlana yamanzi ahlanzekile (imifula namachweba), ibhekwa njengenye ye izindawo ezicebe kakhulu ngemithombo yemvelo yezwe lonke, ngeshwa ezinye zazo zicekelwe phansi ukugawulwa kwemithi okungalawuleki, ukwanda kwemfuyo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezolimo.
Namuhla kunezifunda ezivikelwe isizwe njengeziqiwu zamahlathi, okugqamisa i-Caparo etholakala e-Barinas; Izinhlobo zezinkuni ezinhle ezifana nomsedari (Cedrela odorata), padillos (Cordia alliodora), saqui saqui (bombacopsis quinatum) kanye ne-mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) ziyatholakala.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile:
Izitshalo Zokwelapha nokuthi zisetshenziselwa ini
Ukubaluleka Kwamanzi Ezidalwa Eziphilayo