Kulesi sihloko uzokwazi izici zembali ye-Orchid kanye nencazelo yayo. Isici sokuqala ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-25.000 kuya kwezingu-30.000, umndeni we-botanical Orchidaceae yiwona onenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezinhlobo. Esinye isici ukuthi zizalwa zisuka ezindaweni ezipholile ziye ezindaweni ezishisayo, kukhona ama-orchid amakhulu nezinye ezincane kakhulu. Ngikumema ukuthi uthole umhlaba wezimbali ezinhle ze-Orchid.
Imbali Ye-Orchid
Ama-orchid azungeze izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-25.000 ezihlukene ezinikezwe umndeni we-Orchidaceae, okuyizinhlobo ezitholakala kakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuholela ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene, ukujwayela isimo sezulu kanye nezinhlobo zezitshalo, phakathi kokunye. Naphezu kwalokhu kuhlukahluka okukhulu, ukuba nomndeni ofanayo we-botanical kusho ukuthi, ngokombono we-taxonomic, banezici ezifanayo phakathi kwabo.
Ukwazi Izimbali Ezihlukahlukene Ze-Orchid kufana nokuthatha uhambo emvelweni, ukufunda ngezindlela zazo ezihlukene zokujwayela nokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukuze zithuthele impova, izici zazo zebhotanical, ukusabela kwazo ngokuphila ekukhanyeni, umswakama wendawo, ukondleka, nokufunda izinhlobo zako ezihlukene zokuzalanisa nokusabalalisa. ngembewu, i-vegetative kanye namasiko e-in vitro.
Nakuba kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zama-orchid, ayizitshalo ezaziwa kakhulu ngabantu abaningi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uma kukhulunywa nge-Orchid Flower, kuvame ukucatshangwa ngama-Orchid aziwa ngegama lawo elivamile elithi Flor de Mayo, ayingxenye yohlobo lwe-Cattleya sp. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iwuhlobo oludayiswa kakhulu futhi olutshalwa abalandeli bezitshalo ze-Orchid.
Ama-orchid angakhula ezindaweni ezihlukene, endaweni yasemhlabeni, ezihlahleni ngoba angama-epiphyte, ama-orchid aziwa ngokukhula ematsheni. Akuzona izitshalo ze-parasitic, ngoba azidli ngobisi lwe-host host yazo, zihlala kuphela kuzo ukuze zibambelele ezimpandeni zazo. Bayizihlobo ze-amaryllidaceae kanye ne-liliaceae, nokho, izimbali zabo ziye zashintsha ngendlela emangalisayo phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka.
Izici
Ama-orchid, njengoba kubonisiwe ngaphambili, anomkhuba wasemhlabeni, ama-epiphyte ngisho nabaqwali. Ziyizitshalo ezingapheli eziqhakaza kanye noma kabili ngonyaka. Ngokuya ngempilo yama-epiphytic Orchid, abekwe esimweni sokusinda kwesihlahla esisingathayo. Abalimi balezi zitshalo babhekisela kuma-orchid aqoqwa ekhulwini le-XNUMX, asaphila futhi aqhakaza.
Ama-orchid anomkhuba wasemhlabeni aneziqu ezifana nama-rhizomes noma ama-corms futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-epiphyte ashintshwa amaqabunga ukuze akhe ama-pseudobulbs lapho aqongelela khona imisoco namanzi. Lawa ma-pseudobulbs ambozwe ama-sheaths amaqabunga, okuwulwelwesi olubuna ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
uhlobo lokukhula
Lezi zitshalo zingaba nezinhlobo ezimbili zokukhula, okungukuthi: ukwakha iziqu eziningi, ukuthi ukukhula kohlobo lwe-sympodial noma ukuba i-Orchid enesiqu esisodwa noma ukukhula kohlobo lwe-monopodial, kulolu hlobo lokukhula kwenzeka kuhlumela lwe-apical lapho amaqabunga amasha nezimbali. bazalwa futhi isitshalo kwandisa ukuphakama, isibonelo I-Phalenopsis y amavanda. Okuvame kakhulu ukukhula kwe-sympodial, okuyilapho ama-pseudobulbs ebonwa, lapho agcina khona imisoco namanzi ukuze agcinwe, isibonelo I-Cattleyas.
Njengoba sekushiwo, ama-pseudobulbs angamaqabunga ashintshiwe e-Orchid, akhula aqonde phezulu futhi phakathi kwe-pseudobulb ngayinye, iziqu ezintsha ezikhula zivundlile. Phansi kwepseudobulb, amanye ama-pseudobulbs azalwa lapho kuzalwa amaqabunga amasha nezimpande (zakha isitshalo esisha).
Lawa ma-pseudobulbs aziphatha njengamanzi amanzi kanye nezakhamzimba zokuqina kwesitshalo nokwakheka kwezimbali, nakuba silahlekelwe amaqabunga. Phakathi kwama-orchid ane-sympodial ukukhula kukhona Oncidium, Dendrobium futhi njengoba sekushiwo I-Cattleyas. Ama-orchid e-Monopodial anesiqu esisodwa esikhula eksisini yaso njalo.
Ezitshalweni ze-monopodial, isikhathi ngasinye lapho isiqu sikhula, sakha amafindo lapho kuzalwa khona amaqabunga amasha nezimpande, eziqondiswe phansi. Njengoba amaqhuqhuva amasha akha izimpande namaqabunga amasha, amaqabunga amadala ayafa, okungamaqabunga aphansi. Kanye ngonyaka i-inflorescence yayo iphuma lapho izimbali zayo zingaqhakaza, kwesinye isikhathi kabili noma ziyindilinga. I-genera lapho lolu hlobo lokukhula lubhekwa khona I-Ascocentrum, I-Phalaenopsis y Vanda.
Ifa
I-Epiphytic Orchid inezimpande zasemoyeni ezinde kakhulu ezilenga emagatsheni ezihlahla. Imisebenzi yezimpande ze-epiphytic Orchid iwukulungisa isitshalo emagatsheni ezihlahla kanye nokumunca imisoco edingwa yizitshalo ngokudla kwazo. I-epidermis yalolu hlobo lwezimpande ibizwa ngokuthi "velamen" equkethe izingqimba zamaseli afile lapho esekhulile futhi enezindonga zamaseli aminyene ane-lignin.
I-"velamen" iyigobolondo elimhlophe eliyisiponji elivikela izimpande futhi livimbele ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni. I-"velamen" igoqwe lesikhumba elizungeze izimpande, lapho ligcwele amanzi liba sobala ukuvumela umsebenzi we-photosynthesis. "Ikhandlela" livela ezimpandeni ze-epiphytic nakwezinye izimpande zasemhlabeni. Izimpande zasemhlabeni zama-orchid zinezilimo eziyizigaxa.
Kushiya
Amaqabunga ama-Orchid alula anonqenqema lonke, aphuma eziqwini, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zisemoyeni noma zohlobo lwe-rhizome. Ukuhlelwa kwazo kuyashintshana, nge-whorl, basal noma zikhule eduze kwesiqu. Amaqabunga kwesinye isikhathi angancishiswa abe amashethi, angaba ne-parallel and sheathing venation. Ama-orchid ahlala ezindaweni ezinezinkathi ezomile akhula anamaqabunga ayinyama lapho agcina khona amanzi nemisoco.
izimbali ze-orchid
Izimbali ze-Orchid zihlukene kakhulu phakathi komkhakha futhi iyisitho esikhethekile kakhulu kulezi zitshalo. Kodwa-ke, kuzo zonke isakhiwo esifanayo noma umdwebo wezimbali ugcinwa. Izimbali zayo, njengazo zonke izitshalo ze-monocotyledonous, i-periant yayo i-trimer. Izimbali zawo zinama-sepal angaphandle angu-3: Ama-sepal amabili asemaceleni kanye ne-dorsal sepal eyodwa; 3 amacembe angaphakathi: i-labellum (i-petal eguquliwe yosayizi omkhulu nombala oqinile) kanye namacembe amabili asemaceleni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zimbali ziveza into ethi "resupination", lokhu kubonakala ngokuhlukumeza kwalesi sitho ngokuphathelene nesimo saso sokuqala. Lokhu kusonteka kuhloswe ukuthi kukhange kakhulu kuma-pollinator akho. Ngokuvamile, i-labellum ihlanganisa ukuvikela izitho zobulili zama-orchid. Ama-sepal angaphandle afana namacembe agqagqene noma agqagqene.
Ama-dorsal sepals amabili ngokuvamile ahlanganiswa endaweni efanayo ebizwa ngokuthi "ama-synsepals". Engxenyeni engaphakathi yembali, amacembe ahlukene komunye nomunye, angaba nemibala ehlukene futhi angaba namabala noma amabala anobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. I-petal eguquliwe yesithathu noma i-labellum inkulu kunalawa amabili asemaceleni futhi, inomumo ohlukile. Le labellum iyisici sama-orchid.
I-labellum ingaba ne-lobed, kulokhu izoba ne-lobe emaphakathi kanye nama-lateral amabili. Futhi, izingxenye ezimbili zingase zehluke ngokukhululekile futhi zihlonze isisekelo ngokuthi "hypochile" kanye ne-distal "epichile". Kulesi sici se-petal ye-Orchid kungenzeka ukubona imikhakha ekhanyayo, ama-crests, ama-keels, kanye nama-calluses.
Kweminye imikhakha i-labellum ikhula i-spur eya emuva noma phansi futhi lapho kukhona umpe. I-spur ingaba nomumo omude futhi omncane njengoba kubonakala I-Orchis, futhi I-Gymnadenia, ibukeke njengesaka le-oval, njengoba kubonakala ku (I-Coeloglossum viride). Kwezinye izinhlobo le petal eguquliwe ayivezi umpe noma ama-nectaries angabonwa futhi angafakwa ku-labellum.
I-androecium (isitho sobulili sowesilisa), embalini ye-Orchid, ivamise ukwakhiwa yi-stamen eyodwa noma ezimbili, akuvamile ukuba zibe ntathu. Uma kuyisitemeni esisodwa, kukhiqizwa kusukela kusitemeni esimaphakathi sezinto zokuzala zangaphandle zamadlozi futhi ngokuvamile ngama- staminodes amabili angaphansi azalwa kusukela ku-lateral stamens we-apaliasi yokuzala yangaphakathi yokhokho. Kwezinye izimo banama-stamens avundile amabili noma amathathu njengoba kungabonwa ku-Subfamilies Apostasioideae noma i-Cypripedioideae.
Lapho zineziqu ezivundile ezimbili, lezi ziphuma ezingxenyeni ezimbili ezisemaceleni zethuluzi lokuzala langaphakathi likakhokho, futhi ngokufanayo, lapho kunezicucu ezintathu ezivundile, ziphuma ezinsikeni ezimbili ezisemaceleni ze-androecium yangaphakathi naphakathi kwe-stamen yangaphandle. i-androecium. Uhlelo lokuzala luxhumene nesitayela kanye nokucwaswa. Kokubili isitayela kanye nokucwaswa kulungiswe kakhulu futhi kwakha isakhiwo esibizwa ngokuthi "ikholomu", "gynostemus" noma "gynostegio".
Engxenyeni ye-"gynosternal" eyaziwa ngokuthi "clinandro" noma "androclino", i-thecae ye-anthers itholakala. Ukuma kwempova yayo kuyimbudumbudu, iqoqwe kusuka kwezimbili kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili ezithambile noma eziqinile ezibizwa ngokuthi i-pollinia. Kulezi zimpova i-"caudicle" itholakala, okuwumphelelisi omncane ofana nomcu, ohlanganiswe ngobuningi obunamathelayo, obunikeza igama elithi "retinacula" noma "viscidium", elitholakala ngaphezu kwe "rostellum", okuyi-It. iphuma esikhunjeni esifana ne-lobe emide futhi ingabonakala ngaphezu kwengxenye eyamukelekayo yenhlamba.
I-pollinary (isakhiwo esihlanganisa i-pollinia, caudicules kanye ne-retinacula), iphethe ukuhambisa impova ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa. Ngokufanayo, ama-anthers ayingxenye yokugcina ye-stamens, i-longitudinal dehiscence futhi ingxenye yayo yenyunyana ishintshwa "ku-operculum" evikela i-anther kuze kube umzuzu wokupholisa.
Isistimu yokuzala yabesifazane noma i-gynoecium yenziwe ngamakhapeli amathathu ahlanganiswe ndawonye, i-ovary ye-Orchids iphansi, ine-locule eyodwa noma ezintathu, kanye nezigidi zama-ovules ahlelwe emgodini we-ovary, okungukuthi, i-parietal placentation kanye, ne-Axillary. i-placentation, kungenzeka.
Izimbali eziningi ze-Orchid zikhiqiza umpe, lawo ma-Orchid angenawo ama-nectaries ayi-autogamous noma i-apomictic, akhiqiza imbewu ngaphandle kokuba impova. Ama-orchid akhiqiza umpe aveza ama-nectar noma izitho zawo lapho umpe wembali ukhiqizwa khona, ngezindlela ezihlukene kanye nezindawo. Kwesinye isizukulwane i-nectary itholakala ku-spur ye-labellum, kwezinye itholakala kuma-apices of the sepals, noma nasezingxenyeni zangaphakathi ze-gynoecium.
Izinhlobo ze-inflorescences
Ama-inflorescences alezi zitshalo ahlukahlukene, ngisho nangaphakathi kwezinhlobo ze-Orchid zohlobo olufanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, indawo yezimbali, ezingaba ezingapheli, noma zibe nembali eyodwa, enendawo yokugcina noma ye-axial. Ngokuvamile, ama-orchid anama-inflorescence anezimbali ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, ezenziwe ngesiqu esibizwa ngokuthi i-pendulum, esikhula sisuka eksisi yezimbali futhi sidede kancane. Nesiqu esincane esibizwa ngokuthi i-rachis, okulapho izimbali zikhona.
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi ze-Orchid, izimbali zitholakala ku-raceme eqondile futhi emide, lapho izimbali zihlelwe ngokuzungeza okuxekethile ezizungeze i-rachis, njengoba kubonwa ohlotsheni. ICymbidium. Ku-inflorescence efana ne-raceme, izimbali ngazinye zixhunywe eksisi yezimbali ekhonjwe njenge-pedicel. Ezinye izinhlobo, izimbali zazo zivela ngokuqondile ku-rachis, kulokhu i-inflorescence iwuhlobo lwe-spike, isibonelo segenera nalolu hlobo lwe-inflorescence. I-Peristylus y I-Neuwiedia.
Ukuqhakaza endabeni ye-orchids yohlobo I-Bulbophyllum, i-rachis yayo ifinyeziwe futhi kubonakala sengathi izimbali zayo zivela endaweni efanayo futhi i-inflorescence ibonakala njengesambulela noma i-parasol. Futhi, izinhlobo I-Oncidium y I-Renanthera, babe ne-panicle-type inflorescences, ngoba ukuhlelwa kwezimbali zabo kunegatsha.
Izithelo Nembewu
Isithelo siqukethe i-loculicidal meaty capsule, okuthi uma sesivuthiwe ivule ama-carpels ayo. Ngaphakathi kwalesi sithelo esiwohlokayo kunezigidi zembewu (kuze kufike ezigidini ezine). Imbewu ayithuthukisiwe kahle futhi ayinawo ama-cotyledons (izingqimba ze-embryonic ezifuna ngazo umsoco), noma i-endosperm (lapho kugcinwa khona izicubu ezinomsoco, amafutha noma i-albumen), ngenxa yalokhu kufanele zondliwe ngezinto eziphilayo zangaphandle ukuze zihlume.
Ukuze kuhlume ama-Orchid endaweni yawo yemvelo, ngokungenelela kwesikhunta, esihlala nezimpande ze-Orchid, sakhe i-symbiosis. Ezindaweni zemvelo, ukuhluma ngembewu kunzima kakhulu, ngoba zonke izimo ezifanele kufanele zibe khona ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngoba, lesi yisizathu esenza ukuthi ama-orchid abe nezimbewu eziningi.
Imbewu incane kakhulu, ilingana nekhanda lephini. Iveza i-membranous integument engavezi ama-phytomelanin, inoqweqwe lwangaphandle oluqinile kuphela futhi izicubu zayo zangaphakathi ziwile. Lezi zinhlamvu zingaba namaphiko futhi zihlakazwe ngumoya. Imbewu ine-embryo encane kakhulu futhi ayinayo i-endosperm ngoba ilahleka ngesikhathi sokukhula kwe-embryonic.
Incazelo ye-Orchids
Ukuze uqale ukukhuluma ngencazelo ye-Orchid, kufanele uqale ngemvelaphi yegama labo, ngoba, kusukela kulo, lezi zitshalo ezingavamile zihlotshaniswa ne-virility, ubulili ngisho nokuzala. Lokhu kunjalo njengoba abaqoqi balezi zimbali ezinhle ze-Orchid abavela ezimpucukweni namasiko ahlukene, bayazisebenzisa.
Incazelo yegama lakho
Umsuka wegama elithi Orchid livela kwelesiGrikhi (órjis “testicle”) kanye (idéa “form”). Ngenxa yezilimo eziyizigaxa zezinhlobo ze-genus I-Orchis, okuyi-Orchid yasemhlabeni enama-tubercle amabili afana namasende. Imvelaphi yegama lama-Orchid yabikwa okokuqala ngqa emsebenzini De Causis Plantarum kaTheophrastus, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki, esabhalwa eminyakeni engu-375 ngaphambi kukaKristu, ngokunokwenzeka.
Incazelo nezinkolelo zasendulo
Ngokusho kwabazali ukukhetha ubulili bengane badla izimpande ze-Orchids. Ngokusobala lokhu kwakwenziwa eGreece lasendulo, kuvela ukuthi uma ubaba edla izimpande ezinkulu zesitshalo se-orchid, ingane eyayilindelekile yayingowesilisa futhi, esikhundleni salokho, uma umama edla izimpande ezincane zesitshalo okukhulunywa ngaso, wakhulelwa owesifazane. .
Esikweni lase-Asia njengeShayina, Izimbali ze-Orchid bezilokhu zilinywa kusukela ngaphambi kukaKristu, ngoba ama-orchid aseShayina anencazelo yobuqotho, ukwethembeka, ubuhle, ubungane kanye nokwehlukana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-Aztec asendulo athola isitshalo se-Orchid lapho i-vanilla ivela khona futhi ayixuba noshokoledi ngoba leso siphuzo sasiwanika amandla namandla.
Esikweni laseYurophu ngezikhathi zama-Victorian, izitshalo ze-Orchid ezaziwa zazivela ezindaweni ezishisayo zeNew World (izwekazi laseMelika), futhi zazingavamile kakhulu futhi zingavamile uma ziqhathaniswa nezimbali ezaziwa. Ngaleso sikhathi ukuqoqwa kwama-orchid kwakuwuphawu lwesikhundla emphakathini. Noma ubani owabanikayo, wayedlulisela ngalesi sipho uthando nentshiseko yomuntu owayehloselwe kuye futhi, lapho i-Orchid yayingavamile, imizwa yabo yayiba nkulu futhi ijula.
Incazelo ye-Esoteric neyomoya
Uma unendawo endlini yakho yokuzindla noma ube nesikhathi esimnandi sokuphumula ngokufunda noma eminye imisebenzi emnandi. Ungawathenga ama-Orchid noma uma ekunika wona, kuphakanyiswa ukuhlobisa le ndawo ngalezi zimbali futhi uyibeke endaweni enokukhanya kwelanga okuhle. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi Izimbali Ze-Orchid zibune, ngokusobala kusho ukuthi kusadingeka uhlangabezane nezinjongo ezibekiwe noma ukuthi uzishiyile.
Uma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isitshalo se-Orchid sikhula futhi siba namandla futhi siphumelele, kusho ukuthi usendleleni efanele futhi unqoba izithiyo, ukufeza imigomo yakho, kancane kancane uze ufinyelele umgomo. Ngokufanayo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi i-Orchid icatshangwe njengewashi, nokuthi phakathi kwamabili nasemini ingamakwa endaweni efanayo.
Emithini yasendulo yamaShayina, isitshalo se-Orchid sasisetshenziselwa ukwenza imithi yokukhulula izimpawu zokukhwehlela nezinye izifo zamaphaphu, kanye nokwelapha izinkinga zezinso, zokugaya ukudla kanye nokungaboni kahle.
Izincazelo zama-orchid ngokwemibala yawo
Ama-orchid anezimbali ezibomvana asho ubufazi, injabulo, injabulo futhi ngokuvamile anikezwa njengezipho zokukhumbula iminyaka yomshado, ikakhulukazi iminyaka engu-14 no-28 yomshado. Kunalokho, ama- orchid ansomi anikezwa labo abathandwayo nabahlonishwayo. Kusho ukutuswa nokuhlonipha.
I-Red Orchid inezincazelo eziningana, njengamandla, ukungesabi, intshiseko nesifiso. Yingakho ingenye yama-orchid anesiphiwo kakhulu ngoSuku Lwezithandani. Ama-orchid amhlophe asho ukuzidela okuhle, ubuhle, ukuchuma nokungabi nacala. Zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekulungiseni izimbali emikhosini yobhapathizo, futhi zamukela izingane ezisanda kuzalwa. Kanye nemikhosi yomshado.
Uma ufuna ukufisela umuntu inhlanhla, injabulo eningi kanye nesifiso sokuphumelela ibhizinisi elisha, bese unikeza ama-Orchid Aphuzi, okuyinto ngaphezu kokuba nalezi zincazelo, futhi kusho ubungane. Ngenxa yencazelo ye-orange Orchid, kufanelekile ukuwanikeza njengesipho ukuveza umdlandla nokungesabi, kuyisipho esifanele ukufisa ukuthi isethulo sihambe kahle futhi unovalo.
Incazelo ye-Orchid eluhlaza, impilo, impilo ende, imvelo kanye nenhlanhla. Uma ufuna ukufisela othile okwazisa ukuphila okude nokuchuma, kunethuba elihle lokumnika ama-Green Flower Orchid. Abanye abantu banikeza ama-Orchid anezimbali Eziluhlaza (ezidayiwe), ukuveza ukuthi ayehlukile futhi angavamile. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi emvelweni azikho Izimbali ze-Orchid eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
historia
Izimbali ze-Orchid bezithandwa futhi zinakekelwa abantu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ngokwemibhalo yasendulo eyabhalwa eShayina eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-1.500 edlule, ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ze-Orchid kwase kukhulunywa ngakho. Phakathi neminyaka yama-551-479 BC, uConfucius wakhuluma ngokutshalwa kwezitshalo ze-Orchid, kuleyo mibhalo waveza ukuthi abantu baseMpumalanga yibona ababeqala ukukhathazeka ngokutshala lezi zitshalo.
Eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kokuba abahambi baseNtshonalanga bazi ngezimbali ze-Orchid, imifanekiso yezimbali ze-Orchid isivele ibonakala emidwebeni yamaShayina neyeJapane. Igama lalo mndeni wezitshalo labekwa isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki uTheophrastes (350-283 BC), kusukela ku-Greek Opxis kanye negama lesiLatini elithi Orchis, okusho ukuthi amasende.
Empucukweni yaseNtshonalanga, kubhekiselwa kulezi zitshalo okokuqala ngqa ngonyaka ka-1552 embhalweni wesandla wama-Aztec owanyatheliswa uBaudiano. Kulokhu kubhala izinhlobo ze-vanilla (i-vanilla pom pom), kulowo mbhalo izingxenye zesitshalo zadwetshwa. Embhalweni Izinhlobo ze-plantarum, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1745, nguCarlo Linneus yahlukanisa izigaba ezingu-8 zama-orchid.
Ezwekazini laseYurophu, ama-orchid avusa isithakazelo ngesikhathi i-Orchid evela eqoqweni likaCharles Wager, eyafika eZweni Elisha isuka endaweni eshisayo, ebizwa ngokuthi. i-bletia onsomi (ngaphandle. i-bletia verecunda) futhi, wayevalelwe e-Chelsea Botanic Garden. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, abalimi bezitshalo babonisa isithakazelo esikhulu ekufundeni indlela yokutshala ama-orchid futhi, ngokuba ne-orchidarium yabo noma ingadi yama-orchid, indawo yokulima, okwakuyimfuneko ngokuhambisana nesimo se-horticulturist, ngokuvamile ye-English elite.
Ngonyaka ka-1818, indoda eyiNgisi uWilliam Cattley yathola iqoqo lezitshalo ezaqoqwa eBrazil, izazi zezitshalo ezingamaNgisi zazingazi futhi izimbali zazo zabangela isasasa eLondon. Ngenkathi isazi sezitshalo saseNgilandi uLindley esithola, wasichaza njenge-Orchid futhi ngokuhlonipha uMnu. Cattley, kwavela uhlobo lolo. Izinkomo kanye negama lesayensi lezinhlobo zezilwane I-Cattleya labiata.
Lolu hlobo lomcimbi lwaholela ekutheni njalo lapho isitshalo se-orchid siqhakaza, kwakuyisizathu sokugubha futhi izindaba zanyatheliswa ekhasini lokuqala lamaphephandaba endawo. Ngaleso sikhathi, abaqoqi ababa ngochwepheshe ekufuneni izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo nezilwane, ukuze bahlangabezane nesidingo sabathengi baseYurophu. Ngokuvamile kwakungabantu abavela eFrance naseGreat Britain, ababehamba baya ezwenikazi laseMelika futhi, ngaphandle kokulinganisa umphumela, baphanga amahlathi aleli zwekazi.
Lokhu kuthengiswa okudabukisayo kwama-orchid angavamile, kanye nezinye izitshalo nezilwane eziyivelakancane, kubeka izinhlobo eziningi engozini yokushabalala. Ukuba nezinhlobo ezisasele namuhla kuyinkomba ye-bibliographic. Ngenhlanhla, lapho kufika ikhulu lama-XNUMX, i-"orchidiomania" yabaqoqi baseYurophu yehla, ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zokugcina lolu hlobo lwezitshalo. Phakathi kwalezi, ngenxa yokuthi ziyizitshalo ezivela ezindaweni ezifudumele futhi azimelani kakhulu nesithwathwa sasebusika, ukushisa kwakudingeka kufakwe ezinkulisa ze-orchid, futhi izindleko zabo zaziphezulu.
Ngaleso sikhathi, izindleko zamandla zaziphezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala eyathinta ukugcinwa kwamaqoqo ezitshalo ezihlukahlukene futhi phakathi kwalezi zingadi ze-orchid zabaqoqi abazimele. Ngokufika kokucindezeleka okwenzeka ngo-1929, abaqoqi abaningi be-Orchid bathinteka kwezomnotho futhi amaqoqo abo adluliselwa ezandleni ze-Botanical Gardens kanye nabalimi bezitshalo zezentengiselwano.
Izici zemvelo
Umndeni we-Orchidaceae umndeni wezitshalo onenani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo ze-Orchid, phakathi kwezinhlobo ezingu-25.000 kuya kwezingu-30.000, eziqoqwe ezizukulwaneni ezingaba ngu-800, ezikhula ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni. Umndeni we-Orchidaceae usabalaliswe kabanzi, Ama-orchid angatholakala kusukela esifundeni sase-Arctic Circle kuya e-Tierra del Fuego e-Antarctic nase-Australia. Lapho lezi zitshalo zingakhuli kusezifundeni eziwugwadule nasezigxotsheni ezimbili.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kubanzi ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo, esifundeni sakamuva ama-orchid amaningi angama-epiphyte. Ama-orchid angabonwa ezindaweni ezisezingeni lolwandle kuze kufike kumamitha angama-5000 ngaphezu kolwandle, ezindaweni ezihlukene zemvelo, kungaba yizintaba, amahlathi anomswakama, ama-savannah, asogwini nokunye. Ezimweni lapho inhlabathi ingenawo umsoco, ama-orchid aziphatha njengezinhlobo ezivelele.
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-Orchid zikhula emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo asezindaweni ezinezintaba, okuthi, ngenxa yokuma kwazo, akhe imigoqo yemvelo futhi ukusakazeka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo kuba nzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke inani eliphezulu lezinhlobo ezitholakala ezikhona. Lezi zindawo ezihlala kuzo, kuvamile ukuzibona ezindaweni ezinjengeziqhingi naseningizimu-mpumalanga yezwekazi lase-Asia.
Amazwe abika ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo zama-Orchid ezikhona yilawa: Ezwekazini laseNingizimu Melika, i-Colombia ibika inani elikhulu kakhulu lokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo ze-Orchid ezichazwayo ezingaba ngu-4.270, kulandele i-Ecuador enezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-3.500 ezihlukanisiwe. I-Brazilian Atlantic mass iyaqhubeka nezinhlobo ezingu-1.500 ezibikiwe nezichazwe. Bese kuba nezintaba zaseMelika Ephakathi, ezwekazini laseMelika.
Emazwekazini ase-Asia nase-Afrika, inqwaba yezinhlobo zezilwane zaziwa ukuthi zikhona ezintabeni eziseningizimu ye-Himalayas e-China nase-India, naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika esiqhingini sase-Madagascar. Lokhu kusatshalaliswa okubanzi kwenzeka ngenxa yekhono layo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo nokumelana nokukhula ezindaweni eziseduze nogu; izindawo ezinezintaba ezifana ne-moorland ecosystems, amahlathi anomswakama nokunye.
Ziyizitshalo "ze-lithophytic", okungukuthi, zingahlala emadwaleni; ama-epiphyte ngoba ahlala emagatsheni ezihlahla futhi anemikhuba yasemhlabeni. Kuye kwabikwa nokuthi ama-orchid ahlala ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi nakuba zihlala ezihlahleni, ziyizitshalo ezihlala kuphela emagatsheni ezihlahla futhi zingamumbi ubisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulokho kuphakama bangathola kangcono ukukhanya kwelanga. Amanye ama-Orchid alinganisa amamilimitha nje kanti ezinye izitshalo ze-Orchid, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinobukhulu besihlahla obufika ngaphezu kwamamitha amathathu ukuphakama.
Impova
Endle, Izimbali ze-Orchid ziqala ukuvuleka ngesikhathi esifanayo njalo ngonyaka, kanye ngonyaka. Ngenxa yokuthi alungiswa yizici zemvelo, kungaba yilezi: njengokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa noma ukuncipha, ukushintsha kwezinkathi zonyaka, amahora okukhanya kwelanga, ukwanda noma ukuncipha komswakama wendawo.
Kunezinhlobo zezimbali zazo ezivuleka usuku olulodwa kuphela, isibonelo i-Orchid yohlobo I-Sobralia nezinye izimbali zazo ezigcina ukuvuleka kuze kube yizinyanga ezintathu, isibonelo igenera I-Paphiopedilum y I-Phalaenopsis Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-orchid ayingxube aqhakaza ngisho nangaphezu kokuphindwe kabili ngonyaka. Iningi lazo lidinga i-pollinator ukuze izimbali zazo zenzeke.
Kungashiwo ukuthi cishe wonke ama-Orchid cishe angama-97% adinga i-pollinator ukuthi ikwazi ukudlulisa izinhlamvu zempova ku-pistils yezinye izimbali, ngenxa yalokho, ukuvundiswa nokwakheka okulandelayo kwesithelo nembewu kwenzeka. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi impova yalezi zitshalo itholakala ku-pollinia noma i-pollinarium.
Ngenxa yokuthi ivikelekile kulesi sakhiwo, impova ayikwazi ukusabalala isuka kwenye imbali iye kwenye Imbali Ye-Orchid, iyodwa noma ngomoya. Ngenxa yalokhu, lezi zitshalo, ukuze zizalane ngokobulili, zidinga usizo lwezithuthi zempova ze-Orchid, ezihlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ziwuhlobo luni, ezinye izithwali zempova yizimpukane, omiyane, izinyosi, iminyovu, amabhungane nezinye izinyoni ezinjengama-hummingbirds.
Ukuhlobana kwezimbali ze-Orchid nezilwane ezithutha impova kusho ukuthi laba bathuthi bempova bahlangana njalo nezimbali nokuthi bahlala kuzo isikhathi eside. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi ama-anthers kanye nenhlamba kuthintwe ngokuqhubekayo, ukuze impova ihlale inamathele kuma-pollinator ngendlela ephephile futhi ngaleyo ndlela ifinyelele ihlazo lezinye Izimbali Ze-Orchid.
Ukuphumelela kokusakazeka kwempova kwezimbali ze-Orchid kuncike ekusebenzelaneni phakathi kwezitshalo ze-Orchid nabathutha impova bazo, ngenxa yalokhu izimbali zinezindlela ezithile zokuheha lezi zilwane ezikhipha impova nokuthi zikhangwa izimbali zohlobo olufanayo, eminye yale mikhiqizo. kanye nezinqubo yilezi: impova yezimbali, umpe kanye nokudla okunothile. Ziphinde zihehe ama-pollinators ngokuzidonsa ngamaphunga nemibala, kanjalo futhi nokuba nempova enamathelayo noma enamathelayo.
Ngesikhathi sokuvela kwezitshalo, izindlela zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziye zakhiqizwa ukuze kuphile izinguquko zemvelo ezihlushwa imvelo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunezitshalo ze-zoophilic angiosperm, okuyizitshalo ezincike ekusebenzelaneni nezilwane ukuze zizalane. Ngokunjalo, iqiniso lokuthi kuneqembu lezilwane ezizivumelanise nazo kuwukusabela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuhambisana nobuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwalezi zilwane nezitshalo.
Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo okuhlangene kungabonakala ebuhlotsheni obuseduze phakathi kwezitshalo zama-orchid nezilwane ezizithutha impova, zibe ngendlela yokuthi umuntu akanakuphila ngaphandle kwesinye. Lobu budlelwano bempova obungaphakathi buwukusabela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi buyinzuzo kukho kokubili. Nokho, umthumeli wempova kwezinye izimo angakwazi ukuthola umpe wembali bese edlulisela impova kwenye imbali yohlobo olufanayo.
Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi ama-Orchid akhohlisa i-pollinator ukuze ayihehe ukuba afake impova emilenzeni nasezimpikweni zakhe ayiyise kwezinye izimbali futhi akawutholi umvuzo. Ezimweni eziningi lokhu kwenzeka ngendlela ehlukile. Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zama-Orchid zihlinzeka ngokudla kwezilwane zazo ezihambisa impova, okunye kwalokhu kudla yilezi: umpe, amafutha noma uboya bokudla. Ngakho futhi ama-resin, ama-wax nama-essences.
Izitshalo zinikeza lokhu kudla njengendlela yokunxephezela abathuthi bempova ngokusiza ekuthuthweni kwempova nokufeza impova yama-Orchid, futhi ngale ndlela kuqinisa ukuziphatha kwabathuthi bempova. Ngenxa yobudlelwane obuseduze phakathi kwama-pollinator nalezi Zimbali Zama-Orchid, kuye kwaholela ezingeni elithile lokukhethekile, lohlobo olulodwa lwe-pollinator ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukudluliswa kwempova okuphumelelayo futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimbali zikhethekile ukuhlangana kwazo kanye nesakhiwo sezimbali. ukugqama kakhulu ohlotsheni lwezinambuzane.
Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimbali kuma-Orchid zibhekwa ukuze zikhange ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezinambuzane ezifaka impova, njenge: izinyosi, iminyovu, amabhu, izimvemvane nezimpukane. Nezinye izilwane ezithutha impova njengamalulwane, amaxoxo nezinyoni. Amanye ama-Orchid abuye ahehe ama-pollinators azo zonke izinhlobo kanti amanye uma ekhetheke kakhulu akhanga uhlobo olulodwa noma ezimbalwa zezilwane ezithutha impova.
Imivuzo yabathuthi bempova ingaba umpe, iphunga elimnandi lezimbali, impova, kanye nohlobo oluthile lwama-orchid. ICypripedium, ilimaza i-pollinator yayo futhi ayinikezi noma yimuphi umvuzo, ngokufanayo, isizukulwane esifana Ama-Ophrys y I-Cryptostylis, izimbali zawo zifana noma zilingise ngokuma, futhi iphunga lezinsikazi zezinambuzane ezinjengezinyosi, izimpukane noma iminyovu futhi lapho abesilisa befuna ukukhwelana, Izimbali zalawa ma-Orchid zikhishwa impova ngenxa yokuthi ziwazididanisa nezinsikazi zohlobo lwazo, zikhiqize lo mkhuba. i-pseudocopulation.
Le nqubo yenzeka ngosizo lwe-labellum, esebenza njenge-strip yokufika futhi, ngenxa yokuma kwayo, umbala nokuthungwa kwayo, iphrojekthi yezibonakaliso ezibonakalayo noma ezithintekayo zokuqondisa i-pollinator. I-pollinia yembali inamathela emzimbeni we-pollinator, futhi ngokuvamile ifakwe, ekucindezelekeni engxenyeni engezansi yekholomu, okuyinhlamba yenye imbali.
Ukuguqulwa kokuheha i-pollinator yayo kubonakala ohlotsheni lwe-Coryanthes, izimbali zalolu hlobo zine-lebellum enomumo wephakethe eligcwele uketshezi oluphuma kukholamu yembali futhi, lapho inyosi iwa, iyawa. icwila kulolu ketshezi oluholela ekutheni ihambe emhubheni futhi iphoqe isinambuzane ukuthi sibeke impova emzimbeni waso. Lokhu kunyakaza kwempova ku-pollinia kuyinto engenzeka ukujwayela ukufeza ukuvundiswa kwama-ovule amaningi.
Izinhlobo zama-orchid ziyaziwa ukuthi azivamile ukuthuthwa impova futhi zihlala zisebenza futhi zibonisa ubuhle bazo isikhathi eside. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukubuna kwe-perianth kwenzeka ngemva kokuvundiswa. Ohlotsheni lwe-Orchid edabuka eMadagascar I-Angraecum sesquipedale, iye yacutshungulwa kabanzi ngesayensi yayo ethile yokuthuthwa kwempova.
Lolu hlobo luye lwashintsha ukuze luvumelane nenqubo yalo yokuthuthwa kwempova ku-morphology yezinhlobo ze-lepidoptera (uvemvane) Xanthopan morganii praedicta. imbali ye-orchid I-Angraecum sesquipedale yethula i-labellum esesimweni se-spur engamasentimitha angama-20 kuya kwangu-35 ubude futhi uvemvane oluyivuthelayo lune-proboscis yobude obufanayo. Isazi semvelo uCharles Darwin emcabangweni waso wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, wabikezela lolu hlobo lobuhlobo phakathi kwezitshalo nabathutha impova bazo, kudala ngaphambi kokuba lolu hlobo lutholakale.
ukuhluma kwayo
Ama-orchid akhiqiza izigidi zezimbewu ezincane okuthi, ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, izinhlamvu zazo ezincane zibukeke njengothuli. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zihlakazwa umoya futhi umsoco wazo uncike kusikhunta se-mycorrhizal ukuze siqhume. imindeni engaphansi I-Cypripedioideae y I-Vanilloideae zakha izithelo eziyinyama ezibilayo endaweni yazo (in situ), futhi ngenxa yezindlela zazo ezihehayo njengephunga eliphuma ku-Orchid evame ukubizwa ngokuthi iVanilla, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo ziyaheha futhi zigcine ziyizinto ezihlakazayo.
Imbewu ekhiqizwe ama-Orchids yakhiwa umbungu owakhiwa amaseli ambalwa, angaba ngu-100 kuya ku-200, futhi uzungezwe i-testa eqinile kakhulu. Ngokuya ngezinhlobo, isithelo ngasinye singakhiqiza imbewu ephakathi kuka-13.000 no-4.000.000 nge-capsule ngayinye. Isisindo salezi zinhlamvu ezincane silinganiselwa ku-0,3 kuya ku-14 µg futhi ubukhulu bazo obulinganiselwe bungamamilimitha angu-0,25 kuya ku-1,2 ubude namamilimitha angu-0,009 kuya ku-0,27 ububanzi. Imbewu ye-Orchid ayinawo ama-endosperm futhi iwumbungu omncane olenga ngaphakathi kolwelwesi olusobala kanye nolwelwesi oluthile lombala.
Ziyizimo ezihlukahlukene, okuyi-elliptical, winged, round, threadlike, globular, ne-fusiform. Zonke lezi zindlela ziwukuguquguquka okunokwenzeka okusiza ukuthuthukisa ukuvunda nokusakazwa okufanele ngomoya walezi zinhlamvu ezincane ze-Orchid. Esinye isici esiphawulekayo sama-Orchid ukuthi ukuhluma kwembewu yawo kwenziwa ngenqubo ehlukile kweyeningi lama-angiosperm, ngenxa yobukhulu bemibungu yalezi zitshalo.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane bembewu ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwazo kanye ne-anatomy kuncane kakhulu futhi kulula. Yingakho imibungu yabo iqhuma futhi ikhule futhi yakhe inqwaba yamaseli abizwa ngokuthi "protocorm". I "protocorms" inesakhiwo ngesimo sezimpande, ezikhonjwe ngokuthi "rhizoids" ngezinye izikhathi zifeza umsebenzi we-photosynthesis. Kodwa-ke, ukuze "i-proto-like" ikhule futhi ikhule njenge-sucker, kufanele ihlangane nesikhunta futhi isungule inhlangano ye-symbiotic.
Lobu ubudlelwano bokuzuzisana, kulobu budlelwano be-symbiotic isikhunta sihlinzeka ngoshukela ku-protocorm, phezu kwabo bonke abangayifezi inqubo ye-photosynthesis, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-chlorophyll. Isikhunta esihlinzeka ngoshukela, ngemva kokuwuthatha endaweni engaphansi lapho isitshalo se-Orchid silungisiwe, kungaba phansi noma igatsha lesihlahla.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-protocorm inikeza ukhunta amavithamini athile nendawo yokuhlala. Ngenkathi uhlala ku-symbiosis, ukhunta uhlala phakathi kwe-protocorm ne-substrate. Lapho i-Orchid iqala ukukhula futhi ithuthuke, isivele izikhiqizela ezayo izakhamzimba futhi ubuhlobo be-symbiotic buyaphela.
I-Orchid Evolution kanye nePhylogeny
Njengoba iwumndeni we-Orchidaceae ohluke kakhulu ngesizukulwane nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kuncane okwaziwayo ngemvelaphi yama-orchid, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwerekhodi lezinsalela zalezi zitshalo, elanele ukulandelela umlando wazo nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lapho kubhekwa umsuka wayo, ngo-2007 kwabikwa ukutholakala kwempova ye-Orchid eDominican Republic, eyahlonzwa njenge. I-Meliorchis Caribea.
I-pollinator ye-orchid I-Meliorchis caribea yatholwa ilondolozwe enhlaka futhi ixhunywe ku-mesoscutellum (imishini yomlomo) yohlobo lwezinyosi. i-dominican proplebeia, isivele yashabalala. I-fossil etholakele ivela eMiocene, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi isukela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyi-15 kuya kwezingama-20 ubudala. Lokhu kutholakala kuyisinyathelo esihle esiya phambili esifundweni semvelaphi yezitshalo ze-Orchid futhi kuwubufakazi obungokomlando bobudlelwane phakathi kwalo mndeni wezitshalo nabathutha impova bazo.
Lokhu kutholakala kuphinde kwaba nesandla, kanye nezifundo eziqinile ekuhlaziyeni ukumila kwayo, ukuthi ngokusobala ukhokho wakamuva wama-orchid wamanje wayekhona e-Upper Cretaceous, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-76 kuya kwezingu-84 edlule. I-monophyly, okungukuthi, ukuhlobana kwama-Orchid nokhokho oyedwa oyedwa, kusekelwa ukumila kwalesi sitshalo kanye nocwaningo olwenziwa ngokulandelana kwe-DNA yaso, olwenziwa abacwaningi abaningana, njengo-Dressler phakathi kuka-1981 no-1993. ; I-Dresle and Chase ngo-1995; Burns-Balogh noFunk ngo-1986; Judd et al. 1993; Chase et al. 2000; Fay et al. 2000, kanye noFreudenstein et al. 2004.
Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka nokucacisa ubudlelwano be-phylogenetic phakathi komndeni we-Orchidaceae, obutholwe ngezifundo ze-cladistic ze-morphology yalezi zitshalo nokulandelana kwazo kwe-DNA, elondoloziwe. Njengamanje luningi ucwaningo olwenziwayo.
Ngokuphathelene nezifundo ze-phylogeny zama-orchid, lezi zithuthuke kakhulu njengoba zivumela ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezifunda zokhokho kanye nokucwaninga nokuqapha kwezinhlamvu ezimbalwa eziguquguqukayo nezingavamile ukubonakala. Njengoba ukugcwaliseka a impova ekhethekile ngempela. Ukunqotshwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ze-epiphytic kanye nomsebenzi we-acid metabolism ye-crassulaceae (CAM).
I-CAM noma i-acid metabolism ye-crassulaceae iyindlela yokwenza i-photosynthesis eye yabonwa ku-taxonomy yezinye izitshalo, ikakhulukazi kulezo zitshalo ezihlala ezindaweni ezinomkhawulo wamanzi kanye ne-carbon dioxide, evame ukwenzeka ku-canopy yamahlathi ashisayo. i-canopy iyingqimba yamaqabunga namagatsha akha izihlahla ezingomakhelwane neziphakeme zamahlathi, ezihlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu, ngaphansi kwalezi, indawo yomile futhi ifudumele).
Izilwane nezitshalo ezihlala ngaphansi kwalesi singqimba ziyi-arboreal, futhi kukhona umkhawulo ekutholakaleni kwamanzi, ku-canopy yala mahlathi amanzi ahlala ngezikhathi ezithile noma ngezikhathi ezithile. I-Photosynthesis yohlobo lwe-C3, iyisigaba sokhokho bomndeni we-Orchidaceae futhi i-metabolism yenziwa umndeni omncane we-Epidendroieae, okuyi-clade (iqoqo elinokhokho kanye nenzalo evamile) enokwehlukahlukana okukhulu kwezinhlobo ze-epiphytic zazo zonke izinhlobo ezahlukene. imindeni yezitshalo zezitshalo ezaziwayo. Lokho ngokusobala kwakuhlobene nenguquko esheshayo yezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ezenzeka enkathini Yemfundo Ephakeme.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa izazi ze-physiologists luye lwathola ukuthi ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi kwe-CAM metabolism nezitshalo ezinemikhuba ye-epiphytic kuye kwafakazelwa. Ngokusobala laba balingisi baye bavela ndawonye cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-65. Njengoba indawo ezungezile yomhlaba yayiguqulwa, ngokuwomisa kancane kancane kanye nokuncipha kokugcwala kweCarbon Dioxide emkhathini enkathini ephakeme.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkrgJ6RBysk
Ngokwalezi zifundo, umehluko omkhulu wezinhlobo phakathi komndeni we-Orchidaceae ungase ube ngenxa yokunqotshwa komkhuba we-epiphytic futhi, ngokufinyelela uhlobo lwe-CAM lwe-metabolism, oluxhunywe kulolu hlobo lwempilo ye-epiphytic, oluvumela ukuba lufeze. i-photosynthesis ngokusetshenziswa okuncane kwamanzi. Ukusuka ekubeni ama-Orchid anomkhuba wasemhlabeni kuya ekuzuzeni umkhuba we-epiphytic, ngaphezu kokucacisa umthamo we-CAM we-metabolic, kudinga nezinye izinqubo zokuguquguquka.
Kufanele kuqashelwe, izimpande ezinhle nezincane zama-Orchid eziwasiza ukuba akhuphuke futhi azilungise endaweni engaphansi njengamagatsha ezihlahla ezinokuzinza okuncane. I-morphology yezimpande zayo, ezinoshukela futhi ezinombhede, iyimpendulo eguquguqukayo yokuphila isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwamanzi futhi ikwazi ukunamathela ku-substrate enamandla amancane noma engekho nhlobo yokugcina amanzi.
Ekugcineni, inani labantu bezinhlobo ze-epiphytic ngokuvamile liphansi, ngenxa yalokhu, zidinga indlela ekhetheke kakhulu yokuthutha impova ukuze ikwazi ukuthutha impova isuka kwesinye isitshalo iye kwesinye yezinhlobo ezifanayo. Ngemva kokuthola lezi zinguquko zemvelo kanye nokujwayela izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-Orchid yilokho okwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuzuza inala enkulu yezinhlobo ezahlukene zomndeni we-Orchidaceae nokuthi cishe u-70% wezinhlobo zalo mndeni ziyizitshalo ze-epiphytic.
Ngokusho kwabacwaningi abahlukene, isizukulwane somndeni omncane we-Apostasioideae, kungaba Ukuhlubuka y I-Neuwiedia Bayizihlobo zaso sonke isizukulwane somndeni we-Orchidaceae. Abacwaningi babonisa ukuthi bobabili ubulili ngokuqondile I-Neuwiedia, gcina izinhlamvu eziningana zamadlozi, ezinye zazo eziwukuba khona kwama-stamens amabili ezimbalini zohlobo. Ukuhlubuka noma ama-stamens amathathu ezimbalini zohlobo Neuwiedia, ukuthi kuzo zombili izimo zinamathele kancane esitayela kanye nezinhlamvu ze-pollen, zizimele komunye nomunye futhi azinamathele.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwesinye isizukulwane sama-Orchid, impova iyanamathela futhi izinhlamvu zempova zihlangana phakathi kwazo lapho zikhishwa noma zikhishwa ezinsikeni. Phakathi kwemindeni emincane yama-Orchid anempova enamathelayo ingabizwa ngokuthi i-Cypripedioideae ne-Vanilloideae, okuyizigaba ezimbili eziyisisekelo. I-subfamily Cypripedioideae, lapho isizukulwane ICypripedium y I-Paphiopedilum, i-monophyletic.
Igenera ehlanganisa konke inezinhlamvu ezikhethekile, isibonelo, ilebula imile njengesaka (elibukeka njengengxenye engaphambili yesicathulo) bese i-anther iguqulwa ibe yi-staminode efana nehawu futhi inama-stamens amabili asebenzayo. I-subfamily Vanilloideae, phakathi kohlu lwawo yi: Vanilla, Pogonia kanye Cleistes, izimbali zayo zine-stamen esebenzayo futhi azinayo i-pollinia.
Eminye imindeni emincane iyaphawulwa: izinhlamvu zempova zihlangene ukuze zenze i-pollinia, zine-stamen eyodwa esebenzayo, futhi i-stamen filament ihlanganiswe ngokugcwele nesitayela. Le clade ihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zomndeni we-Orchidaceae, enempova ehlanganiswe ku-pollinia, izimbali zazo zine-stamen eyodwa esebenzayo, yingakho zibizwa ngokuthi ama-monadras. Futhi, ama-stamens amabili asemaceleni aguqulwa abe ama-staminode azacile noma awanazo ngokuphelele.
Ocwaningweni olwenziwa ngo-1999 nango-2000, babhekisela kuma-Orchid ahlonzwe njenge-monandras njenge-monophyletic. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izifundo ezenziwa phakathi kuka-2000, 2004 kanye no-2006, benza ukuhlaziya kwamangqamuzana okuphetha ngokuthi ukwehla kwe-stamens esibulalayo kwenzeke ezikhathini ezimbili zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zomndeni. Lapho ufunda ama-Orchid abizwa ngokuthi ama-monandra ane-polynya, imindeni emincane emibili emikhulu iyahlukaniswa I-Epidendroideae ne-Orchidoideae (ejikeleza I-Spiranthoideae).
Isizukulwane somndeni omncane we-Epidendroideae sibonisa i-apomorphy (okuyisici esisha sebhayoloji nesokuziphendukela kwemvelo, maqondana nedlozi elisondelene ngokwefilogenetically), bane-anther enoqhwaku ngenxa yokuthi igobile phezulu kwekholomu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igenera nezinhlobo zomndeni omncane we-Orchidoideae zonke zine-apomorphy yokuba ne-acute anther apex, iziqu ezithambile namaqabunga ane-convolute vernation.
Ezentela
Ngo-1985, ngokwezazi zesayensi yezitshalo ezinjengoDahlgren nabahlanganyeli, zathola imindeni emithathu yama-Orchid, beyihlukanisa ngokwenani lama-androecium anther. Ngokwalokhu kuhlukaniswa kwakuwumndeni wakwa-Apostasiaceae abantu bawo abanama-anther amabili noma amathathu ahlanganiswe ingxenye ye-gynoecium.
Umndeni we-Cypripediaceae, onama-anther amabili axhunywe ku-gynoecium, kanye nomndeni we-Orchidaceae, okuwumndeni onokwehlukahlukana okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane futhi ohlukaniswa ngokuba ne-anther eyodwa exhunywe kwi-gynoecium. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwaphikiswa izifundo zamangqamuzana, njengoba imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi umndeni we-Orchidaceae kwakufanele uhlukaniswe kabanzi, kusukela kulokhu kwashicilelwa uhlelo olusha noma ukuhlukaniswa komndeni, ngokusho kwe-phylogeny efundwe futhi yanyatheliswa nguChase nethimba lakhe 2003. Okuchazwa kuyo imindeni emi-5 emincane.
I-Apostasioideae
I-Orchid subfamily Apostasioideae, ngokusho kwezazi zesayensi yezitshalo, iqembu lakudala kakhulu lama-Orchid. Lawa anama-stamens amabili noma amathathu ezimbalini zawo, athathwa ngokuthi "avamile" futhi afana nalawo ohlobo I-Hypoxis (Umndeni we-Hypoxidaceae). Amaqabunga awo akhula ngohlelo oluvunguzayo eziqwini, ahlushwe, amaqabunga abuye abuyele emuva, okungukuthi, ahlanekezelwe, ngaphandle kohlobo. Ukuhlubuka.
Kuqashelwa ukuthi ine-bisporic embryo sac (uhlobo lwe-Allium), Inombolo yayo eyisisekelo ye-chromosome ngu-x= 24. Lo mndeni omncane wakhiwe izigaba ezimbili. Ukuhlubuka y I-Neuwiedia, okuye kwahlukaniswa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-16. Synonymy: Apostasiaceae Lindley, Neuwiediaceae Reveal & Hoogland.
I-Cypripedioideae
Lo mndeni omncane wesibili wama-Orchids uwuzalo oluzimele. Izitshalo eziqoqwe kulo mndeni ongaphansi we-Cypripedioideae ziveza izici zakudala, njengokuba neziqu ezimbili zezimbali ze-Orchid. Ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezinhlanu: ICypripedium, I-Mexipedium I-Paphiopedilum, I-Phragmipedium y I-Selenipedium, okuye kwatholakala kuzo izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-150. Lezi zihlelwe ngezizwe ezinhlanu ze-monotypic. Zisatshalaliswa e-Eurasia nasezwenikazi laseMelika.
Lawa ma-orchid awabiza ngegama elivamile elithi "ladies slippers", lokhu kuqhathanisa kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi i-labellum iqhuma futhi isongwe ngokufana ne-slipper, umsebenzi wayo ukubamba izinambuzane, ngale ndlela isinambuzane siphoqelelwa nomhlane yi-staminode. , lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ukhethe noma ubeke i-pollinia. Ama-orchid anama-anther amabili avundile abekwe ohlangothini ngalunye lwekholomu.
Zine-stamen emaphakathi engavundile futhi ukwakheka kwazo kushintshiwe kufane nesihlangu esivimbela ukungena okuqondile kwe-pollinator kusukela ngaphambili kwembali kuya engxenyeni emaphakathi. Ama-stamens afihliwe ngemuva kwe-staminode. I-sacculiform (emise okwesaka) ilebula yayo iguqukile ukuze icuphe izinambuzane ukuze zikhiphe impova.
Izindonga zayo zangaphakathi ziyashelela naphezu kokuba nesakhiwo soboya esifana nesitebhisi ngaphakathi odongeni lwasemhlane. Lokhu kuholela ingxenye engezansi yenhlamba ye-ventral kwenye yezindawo zokuphuma ezimbili ezitholakala phansi kodebe nhlangothi zombili zekholomu. Synonymy: Cypripediaceae Lindley.
I-Vanilloideae
Ama-Orchid alo mndeni omncane i-Vanilloideae, iqoqo elincane lesizukulwane lapho iVanilla itholakala khona, lolu hlobo luqukethe cishe izinhlobo ezingama-70 zama-Orchid ezikhula njengama-liana. Izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-15 kanye nezinhlobo ezingu-180 ziye zahlukaniswa kulo mndeni omncane futhi zisatshalaliswa kuyo yonke indawo eshisayo eshisayo neshisayo nase-United States.
I-Orchidoideae
Lo mndeni ongaphansi ufaka inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo zama-orchid ezinama-tubers noma ama-succulent rhizomes. Uhlobo lwe-Orchis kanye nama-Orchid ohlobo lwe-Ophrys anegama elivamile elithi "I-Bee Orchids" akuleli qembu. Kulo mndeni omncane, izinhlobo ezingama-208 kanye nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-3630 ziye zahlukaniswa ezikhula ezifundeni ezihlukene zeplanethi, ngaphandle kwezingwadule ezomile kakhulu nasezigxotsheni zomhlaba. Izinhlobo ezihluke kakhulu zalo mndeni omncane we-Orchidoideae yilezi: Cynorkis, I-Diuris, Kuhle, I-Habenaria, I-Orchis, I-Platanthera, Ama-Spiranthes, futhi Zeuxine.
i-epidendroidae
Iwumndeni omncane onesizukulwane esiningi, kuze kube manje zingaphezu kuka-500 izizukulwane kanye nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20.000 eziye zahlukaniswa ezizalelwa ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo zeplanethi nase-United States, ngokufanayo nomndeni omncane we-Orchidoideae, kuhlanganisa futhi Ugwadule lwase-Australia lapho ezinye izinhlobo zama-orchid angaphansi komhlaba zikhula futhi zikhule khona.
Umndeni omncane we-Epidendroidea umelwe ama-epiphyte ashisayo, amelwe eminye yale mikhakha elandelayo: I-Bulbophyllum, I-Catasetum, Dendrobium, I-Epidendrum, Encyclia, i-maxillaria, I-Oncidium, I-Pleurothallis y Vanda. Umehluko phakathi kwesizukulwane salo mndeni omncane uyinkinga ngokusobala futhi isizukulwane esikhulu asiwona ama-monophyletic. Ikakhulukazi ama-orchid e-tropical epiphytic, ikakhulukazi anama-pseudobulbs, kukhona nezinhlobo zasemhlabeni kanye ne-saprophytic, ezidla udoti wezinto eziphilayo.
Igalelo lakho emnothweni
Eyokuqala, okukhona ukwaziswa okutshalwe ama-Orchid kwakungamaShayina eminyakeni engaba ngu-500 ngaphambi kukaKristu, khona-ke ngokusho kwamaGreki kusukela ekhulwini le-V, lezo zimpucuko zasendulo zazivele zisebenzisa izitshalo ze-Orchid njengokuhlobisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha. Ngokutholakala kweMelika, abantu bokuqala baseYurophu abafika kuleli zwekazi bakwazisa ukuthi ama-Aztec eMexico ayesebenzisa ama-orchid njengezitshalo zokwelapha futhi asetshenziswe njengezinongo, ukudla kanye nezitshalo zokuhlobisa.
Ngaphezu kwezinye izitshalo ze-Orchid, laba bantu baseMexico basebenzisa i-vanilla kakhulu futhi bayiqamba igama elithi "tlilxóchitl" ngolimi lwabo lwesiNahuatl, lolu hlobo lwachazwa izazi zezitshalo ezinegama lesayensi elithi. i-vanilla planifolia, bayisebenzisa njengesinongo sokunambitha ushokoledi.
Njengengxenye yezipho abaziletha emakhosini aseYurophu ngesikhathi sokutholwa kweMelika, lolu hlobo I-Vanilla planifolia Yalethwa eYurophu ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX futhi kusukela lapho yatshalwa kwezinye izindawo ezishisayo njengeMadagascar. Njengamanje, iMadagascar ingumkhiqizi wokuqala we-vanilla, esetshenziswa njengesinongo ukwenza i-aromatize ne-flavour dessert nezitsha ze-gastronomic ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.
Izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo eziye zahlukaniswa phakathi komndeni we-Orchidaceae, zisetshenziswa njengemihlobiso ngenxa yobuhle bezimbali zazo, izici zazo ze-morphological, umbala, yingakho zinomthelela omkhulu wezomnotho ngenxa yokuhweba ezitshalweni zazo. kuholele ekucacisweni kwemithetho yokuvikela lezi zitshalo nezindawo ezikhula kuzo. Ngaphezu kokugqugquzela ukuthengiswa nokudalwa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezixubile ezifunwa kakhulu ngabathandisi bazo emhlabeni jikelele.
Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwe Vanilla sp., ukwenza isinongo se-vanilla, ezinye izinhlobo ezimbalwa zama-Orchid zisetshenziswa njengezinongo zetiye njengalezo zohlobo. I-Jumellea noma izitshalo zohlobo Vanilla ukunambitha ugwayi. izitshalo zezinhlobo Anacamptis morio Izigaxa zawo zazisetshenziswa eTurkey ukwenza isiphuzo esishisayo esibizwa ngokuthi i-salep, okwakungokwesiko kulelo zwe futhi sasiphuzwa ngezinsuku ezibandayo zasebusika. Njengamanje isesigabeni sezinhlobo zokuvikela ezisengozini.
Isiko lokutshala ama-Orchid ngenxa yobuhle bezimbali zawo laqala ukukhula kancane kancane, lisuka ekubeni yinto yokuzilibazisa yomphakathi ophakeme waseYurophu laya ekubeni lidayiswe. Ama-orchid afika ezwenikazi laseYurophu phakathi nohambo olwenziwa abanqobi baseYurophu beya eNew World futhi, kusukela ngo-1731, ama-specimens okuqala aqala ukulethwa.
Nokho, ngenxa yezindleko zokuwunakekela nokuwutshala kusukela ngo-1821, yatshalwa ukuze isetshenziselwe ukuhweba ezindlini zokugcina izithombo eziseduze neDolobha laseLondon. Ngonyaka we-1913 eSingapore inkampani "i-Sun Kee" yavulwa ngenhloso yokusabalalisa nokuthengisa izimbali ze-Orchid.
Kulezi zikhathi amazwe ayinhloko atshala ama-orchid yilawa: I-United States, i-England, i-France, i-Taiwan, i-Japan, i-China, i-Thailand, i-Australia, i-Hawaii ne-Singapore, amazwe lapho kuye kwanda khona isithakazelo ekutshalweni nasekukhangiseni ama-orchid, ngezinjongo. Kwalokhu: Khiqiza Izimbali Ezisikiwe Zama-Orchid ukuze unikeze imakethe yokuhweba ngezimbali yamazwe ngamazwe. Inhloso yesibili ukutshala nokudayisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-orchid ezinobukhulu obuhlukene, ikakhulukazi lezo esezoqhakaza, ezitolo zangaphakathi zezitshalo zokuhlobisa emazweni afanele.
I-Thailand isingelinye lamazwe asebenze ngokukhethekile ekutshalweni nasekusakazeni Izimbali ze-Orchid ukuhlangabezana nesidingo sezitshalo ze-Orchid ezimakethe ezinkulu zezitshalo zokuhlobisa emhlabeni wonke. Ukuthola inzuzo engaba yizigidi ezingu-40 zamaRandi ngonyaka ngokuthumela ngaphandle kwalezi zitshalo ezitshaliwe ze-Orchid.
Ezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zofuzo lwama-orchid emhlabeni, zimbalwa kuphela eziyizizukulwane ezitshalwa kakhulu ngezimbali ezisikiwe noma njengezitshalo zokuhlobisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuncane okwaziwayo ngenani elikhulu lama-orchid akhula emvelweni. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezitshalwa kakhulu yilezi: Cattleya, Dendrobium, Epidendrum, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis, Vanda, Brassia, Cymbidium, Laelia, Miltonia, Oncidium, Encyclia y I-Coelogyne. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngenxa yezinyathelo zokongiwa kwemvelo, izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zama-Orchid hybrids, cishe ama-hybrids angu-100.000 atholakala phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha kanye Nokusabalalisa
Indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu yokukhiqiza ama-orchid abalimi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabaqoqi noma abathengisi, ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo noma iziqu. Isiqu ezitshalweni zohlobo i-dendrobium, i-pseudobulb yinde futhi ichazwe ngoba ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana, esigabeni ngasinye amafindo akhiwa lapho kwakhiwa khona izitshalo ezintsha (ama-suckers).
Izimpande ziqala ukukhula ngaphansi kwalawa masucker, lapho ama-suckers esekhule kancane ungakwazi ukusika ama-suckers anezimpande ukuze uwahlukanise nesitshalo esingumama futhi usakaze izitshalo ze-Orchid ngokuzifakela kwesinye isitsha noma ama-substrates. Izinhlobo ze-orchid ezithengiswa kakhulu yilezi: Cattleya, Laelia, Miltonia y I-Odontoglossum.
Lezi zinhlobo zingazalana ngokuhlukanisa isiqu sohlobo lwe-rhizome, ihlukaniswe futhi isigaba ngasinye kufanele sibe nama-pseudobulbs amathathu kuya kwamane (amanzi nemisoco kugcinwa kulokhu ukuze kugcinwe izitshalo). Ama-pseudobulbs alahlekelwe amaqabunga awo abizwa ngokuthi "ama-back pseudobulbs" futhi ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza kabusha ama-clones. ICymbidium. Ukuzisakaza, zihlukaniswa nesitshalo futhi zitshalwe kwenye i-substrate efanelekile ukuze izimpande ezintsha zakheke.
Ukuzalanisa i-Orchid
Izitshalo ze-Orchid zikhiqiza izithelo ezinembewu eminingi, phakathi kuka-13.000 no-4.000.000, ngakho-ke uma zisakazwa kuma-substrates afanelekile kanye nezimo ezinhle zemvelo, njengesikhunta se-mycorrhizal, zingakhiqiza izitshalo ezintsha ezinezici ezihlukene esitshalweni ngasinye.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi ziyimbewu enezimo ezimbalwa zokugcina izakhi, kunzima kuzo ukuthi zisakaze ngemithombo yazo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, endaweni yazo yemvelo, kufanele zihlangane nesikhunta ukuze zifinyelele ukuhluma. Lobu budlelwano nesikhunta buyinzuzo embewini ngoba ihlinzeka ngemisoco ukuze ithuthuke futhi ihlume futhi isikhunta singaba nendawo yokuhlala.
ukukhiqizwa kwe-symbiotic
Enye indlela yokukhiqiza ama-orchid ngembewu iwukusakaza imbewu ezimpandeni nasezindaweni ezizungezile zezitshalo zama-orchid ezitshalwe ebhodweni nokuthi ingxenye engaphansi igcinwa imanzi. Uma izimo ezinhle zitholakala, imbewu ihluma emasontweni alandelayo futhi ichume kancane. Izitshalo ezitshalwe yimbewu ziqhakaza okokuqala ngqa eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyishumi emva kokuzalwa. Le ndlela yokukhiqiza ibizwa ngokuthi i-symbiotic.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-Asymbiotic noma isiko le-vitro
Kuze kube unyaka ka-1922 okwakuwukuphela kwendlela yokusakaza ama-orchid kwakuyimbewu. Ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni olwanyatheliswa ngaleso sikhathi uProfesa Lewis Knudson waseCornell University, lo sosayensi wachaza indlela yokwenziwa yokumila imbewu yama-orchid ngaphandle kokungenela kwesikhunta. Babiza le ndlela yokusabalalisa ukuhluma kwe-asymbiotic, kusetshenziswa amasu we-micropropagation. Le ndlela yokuhluma ivumela izithombo ze-orchid ukuthi zikhule endaweni yokwenziwa yamasiko nasezimeni ezingavundile.
Ukufeza ukusakazeka ngempumelelo kwama-orchid ngokusebenzisa isiko le-in vitro meristem noma i-cloning. Le ndlela iqukethe ukusika isihloko sempande noma ukuphela kwehlumela, ukubeka lokhu kunqunywa phakathi kwesiko elilungisiwe nasezimeni eziyinyumba, nge-asepsis enkulu. Uma usebenzisa ama-phytohormones lawa ma-meristems aguqulwa abe yinqwaba yezicubu ezingahlukanisiwe, lapho kuhluma khona izithombo ezintsha.
Izithombo eziphuma kulawa ma-meristems ziyahlukaniswa noma zikhishwe kwezinye izithombo futhi ziyiswe kumashubhu okuhlola lapho zitshalwa khona ngokuzimela. Izitshalo ezizalwa ngale ndlela yokuhluma kwe-asymbiotic noma isiko le-in vitro zingama-clones esitshalo esingumama futhi okwamanje iyindlela yokusabalalisa esetshenziswa kakhulu ekusakazeni ngesilinganiso esikhulu kwezinhlobonhlobo ezithile noma ama-hybrids angenalutho.
Ukunakekelwa kwe-Orchid
Njengazo zonke izitshalo ezikhule kude nendawo yazo, kufanele wazi ukuthi ziyini izimo zemvelo kuleyo ndawo, njengokukhanya kwelanga, imvula, inani lezakhi. Lokhu kungabaza kungacaciswa nomlimi ngisho nakuma-orchid asakazwa ku-vitro, noma ngokuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo. Ezinye izinkomba zokunakekelwa yilezi ezilandelayo.
- Kudinga ukukhanya kwelanga okungaqondile (emvelweni bahlala ngaphansi kweziqongo zezihlahla), ngalokhu sebenzisa inethi yasenkulisa ukuhlunga ukukhanya noma ukuyibeka eduze kwefasitela.
- Kunconywa ukuthi unisele kanye ngesonto, ukugcina umswakama, ubeke ipuleti ngaphansi kwebhodwe lapho i-Orchid itshalwe khona, uyigcwalise ngamanzi isikhashana bese uyisusa ukuze uvimbele izimpande ukuthi zingaboli. Kabili ngeviki amanzi angasetshenziswa ngokufafaza amaqabunga, okuyilapho ama-Orchid amunca khona amanzi ngokwemvelo, okungcono kakhulu ekuseni.
- Ngokukhethekile faka umanyolo onamafomula okunakekela, kuyilapho ama-orchid esesigabeni sawo sokumila futhi lapho eseqhakaza, sebenzisa umanyolo onamafomula aqhakaza, imvamisa kanye ngenyanga noma njengoba kukhonjisiwe kulebula yomkhiqizo. Khumbula ukusebenzisa umthamo ophakanyisiwe futhi kungcono ukubeka imithamo emincane kamanyolo, kunokudlula umanyolo.
- Ukuze isitshalo siqhakaze kakhulu, lapho izimbali zomile, zisikwe ngaphezu kwehlumela lesithathu lesiqu sezimbali futhi ekuqhakazeni okulandelayo izimbali zaso zizoba namandla.
- Ama-orchid aphakanyiswa ukuthi atshalwe kabusha lapho izimpande ziqala ukuphuma ngaphansi kwebhodwe, lokhu kusho ukuthi inhlabathi incane esele nezindawo ezimbalwa zezimpande. Kuyaziwa ukushintsha kwelinye ibhodwe elingelikhulu kunesitshalo ngoba likhula kangcono emabhodweni amancane.
I-nursery yama-orchid
Uma kwenzeka uneqoqo eliningi lama-orchid futhi le nto yokuzilibazisa yaqala ukuba nokubaluleka okwengeziwe ngakho-ke ufuna ukuqhubeka ukhula futhi unakekele lezi zitshalo noma ufuna ukuzikhulisela ukudayiswa, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi wakhe i-nursery ukuze igcinwe futhi iqhakaze. Izinyathelo okufanele zithathwe:
- Yakha indawo ejabulisayo nesebenzayo ukuze ukhulise ama-orchid, ngenjongo yokugcina isithakazelo ekutshalweni kwawo.
- Yakha inkulisa enhle ngaphandle kokuthi ibize.
- Khetha indawo lapho ingatholi khona ithunzi eliningi kusuka ezindongeni noma ezihlahleni, inokukhanya okuhle kanye nomoya omncane.
- Izinto okwakhiwa ngazo i-nursery kumele zimelane nezimo zemvelo futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke kumswakama, isikhunta, ukugqwala kanye nezinambuzane.
- Ukucabangela ukuphakama kosilingi kanye nezindwangu zasenkulisa noma amameshi ukuze kunikeze umthunzi namapulasitiki okulawula amanzi emvula, kubalulekile ukuze kwakhiwe izindawo ezihlukene ngaphakathi kwendawo yenkulisa.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zimo, kufanele kubhekwe nezinye izici eziyisisekelo ukuze izitshalo ezizolinywa zikhule ngokwanele futhi ziqhakaze.
- Isimo sezulu. Lesi isici esibalulekile okufanele sicatshangelwe. Ngokuya ngezimo zezulu kanye nezinhlobo zama-orchid ofuna ukuwakhulisa futhi akhiqize kabusha, inkulisa izovalwa ngokuphelele noma ivuleke, ibe nosilingi ophakeme noma ophansi.
- Indawo. Kulesi sici, kokubili indawo yendawo kanye nendawo ethile ekhethiwe phakathi kwendawo ekhethiwe kuyacatshangelwa. Njengomthambeka, izimila zendawo, imizimba yamanzi nokunye.
- Indawo yasenkulisa. Kubhekiselwa ezilinganisweni zobude nobubanzi besakhiwo senkulisa, lokhu ukuthatha indawo yenkulisa kuya ezilinganisweni zokuthengisa kakhulu zezinto zokwakha ezithengiswa emakethe.
- Ibhajethi. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kube umlawuli omuhle wezinsiza ezibhekwayo, ukuthi indawo yokutshala izitshalo ze-Orchid ingaba eqolo noma eshibhile kakhulu futhi ilethe inzuzo efanayo ezitshalweni ezitshaliwe.
- Izinhlobo zezitshalo. Abalimi be-orchid bavame ukufuna ukuba nenkulisa lapho bengasakaza futhi banakekele inqwaba yohlobo lwama-orchid. Nokho, ukufeza ukukhula okufanele kwazo zonke kunzima kancane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuphakanyiswa ukuba kuhlanganiswe inkulisa efanayo uhlobo lwama-orchid anezidingo ezifanayo noma ezifanayo zezimo zemvelo.
Ngethemba ukuthi uyithandile futhi uthole ulwazi obulufuna, ngiyakumema ukuthi futhi ufunde: