Wake wazibuzaI-Jupiter inamasongo amangaki? Yiziphi izici zayo eziyinhloko, imvelaphi yayo, isizinda sayo somlando kanye nophenyo ngalunye olwenziwe oluhlanganisa lezi zindandatho zeJupiter. Kule post sizokhuluma ngakho, ungaphuthelwa!
Kunezindandatho ezi-4 sezizonke, lezi zindandatho zithandwa ngokuba yiklasi lamasongo omhlaba wonke, zinomsebenzi wokumboza le planethi enkulu, ngaleyo ndlela igcine umsebenzi omuhle, isikhathi esiningi lezi ziyaziwa njengesigaba sesithathu sezindandatho. yatholakala esimisweni sonozungezilanga, ngemva kwamasongo amaplanethi:
- Saturn
- I-Uranus
Isizinda esingokomlando
Ukuba khona kwezindandatho ze-Jupiter kwafinyelelwa ngenxa yophenyo oluningi, lapho izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezenziwa ukuhlaziya kusetshenziswa amateyipu emisebe ngesikhathi sokundiza ku-Jupiter yi-Pioneer space probe ngo-1975, lapho kuncipha ukubalwa kwezinhlayiya zamandla akhulayo. ekhona emabhandeni aphakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-600 no-70.000 ngaphezu kwendawo yeplanethi ngaleyo ndlela igcina umthamo wayo omkhulu.
Ngonyaka ka-1980, umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu wachazwa, sibonga i-Voyager probe, lapho isithombe sokuqala sabonakala khona isenzo sokukhanya ohlelweni lwendandatho.
Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakungenzeka ukuba nenani elikhulu lezithombe ngosizo lweVoyager 2, kuvamile ukuthi ngayinye yalezi zifundo bakwazi ukulungisa umbukiso wokuqala enhlanganweni yalezi zindandatho.
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Nakuba kwaziwa ukuthi iplanethi i-Jupiter yavakashelwa izikhathi ezimbalwa, ngenxa ye-Galileo orbiter, inikeze izithombe ezinekhwalithi ebanzi ezatholwa phakathi neminyaka engu-1996 kuya ku-2004, ngayinye yazo yasiza ukusekela ulwazi mayelana nezindandatho zejovian.
Ngendlela yokuthi ngonyaka ka-2001 i-Cassini probe yenza uhambo oluya eSaturn yaze yafika ekhelini layo lokugcina, lapho ukubhekwa okubanzi kwaboniswa kuwo wonke amasongo ezingeni eligcwele.
Kuze kube sekugcineni kutholwe ezinye izithombe ezidluliswe yi-horizon probe entsha, phakathi nezinyanga zikaMashi kuya ku-Ephreli 2008, lapho esithombeni ngasinye salezi zithombe konke ukucushwa kwendandatho yokuqala kubonwa ngemininingwane eminingi okokuqala ngqa.
Le ring system ingenye yezinjongo eziyinhloko zokuhlola i-Juno, ngaphandle kwemibono eyahlukene eyenziwe endaweni ewumhlaba ngosizo lwe-Keck periscope idatha yayo ephawulwe phakathi kweminyaka ka-1998 no-2003. Ngosizo lwe-Hubble periscope ngonyaka ka-2000 inani elikhulu lezithombe ezithuthukisiwe zethulwa.
ukwakheka kwe-jupiter
Izinkolelo zokubumba iplanethi ziyizinhlobo ezimbili:
Ukwakheka nge-ice core yevolumu esisekelweni kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-20 kunesisindo soMhlaba esikwazi ukuheha nokugcina igesi ku-proto-solar nebula.
Ukwakheka ngaphambi kwesikhathi okubangelwa ukukhubazeka okuqondile okudonsela phansi, kufana nalokho okwenzeka ngenkanyezi, lawa mamodeli anokungenelela okuhluke kakhulu kwezinhlobo ezijwayelekile ezikhona ekuhambisaneni kwesimiso esifanayo sonozungezilanga kanye namanye amaplanethi angaphandle.
Kulezi zindaba ezimbili izinhlobo zezinkanyezi ziqukethe izithiyo ukuchaza ubukhulu obugcwele beplanethi, ibanga layo le-orbital liyiyunithi yezinkanyezi ezingu-6, okusho ukuthi i-Jupiter ayizange isuke endaweni yokubunjwa, ukwakheka komkhathi wayo ikakhulukazi Kungamagesi acebile kakhulu. maqondana nelanga.
Ukuphenywa kwesakhiwo esimaphakathi seplanethi kungabonisa ubukhona noma ukuntuleka komnyombo wangaphakathi.
Isakhiwo sangaphakathi
Ingaphakathi leplanethi lakhiwe i-hydrogen, i-helium kanye ne-argon (lokhu umhwamuko onqwabelana ngaphansi kwe-Jupiter) lezi zicindezelwa kancane kancane. I-molecule ye-hydrogen icindezelwa ngendlela yokuthi ibe uketshezi olubukeka njengensimbi ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-16000 ngaphansi kobuso beplanethi.
Ngaphezulu phansi kunengxenye yesikhungo esinamadwala esakhiwe kakhulu yizici eziqandisiwe nezihlangene kakhulu.
Izindandatho zeJupiter
Izindandatho zatholwa okokuqala ngenxa yocwaningo lwasemkhathini, olwaziwa ngeVoyager, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi wonke amaplanethi acutshungulwa nge-amplitude enkulu ngeminyaka yawo-90s nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX ngosizo lwamanye ama-probe adumile abizwa ngokuthi:
- Galileo
- Cassini
- Horizons New
Ngenxa yalokho, ngayinye yalezi zindandatho iye yabonwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezaziwayo, njengezindawo zokubuka izinto ezisekelwe phansi kanye ne-periscope yasemkhathini ebizwa ngokuthi i-Hubble, cishe iminyaka engu-29.
Lezi zihlolwe ngokucophelela futhi kwanqunywa ukuthi zibuthakathaka, zenziwe ngenani elikhulu lezinhlayiya, kuyaziwa ngalokhu, ngoba endaweni yazo zinezakhiwo ezi-4, ngayinye yazo iqukethe ukubukeka okuchaziwe okukhona ngaphakathi, lezi zisebenza njengosekelo olukhulu lwale nqubo.
Indandatho eyinhloko yaziwa ngokuthi i-halo, iqukethe izinhlayiya eziningi ezithathwe kwamanye amasathelayithi, agqama phakathi kwawo:
- I-Metis
- I-Adrastea
Ngaphakathi kwaleli sethi kutholakala izakhi ezithile, ezingazange zifundwe, nakuba kukholakala ukuthi zinobukhona bazo njengomphumela oqondile wemithelela eminingana eyenzeka phakathi neminyaka edlule, okubangela lawa mamaki, ngenxa yaleso sivinini esikhulu kunezifundo ezibonisayo. ukulungiswa okuphezulu okuqondile, lapho kukhona isakhiwo esincane esimakiwe eringini eyinhloko, ngaleyo ndlela ikwazi ukukhombisa ikhwalithi yayo.
Ngaphakathi kule ndandatho kunezimfanelo ezithile ezifana nebhande lokukhanya okubonakalayo kanye nemisebe ye-electromagnetic, ngale ndlela ingxenye enkulu yamasongo inombala obomvu, ngaphandle kwe-halo, egcina umbala ongapheli noma oluhlaza njengengxenye yendandatho. okusemqoka kwakho.
Ngaleso sizathu, kwakhiwa amamodeli amakhulu okukhanya atholakala kumaprobe emkhathini, njengalawo ayengabonwa ngosizo lwama-periscopes ebusweni bomhlaba, ngale ndlela ubukhulu bezinhlayiya bungabonwa, ezinobubanzi obungama-20 cm. , isakazwe kuwo wonke amasongo, ngaphandle kwe-halo.
Ukuvumelana kwalokhu kungaphansi kwesigaba sophenyo, lapho isamba sesisindo samaringi sihlanganisa imizimba engafakazi, enomsebenzi othile njengoba ikhiqiza into edingekayo emasongweni.
Iminyaka eqondile yalezi zindandatho akwaziwa, nakuba kucatshangwa ukuthi zikhona kusukela ekudalweni kweplanethi.
uhlelo lwendandatho
I-Los izindandatho ze-jupiter ziye zachazwa njengezindandatho zeplanethi, ngakho-ke ziye zaba yisizathu sezifundo eziningi, lezi zenziwa ngenhloso yokubonisa imininingwane eyengeziwe, ngayinye yalezi ziphelelisi, iningi lochwepheshe licabanga ukuthi lolu hlobo lwamasongo luhileleke kulokhu. iplanethi, njengengxenye yekilasi lezinqubo zemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, kuye kwaziwa ukuthi kwakuyisistimu yesithathu yendandatho etholakala ohlelweni lwelanga, ngemva kokutholakala kwalabo bakaSaturn no-Uranus.
Eyahlolwa okokuqala kusetshenziswa i-Voyager space probe, lapho isakhiwo sayo sonke safundwa ngokugcwele, ngeminyaka yawo-90 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, ngokubamba iqhaza kwe-Galileo probes, neCassini kanye nebizwa ngokuthi i-New Horizons.
ukwakheka kwamasongo
Zaziwa ngokuthi zintekenteke ezinenani elikhulu lezinhlayiya, zinezakhiwo ezine eziziqedelayo kanjalo nangaphakathi, ziqukethe ugqinsi oluqinile lwezinhlayiya ezibizwa nangokuthi i-halo.
Lena yindandatho yokuqala futhi igqamile ngoba ikhanya kakhudlwana, kodwa ilungile impela, lapho inamasongo amabili abanzi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ajiyile futhi antekenteke, abhalwe njenge:
- Indandatho kaThebe
- Indandatho ka-Amalthea efiphele
Ukuzimisela okunikezwa emasongweni, kukhuluma amagama amasathelayithi akhiwe isici sawo, ngale ndlela izimfanelo zabo ezibalulekile zichazwa.
indandatho enkulu
Indandatho yokuqala ewumngcingo ucezu olukhanya kakhulu kulo lonke uhlelo lwendandatho iplanethi enalo, unqenqema lwangaphandle lutholakala cishe amakhilomitha ayi-130.000 ukusuka enkabeni yeplanethi.
Ubuncane balendandatho busondele kumakhilomitha ayi-7000, konke lokhu kudinga ukugqama kokulinganisa kwalezi zindandatho, ngalokhu kukhanya okungaphambili ukukhanya kuqala ukwehla ngamakhilomitha ayi-126.000, ngaphakathi nje kwe-orbit ye-Adrastea, kufinyelele isizinda sezinga elingamakhilomitha ayi-120.000, nje. ngaphandle kwendlela ye-Adrastea okusho ukuthi ifeza umsebenzi wesathelayithi eyindandatho.
imvelaphi kanye neminyaka
Uthuli luhlanzwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kule ndandatho eyinhloko ngenxa yengxube ye-Poynting-Robertson drag effect namandla kazibuthe we-Jovian magnetosphere, izakhi eziguquguqukayo njengeqhwa elinyamalala ngokushesha okukhulu kanye nesikhathi sokuphila sezinhlayiya zothuli. kusukela eminyakeni engama-90 kuye kwengama-900.
Ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezimbili zama-athomu kule ndanda kuzochaza ukuthi kungani inalesi sithombe, yonke into ingenxa yenkambo yokukhanya, i-molecule ikhiqiza ukukhanya ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye indlela engaphambili, kwakheka eyodwa okungenzeka iminyene futhi efana i-orbit yendandatho ye-Adrastea.
indandatho ye-halo
Le ndandatho itholakala ekujuleni kwayo yonke futhi iwugqinsi kakhulu kuwo wonke amasongo e-Jupiter, unqenqema olungaphandle luseringini eyinhloko ene-radius eyisilinganiso okungenani yamakhilomitha ayi-120 ukusuka enkabeni yeplanethi.
Izimfanelo indandatho enazo zingaboniswa kuphela ngenxa yamathuba lapho impushana itholakala khona. Izindawo ze-halo ezikude nendiza yendandatho zivumela lonke uthuli lwe-submicron ukuba luxazulule.
Ugqinsi olukhulu lwendandatho bungaxhunyaniswa nokuyaluza ngokutsheka kwe-orbital kanye nokungatholakali kwezinhlayiya zothuli okubangelwa amandla kazibuthe kagesi wemagnetosphere ye-Jupiter.
izindandatho ezingacacile
Indandatho ka-Amalthea ehlakazekayo iwukucushwa okuntekenteke kahle okunomumo ongunxande osuka emzileni we-Amalthea cishe amakhilomitha ayi-180 ukusuka enkabeni ye-Jupiter.
Unqenqema lwalo lwangaphakathi alunqunywanga ngokucacile, lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kokukhazimula kwendandatho yokuqala kanye ne-halo, ukujiya kwendandatho okungenani kungamakhilomitha angama-2500 eduze kwe-orbit ye-Amalthea kuncipha kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi seJupiter.
Indandatho ka-Amalthea esabalele iqukethe ukukhanya okwengeziwe eduze kwamaphethelo ayo angaphezulu nangaphansi okukhanyisa kancane kancane inkanyezi, unqenqema olukhudlwana lucwebezela ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye.
Unqenqema lwendandatho yangaphandle lubonakala kakhulu naphezu kokufiphala okunamandla kokukhanya ngaphakathi nje komjikelezo we-Amalthea.
Indandatho kaThebe
Lena intekenteke kakhulu kuwo wonke amaringi e-Jovian, ebonakala inokwakheka kukanxande okusuka ku-orbit yaseThebe, cishe amakhilomitha angu-220000 ukusuka enkabeni ye-Jupiter kuya okungenani kumakhilomitha ayi-120000.
Unqenqema lwalo lwangaphakathi alunqunywa, kodwa lugcina ukukhanya okufana nokwamandandatho amakhulu kanye ne-halo, okwenza kube nzima ukukubona.
Ugqinsi lwale ndandatho lungamakhilomitha angu-8000 eduze ne-orbit ye-thebe, kuyilapho inkambo yayo eya enkanyezini iyancipha. Le ndandatho ifana nendandatho ye-Amalthea, kuphela enokukhanya okwengeziwe emaphethelweni amakhulu.
Umsuka wamasongo afiphele
I-particle yamasongo inomsuka wayo ikakhulukazi ngendlela efanayo ne-halo, umthombo wayo usekelwe ezinkanyezini zangaphakathi ze-Amalthea neThebe ngokulandelanayo. Isivinini somthelela omkhulu wama-elementi aphuma ngaphandle kwesistimu ye-Jovian sikhipha izinhlayiya zothuli ezindaweni zayo.
Lezi zinhlayiya ekuqaleni zigcina imizila efanayo namasathelayithi ezivela kuwo, kodwa kancane kancane le mizila izungeza ibheke phansi ibheke emhlabeni, ngomphumela wokuhumusha we-Poynting-Robertson.
Ubukhulu bamasongo buchazwa yi-orbital slope yamasathelayithi, lokhu kuchaza cishe zonke izakhiwo zamasongo, njengecala lendawo engunxande, ukwehla kokuqina kwamanje kwe-Jupiter nokukhanya okukhulu konqenqema olungaphezulu noluphansi. zamasongo.
Kunoma ikuphi, kunezimfanelo ezithile ezihlala zingachazwanga, njengendaba ye-Thebe Extension, engabangelwa imizimba engacatshangwa ngaphandle kwe-orbit ye-Thebe kanye nezinhlelo ezicatshangwa ezithombeni ezikhanyiswe ngemuva.
Ukuvumelana kwamasongo
Umthethosisekelo wendandatho yokuqala kanye ne-halo kuchazwa inani lezinhlayiya ezathathwa ezinkanyezini ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Metis ne-Adrastea, lezi zihlanganisa ezinye iziphelelisi ezingazange zaziswa, njengoba ngayinye yazo iyimbangela yochungechunge lwezinqubo ezenziwa izimpawu ezivela komunye nomunye.
Izithombe zekhwalithi ezinhle ezatholwa ngo-2008, ngokusebenzisa uphenyo olubizwa ngokuthi i-New Horizons, zaba negalelo elikhulu ezifundweni ezenziwe, njengoba zibonise inhlangano ecebile nenhle eringini eyinhloko.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucaciswa kubonisa ukuthi kunomkhawulo wokukhanya okubonakalayo emisebeni kagesi, amasongo anombala obomvu kukhishwa i-halo.
Le nqubo yayiyimbangela yokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo zezithombe, lezi zikhona ezifundweni ezahlukene, ezitholakala kokubili kumaprobe emkhathini nasezibonakudeni, lezi zifundisa ukuthi ubukhulu bezinhlayiya ezishiwo okungenani buyi-20 cm engaba, emiphumeleni eminingi. la maqembu aziwa njengezinhlayiya ezingezona eziyindilinga.
I-Jupiter nokubaluleka kwayo
I-Jupiter iyingxenye yesimiso sonozungezilanga futhi iyinkanyezi yesihlanu, igcina ukubaluleka kokumelela okukhulu, ngoba ibe ngumkhiqizo wezifundo eziningana, yingakho iyingxenye yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi amaplanethi ahwamuko, igama layo livela njengophawu lwe uNkulunkulu wamaRoma uJupiter owaziwa nangokuthi uZeus.
Le planethi igcina ukukhanya okuphelele phakathi nonyaka, konke kuzoncika esigabeni sayo, yaziwa njengendikimba yasezulwini enkulu kunazo zonke ngemva kwelanga, njengoba inomthamo omkhulu, omkhulu kunawo wonke amaplanethi ndawonye .
Ihlelwe njengomzimba ohwamukayo, owakhiwa ukuhambisana kwe-hydrogen ne-helium, awuqukethe noma iyiphi indawo yangaphakathi echaziwe.
Phakathi kwezimfanelo zomkhathi, kuboniswe ukuthi igcina i-Great Red Spot eyaziwa kakhulu, lena i-anticyclone enkulu (lokhu kusho ukuthi inokucindezela okuphezulu ezindaweni lapho umoya ujikeleza khona) futhi itholakala engxenyeni ye- I-latitude ye-tropical ye-southern hemisphere kanye nokucushwa kwamafu kumabhendi kumnyama kancane futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo nezindawo ezikhanya kakhulu.
Izici eziyinhloko
I-Jupiter inezimfanelo ezihluke kakhulu, njengoba iyinkanyezi enomthamo omkhulu kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa namanye amaplanethi esimiso sonozungezilanga.
Igcina izinga eliphindwe kathathu kunesamba somthamo wazo zonke ezinye, nakuba yaziwa njengeplanethi enamandla kakhulu.
Kunenani elikhulu lamaplanethi e-extrasolar atholakele, uquqaba lwawo lufana, kodwa alukhulu kunalowo weJupiter ezingeni elithile.
Imele isivinini esikhulu ngokuphathelene nokujikeleza, okungaphezu kwalokho kwamanye amaplanethi ohlelweni. Ngaphakathi kokucaciswa kwayo kutholakala ukuthi izungeza nerejista encane, echazwa inani lamahora angu-12 eksisi yayo.
Leli jubane litholakala ngokukalwa kwendawo kazibuthe yomhlaba.
Masa
Ivolumu ye-Jupiter ilula kakhulu njengoba ivame ukuchazwa ubuhlobo enabo nelanga, itholakala ngaphezu kobuso balo ncamashi futhi ihlanganisa izinga le-radius yelanga engu-1,100, ehlanganisa ukusuka enkabeni ukusuka elangeni njengengxenye yesakhiwo salo esikhulu.
Nakuba lesi sisindo sikhulu kunoMhlaba, asihlangene kancane, (njengoba inobubanzi obuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-12), endabeni yeJupiter umthamo wayo uhambelana izikhathi ezingu-1320 ngaphezu komthamo woMhlaba naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubukhulu bawo 320 izikhathi ezinkulu.
I-Jupiter ikhipha ukushisa okukhulu kunalokho ekutholayo, ngenxa yokukhanya okuncane kwelanga okufinyelela kuyo kusukela kulokho kuhlukana. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukufana kokushisa kuchazwa ukungalingani, okubizwa ngokuthi i-Kelvin-Helmholtz, okwenziwa ngezinqubo ezithile.
Umkhathi
Mayelana nomsebenzi womkhathi womhlaba wonke, imakwa yimimoya emikhulu eshintshana nge-latitude kanye nesivinini esivala izinga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-510 ngehora.
Umkhathi waziwa ngokuthi usatshalaliswa ezifundeni, ezigcina imimoya enamandla ngokuphenduka okusuka emahoreni ayi-10 kuye kwangama-45 emizuzu endaweni yenkabazwe.
Umkhathi usongwe ngokuphelele ngamafu, lawa avumela ukumaka indawo ezungezile yomoya isikhathi esiningi futhi abonise izinga eliphezulu lesiyaluyalu njengendawo yokukhula kwawo okujwayelekile.
I-Jupiter iqukethe iziphepho ezinkulu ezihlala zihambisana nombani, lezi zivunguvungu ziwumphumela wokudlulisa ukushisa okumanzi okwenzeka emkhathini futhi kuxhumene namagesi nokugxila kwamanzi. Lezi zindawo ziqukethe ukunyakaza komoya okukhulu okukhuphukayo, okukhiqiza ukudalwa kwamafu acwebezelayo nahlangene.
amabhande kanye nezindawo
U-A. S Williams wayeyisazi sezinkanyezi esaqhuba uphenyo lokuqala oluhlelekile lomkhathi ku-Jupiter ngo-1896. Itholakala ngokwehlukana kwamabhande amnyama amaningana abizwa ngamaribhoni kanye nezifunda ezikhanyayo ezibizwa ngokuthi izindawo, zonke zihlelwe ngokufana.
Lezi zakha indlela yokugeleza komoya ehluka ngokuya nge-latitude futhi evame ukuba nobukhulu obukhulu, imodeli yayo imimoya yenkabazwe, efinyelela isivinini okungenani samakhilomitha angama-360 ngehora.
Eqenjini leNorth Equatorial, imimoya ingafinyelela okungenani amakhilomitha angu-140 ngehora, isivinini sokujikeleza senkanyezi singamahora angu-10 imizuzu engu-50, lokhu kwenza amandla e-Coriolis abe namandla kakhulu, achazwa emkhathini weplanethi .
indawo ebomvu enkulu
Yatholwa umsunguli oyiNgisi ogama lakhe linguRobert Hooke, okwathi ngonyaka ka-1665 wabona ukuthi kunendalo enkulu yesimo sezulu, okukholelwa ukuthi iyindawo enkulu ebomvu.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi akukho ukubonwa kwangaphambili okuchaza ukuba khona kwalesi simo, kuze kube yingxenye yekhulu lama-20, uhlolo oluningi lubonisa ukuthi kancane kancane umbala kanye nobukhulu owethulwe kuzo kuyashintsha.
Izithombe ezitholwe i-Yerkes observatory ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, zifakazela ukuba khona kwendawo ebomvu ebude kancane, esezingeni elifanayo le-latitude, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo iqukethe indawo ephindwe kabili yobude.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi iNdawo Enkulu Ebomvu yayiyingxenye yesiqongo sentaba enkulu noma kungenzeka ukuthi iyithafa eliphakama ngaphezu kwamafu.
Le nkolelo yalahlwa ngekhulu le-19 lapho kuqinisekiswa umthethosisekelo we-hydrogen ne-helium ekhona emkhathini, ngale ndlela kwakungenzeka ukukhombisa ukuthi kwakuyiplanethi enegesi.
Indawo Encane Ebomvu
Ngenyanga ka-April 2007, kwabonwa indawo yesibili ebomvu, enobukhulu obucishe bufane nengxenye yendawo enkulu ebomvu.
Le enye indawo ebomvu yavela ngokuhlangana kwamajika amathathu amakhulu amhlophe, abelokhu esemhlabeni kusukela ngo-1941 abizwa nge-BC, DE kanye ne-FA, futhi ahlotshaniswa nokukodwa phakathi kweminyaka ka-1999 - 2001, aqala ijika elilodwa lombala omhlophe elibizwa ngokuthi i-BA, umbala wayo uthuthuke wafinyelela kumibala efanayo ne-Great Red Spot ngo-2007.
Umbala obomvu lawa machashazi amabili anawo wakheka lapho umhwamuko osendaweni yangaphakathi yeplanethi ukhuphukela emkhathini, ubhekana nokusabela, yingakho izilinganiso eziku-infrared zibonisa ukuthi amachashaza amabili akhuphuka ngaphezu kwendawo enkulu. amafu.
Ngakho-ke, ukushintsha kombala kusuka ku-oval emhlophe kuya obomvu kungase kube uphawu lokuthi isiphepho siya siba namandla. Ngo-2007, ikhamera ye-Hubble yathola izithombe ezintsha zaleso siphepho esincane.
isakhiwo samafu
Lezi zenziwe ngamakristalu aneqhwa. Ngokuphathelene nombala obomvu eziwuqukethe, kwakuwumkhiqizo wesici sombala esingaziwa, nakuba abanye ochwepheshe bethi lokhu kungase kube izithasiselo zesibabule noma i-phosphorus.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwamafu abonakalayo e-Jupiter, kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zamafu aminyene kakhulu, ngoba anomphelelisi wamakhemikhali owaziwa ngokuthi i-ammonium hydrosulfide, amagama awo okuqala athi NH4HS.
Ngakho-ke, esinye sezibonakaliso eziyinhloko zokuba khona kwala mafu yinani lokubhekwa kokukhishwa kukagesi, okufana neziphepho ezijulile kulawa mazinga wamandla.
Iziqongo zamafu kule planethi azidali indawo elula neyisicaba, uphenyo olwenziwa umkhumbi-mkhathi we-Juno lusize abacwaningi bathole amabhande ajikelezayo akhona emkhathini, anwebekayo emhlabeni aze afike kubude obungamakhilomitha angu-4.000. .
Maphakathi nendawo kukhona isiqeshana samafu amakhulu acwebezelayo akhuphuka ngaphezu komkhathi. Umcwaningi uGerald Eichstädt uklame lesi sithombe ngosizo lwekhamera yomkhumbi-mkhathi we-Juno.
Ukunyamalala kwebhande le-subequatorial
Ekupheleni kuka-2011, izazi zezinkanyezi ezihlukahlukene zathola ukuthi i-Jupiter yayishintshe umbala webhande le-subequatorial, elalimnyama futhi liyingxenye eseningizimu, eyayimhlophe, lesi sigameko senzeka lapho i-Jupiter ihluke kakhulu nelanga, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. kubonakala emhlabeni.
Magnetosphere
I-Jupiter ine-magnetosphere enkulu eyakhiwe insimu yokulutha yobukhulu obukhulu. Lo mandla kazibuthe ubonakala eMhlabeni, lapho kuyisikhala esifana nesenyanga egcwele, nakuba ukude impela.
Lo mkhakha kazibuthe uyingxenye enkulu ekhona ohlelweni sonozungezilanga. Ama-molecule akhokhiswa kule nqubo amuncwa yi-Jovian magnetic field futhi ayiswe ezindaweni ezipholile lapho kwakheka khona ama-aurora amakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlayiya ezimuncwa izintaba-mlilo zenkanyezi yaseGalile zakha i-toroid ezungezayo, lapho amandla kazibuthe ebamba khona izakhi ezengeziwe, ezithwalwa emigqeni yasendle, ngaphezu kwendawo ezungezile enkulu okuthiwa iplanethi inazo.
Kukholelwa ukuthi imvelaphi ye-magnetosphere isekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi, endaweni ejulile ye-Jupiter, i-hydrogen isebenza njengensimbi, lokhu kubangelwa izinga eliphezulu lokucindezela.
Lezi zinsimbi zingabathwali abakhulu bama-electron, kuyilapho ukujikeleza kweplanethi kubangela imisinga, okuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo idale insimu enkulu kazibuthe.
I-Pioneer probe yaqinisekisa ukuba khona kwe-Jovian magnetic field kanye nobukhulu bayo, ngoba inkulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-20 kuneyasemhlabeni njengoba iqukethe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-30 zamandla ahlobene nomhlabathi.
I-Voyager space probe
Njengamanje yisona sici esenziwe ngumuntu esiqhele kakhulu emhlabeni, esihamba ngesivinini esihlobene nomhlaba kanye nelanga, lena ngenye yezinto ezaziwa kakhulu ngemuva kweRosetta.
Nakuba isihlobo sayo i-Voyager 2 yathunyelwa ezinsukwini ezingu-20 ngaphambili, akukholakala ukuthi idlula i-Voyager yasekuqaleni, kungasaphathwa ukuhlolwa kwe-New Horizons kwe-Pluto, futhi nakuba yathunyelwa isuka eMhlabeni ngokushesha kunamaVoyager amabili, ikwazile ukufeza umsebenzi wakho.
Lezi ezimbili ze-Voyager zikwazile ukweqa umjikelezo wokuphila owasungulwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo, ngayinye yalezi ziphequluli zigcina amandla kagesi abizwa ngokuthi i-radioisotope thermoelectric generator, okucatshangwa ukuthi iyakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla amaningi, ukuze ama-probe abe nokuxhumana okuphelele noMhlaba, okungenani kuze kube unyaka wezi-2029.
Horizons New
Kungukuhlola komkhathi okungahlonyiswanga yi-NASA, ukuhlola i-Pluto, kwabonwa ukuthi amasathelayithi ayo nama-asteroids atholakala ebhandeni le-Kuiper.
Uphenyo lwethulwa lusuka e-Cape Canaveral ngoJanuwari 19, 2007. I-New Horizons isondele ngokwanele ku-Jupiter phakathi kukaJanuwari noFebruwari 2008, ukuze isebenzise usizo lwamandla adonsela phansi emhlabeni futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithole ukungalingani, ngesivinini esingaba amakhilomitha ayi-15.000 ngehora.
Lolu phenyo wukuhlola kokuqala okwenziwa wuhlelo lwe-NASA lweNew Frontiers, obelugxile ekuthuthukiseni ama-probe anezindleko ezimaphakathi, lezi bezibiza kakhulu kune-Discovery class futhi ishibhile kune-Flagship. Izindleko zokuhlola zaziyizigidi ezingama-700 zamaRandi isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyi-17.
Inhloso yalokhu kuhlola kwakuwukuphenya ukuthi uhlelo lwe-Pluto, i-Kuiper tape kanye nokuguqulwa kwesistimu yelanga eyinhloko yadalwa kanjani. Umkhumbi-mkhathi wakhetha yonke into ngendawo ezungezile, indawo engaphezulu, ingaphakathi, nakho konke okuhlobene nePluto nezinyanga zayo.
Enye inhloso kwakuwukuphenya ezinye izici ezisebhande le-Kuiper, ngokufanayo i-New Horizons, ithole okungenani ulwazi olwengeziwe oluphindwe izikhathi ezingu-6000 ku-Pluto kunase-Mariner probes etholakala ku-Red Planet.
Hlola izibonakude
Lesi sibonakude sitholakala eMauna Kea Observatory eduze kakhulu nesiqongo sentaba-mlilo engasebenzi yaseHawaii enegama elifanayo, ekuphakameni kwamamitha angu-4300, okuvumela ukubuka okumangalisayo ebusuku, ngokungena okuncane emithonjeni yokukhanya okwenziwa noma inkungu kuphela emkhathini.
Ingamamitha angu-11 ububanzi nesibuko esiyingxenye yezibuko ezingu-37 ezinesisindo esingamathani angu-400, ibekwe phezulu kwentaba-mlilo, yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1994, izindleko ezigcwele zaziseduze namaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-150, ezanikelwa yi-WM. I-Keck Institute.
Isibonakude sesikhala seHubble
Lena imodeli ye-periscope etholakala engxenyeni engaphandle yomkhathi, endleleni yayo ihamba eduze nomhlaba cishe amakhilomitha angu-600 ngaphezu kolwandle, nomjikelezo wokuhamba wemizuzu eyi-100.
Yaqanjwa ukuhlonipha isazi sezinkanyezi u-Edwin Hubble, yethulwa ku-orbit ngo-1991 ekuhloleni okubizwa nge-STS-31 njengengxenye yohlelo ngokubambisana neNASA kanye ne-European Space Agency, kwethulwa uhlelo lweGreat Observatories.
Enye yezimfanelo ezaziwa kakhulu zika-Hubble kwakuyikhono lokuhlolwa osomkhathi, emisebenzini eyaziwa kakhulu.
Umphumela we-Poynting-Robertson
Lena inqubo lapho amangqamuzana othuli enyakaza kancane kancane endaweni ezungezayo ebheke elangeni, ngenxa yemisebe yelanga, lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ukugudluka kwezinhlamvu okuzungezayo kuphazanyiswa yisici sokucindezelwa emisebeni.
Le nqubo ingaqondwa ngezindlela ezimbili, konke kuzoncika ekukhulumeni kusuka lapho kuchazwa khona. Kusukela ohlangothini lwezinhlamvu zothuli, ukusakazeka kwelanga kubonakala kuphuma nge-engeli ewumqansa, kancane kuya ngalapho umnyakazo, ngakho ukumiliswa kokusakazeka kwelanga kuyingxenye yokusanhlamvu.