Ukuze ufunde kangcono kulesi sihloko mayelana Imidwebo kaMurillo, sizokhuluma ngokuphila kwakhe, ukuqeqeshwa kobuciko balo mmeleli omkhulu we-Spanish baroque umdwebo nokunye okuningi, sikumema ukuthi uvakashele lokhu okuthunyelwe okuhle kakhulu. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Mayelana Nomdwebi uBartolomé Esteban Murillo
Wayengomunye wabameleli abakhulu bomdwebo we-Spanish Baroque kulokho owaziwa emlandweni wezobuciko njenge-Golden Age yaseSpain.
Ngokusho kophenyo olwenziwe, wabhapathizwa ngoJanuwari 01, 1618 futhi wafa ngo-April 03, 1682 eneminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha nane.
Lo mculi omkhulu waqeqeshwa kwezemvelo sekwephuzile, yingakho ukubaluleka kwe Imidwebo kaMurillo lapho aguqula khona umdwebo wakhe ngokuphathelene nomdwebo we-Spanish Baroque, egcwele imizwelo emikhulu, waze waba ngumanduleli wenye inhlangano ababezokwazi kamuva ngokuthi iRococo.
Okufanayo kungafakazelwa komunye wemidwebo emikhulu ka-Murillo efana ne-Immaculate Conception kanye noMalusi Omuhle ekumeleleni kwezingane okuchazwe yilo mculi.
Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi leli ciko elikhulu lalingumuntu obaluleke kakhulu eSikoleni sase-Seville, lapho agcina khona inani elikhulu labafundi ngaphansi kokuqeqeshwa kwakhe.
Ngaphezu kwabazithandayo ababekwazi ukuthwala ngokuhlukile ithonya le Imidwebo kaMurillo kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-18.
Wayengomunye wabadwebi abaziswa kakhulu futhi abavelele ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesizwe saseSpain, kanjalo kwaba ithonya lalo mdwebi ukuthi ube ngomunye wabadwebi bempilo abaqashelwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Eqanjwe nguSandra, wenza i-biography emfushane enguqulweni yenganekwane engatholakala ku-Academia Pinturae Erudite kusukela ngonyaka we-1683.
Okuhambisana nesithombe somuntu siqu salo mdwebi omkhulu owaqoshwa u-Richard Collin engokulandelayo:
“… U-Bartolomé Murillo seipsum depin/gens pro filiorum votis acpreci/bus explendis…”
Singachaza lesi sithombe somculi asenza ngonyaka we-1670 ngokulangazela kwezingane zakhe lapho ebeka khona isandla sakhe ngaphandle kokubunjwa ukuze anikeze umphumela omkhulu wokukhanya ohlangene nemvelo, uphethe amathuluzi akhe okuhweba abonisa ukukhuphuka emphakathini ngenxa yemidwebo yakhe.
Kufanele ukwazi lokho Imidwebo kaMurillo Zenziwe ngokwamakhasimende, umlandeli wakhe omkhulu kuyiSonto LamaKatolika ngenxa yenguquko ephikisayo, naphezu kwalokhu futhi wazinikela ekudwebeni kohlobo ngokuzimela emsebenzini wakhe wobuciko.
Ukuzalwa kwalo mculi
Lokhu kulandela ukuthi lo mculi omkhulu wazalwa ekupheleni kukaDisemba 1617, yingakho abhapathizwa ngo-January 01, 1618 esontweni laseSanta María Magdalena edolobheni laseSeville. Wayenguthunjana ezinganeni eziyishumi nane.
Abazali bakhe bengumgundi wezinwele, udokotela ohlinzayo nowopha igazi uGaspar Esteban noMaría Pérez Murillo. Lo mndeni ovela kubaculi ababizwa ngokuthi abakhandi besiliva abasebenza ngegolide besebenzisa isiliva njengento.
Uyise wayebizwa ngokuthi uBachiller ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe futhi engowomndeni ocebile emkhakheni wezomnotho, kuphawulwe encwadini esukela ngonyaka ka-1607 ukuthi wayengumuntu ocebile futhi olukhuni, eba umnikazi wendawo yokuhlala eseduze kakhulu. iSonto LaseSan Pablo.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi lezi ziqu zokuqashisa zatholwa yindodana yakhe encane, okwamnika izinzuzo zezomnotho ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Lapho eneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye, ngokusho komlando wakhe, uyise washona futhi ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha unina.
Ngakho-ke lolu sana lungaphansi kweso lomunye wodadewabo abadala okuthiwa u-Ana owayeshade nendoda ewumsebenzi ofanayo nokayise ogama lakhe linguJuan Agustín de Lagares.
Wahlala lapho kwaze kwaba unyaka anquma ukushada ngawo ngo-1645, kwathi lapho umlamu wakhe eba umfelokazi ngo-1656, wammisa njengefa umgcini wempahla yakhe.
Iminyaka yokuqala kanye nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwezobuciko
Kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nobuntwana balo mdwebi omkhulu mayelana nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwezemfundo, kuthiwa ngo-1633, eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, wayesevele eqeqeshwa eshabhu kaJuan del Castillo, owayeshade nenye yamadodakazi. . kababa omncane kayise womdwebi wethu ogama lakhe lingu-Antonio Pérez.
Kuthiwa lo Juan del Castillo wayengumdwebi oqaphile, enye yezimfanelo zakhe upende owomile nokuzwakala ebusweni, kuthiwa leli thonya lingabonakala kuma-initials. Imidwebo kaMurillo okusukela phakathi kuka-1638 no-1640.
Le midwebo kaMurillo ithi The Virgin ehambisa irosari eSanto Domingo namuhla eseSigodlweni Sombhishobhi Omkhulu futhi engeyeqoqo langasese le-Count of Toreno edolobheni laseSeville.
Ngaphezu kwe-La Virgen con Fray Lauterio, San Francisco de Asís kanye ne-Santo Tomás de Aquino ese-Fitzwilliam Museum edolobheni lase-Cambridge lapho yethula njengekhwalithi umdwebo owomile kodwa omibalabala kule midwebo yokuqala ka-Murillo.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lo mculi onesibongo u-Esteban wathatha isibongo sesibili sikanina uMurillo ngomsebenzi wakhe wobuciko.
Idolobha laseSeville ngekhulu le-XNUMX
Ngenxa yokukhula komnotho phakathi kweYurophu nezwekazi elisha laseMelika, idolobha laseSeville lase liphenduke indawo yezohwebo nezenhlalo ngenxa yeNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki, kanye neCasa de la Moneda, i-Archbishopric kanye neCasa de Contratación.
Kufanele wazi ukuthi inani labantu lehle kakhulu ngenxa yenhlupho ye-1599 kanye nokuxoshwa kwamaMoors, ngakho-ke ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kukaMurillo nobungane leli dolobha lalivelele kakhulu emphakathini waseSpain.
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngo-1627 izenzakalo zokuqala zenkinga yezimali zaqala ukubonakala lapho ukuhweba kuthuthela edolobheni laseCádiz futhi kuthonywa iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesizwe nePortugal.
Nakuba kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi iNhlupho Enkulu elandelayo yaseSeville eyenzeka ngo-1649 yayiyimbi, iqeda cishe u-46% wabantu baleli dolobha, yehlisa izinga lempilo yabantu, imindeni ethobekile iyona ethinteke kakhulu.
Abasizwa uBuzalwane Bokunikela ngenxa yesibhedlela sabo kanye nendawo yokukhoseliswa kwavuselelwa ngonyaka we-1663 nguMiguel Mañara okwathi ngeminyaka ka-1650 no-1651 wayengunkulunkulu wokubhapathizwa kwezingane ezimbili zikaMurillo.
Ngokusobala, umdwebi wethu wayeyikholwa elithembekile futhi wajoyina i-Brotherhood of Rosary ngo-1644. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayevulekele imisebenzi ye-Venerable Third Order of Saint Francis ngo-1662.
Ngaphezu kokuba yingxenye yokwabiwa kokudla okwakuvame ukwenziwa amapherishi, wajoyina iBrotherhood of Charity ngo-1665.
ISonto LamaKatolika nalo lathinteka ngenxa yezinkinga zezomnotho ezazikhungethe isizwe saseSpain, njengoba ngemva kuka-1649 kwamiswa izindela ezintathu kuphela kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX.
Kusukela kwazalwa uMurillo, kwase kudaliwe izindlu zezindela zabesilisa eziyisishiyagalolunye nesabesifazane, zafinyelela ingqikithi yezakhiwo zenkolo ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa.
Kodwa izindawo ezingcwele namasonto obuKatolika aqala ukucebisa izindonga nezindlu zawo eziphakeme ngeminikelo evela kubantu abavela emphakathini ophakeme, njengoba kwenzeka eMañara.
Uhwebo phakathi kwezwekazi elisha luhlinzeka ngemithombo yokuqashwa kwabaluki, abaculi nabadayisi bezincwadi. Ngokuqondene nabakhandi besiliva ababephethe umsebenzi wokubaza izingongolo eCasa de la Moneda, babeyizingcweti zasedolobheni laseSeville.
Okushiwo ukuthi leli dolobha, phezu kokufika kobunzima, lalihlale linezindawo zokuhweba ngoba ngonyaka ka-1665 kwakuhlala abantu bangaphandle abayizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa.
Nakuba kungebona bonke ababezinikele emkhakheni wezohwebo, phakathi kwabo kukhona uJustino de Neve owayengumvikeli weSonto LaseSanta María La Blanca kanye neSibhedlela saseVenerables.
Kuzo zombili lezi zakhiwo, lo mlingisi uphathise iciko lethu ukuthi lenze imisebenzi yobuciko embalwa. Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi u-Neve wayeyinzalo yomndeni wabathengisi bakudala baseFlemish abazinza edolobheni lase-Seville kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Babeyizinhlamvu ezikhuliswe kakhulu, ngaphezu kokuchuma okugcwele kwezomnotho, baletha eSpain imidwebo kaBartholomeus van der Helst eyabonwa ngumdwebi wethu, yingakho ithonya emisebenzini yakhe.
Njengoba nje babambe iqhaza ekwamukeleni udumo lwalabo abangaphesheya kwesizwe saseSpain, ikakhulukazi uNicolás de Omazur.
Ubani owahlanganisa ubungane nomdwebi wamholela ekubeni athumele ukuqoshwa kwe-Self-Portrait evikelwe ku-National Gallery eLondon.
Uphethe umbhalo wokuzindla ngolimi lwesiLatini okungenzeka awubhala ngenxa yokuthi, ngaphezu kokuba umthengisi ovelele, wayeyimbongi evelele.
Amakhomishana okuqala emidwebo ka-Murillo aqala
Kuyaziwa ngokomlando ukuthi ngo-1645 uMurillo washada nentokazi okuthiwa uBeatriz Cabrera Villalobos owayeyinzalo yomndeni ophumelelayo futhi ephethe ukuqopha.
Lona wesifazane osemusha wayengumshana kaTomás Villalobos, umkhandi wesiliva negolide, futhi eyingxenye yebandla leHhovisi Elingcwele elalimvikela lapho bedlula edolobheni laseSeville.
Kulo mshado kwazalwa izingane eziyishumi, okwasinda ezinhlanu kuphela futhi ngoDisemba 31, 1663, umkakhe omncane washona.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi enye yamadodana akhe okuthiwa uGabriel (1655-1700) yathuthela ezwenikazi elisha ngo-1678 ineminyaka engamashumi amabili ubudala, yathola isikhundla sikaCorregidor de Naturales edolobheni lase-Ubaque.
Kulokho manje okuyiColombia, ukuphatha ukuba yinyunyana phakathi kwamandla ezindawo kanye nenkosi ephethe indawo yendawo kusukela esifundazweni kuya kumasipala.
Kodwa uma sikhuluma ngomculi wethu, ngawo lowo nyaka ashada nomkakhe, wathola amakhomishana akhe okuqala. Lawa amaseyili ayishumi nanye e-cloister encane ye-San Francisco Convent e-Seville, esebenza kuwo kusukela ngo-1645 kuya ku-1648.
Le midwebo eyishumi nanye kaMurillo yahlakazwa ngemva kweMpi Yokuzimela, kodwa ngezinjongo zemfundo izindaba ezihlobene nabangcwele be-Francisca Order ziyalandiswa, kugcizelelwa ekuqondisweni kwamaKatolika okwakuxhunywe kule ndawo engcwele.
Ngokuphathelene nezindikimba ezenziwe emidwebeni kaMurillo, ukuphila okucatshangelwayo nomthandazo kufakazelwa, njengoba kungafakazelwa emsebenzini wobuciko ogama lakhe linguSan Francisco waduduzwa Ingelosi okumanje iseRoyal Academy of Fine Arts yaseSan Fernando.
Njengomunye wemidwebo kaMurillo ebizwa ngokuthi, Ikhishi Lezingelosi, eseLouvre, ngeke sehluleke ukugqamisa injabulo yamaFrancisca kumaseyili akhe.
Lokho kuphakamisa umdwebo weSan Francisco Solano kanye neNkunzi evikelwe eRoyal Alcázar National Heritage yaseSeville.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, omunye wemidwebo ka-Murillo lapho izimfanelo zakhe ezingokomfanekiso zibhekwa khona uthando lwabanye alubonisa eSan Diego de Alcalá epha abampofu ukudla, okuseRoyal Academy yaseSan Fernando.
Imidwebo ka-Murillo ikhombisa umbono omuhle kakhulu ophathelene nemvelo ehambisana nendlela ye-tenebrism yomdwebi omkhulu u-Zurbarán.
Ngakho-ke, kule canvasi yokugcina kungabonwa i-repertoire yezithombe ezihlelwe ngokuqapha okukhulu phakathi kokwakheka okulula kwezindiza ezisikwe kungemuva elimnyama.
Maphakathi neseyili, i-cauldron ingabonakala eceleni kweqembu lezingane ezithobekile ezilinde inkomishi yazo yesobho, futhi kusobala ukuthi ingqikithi yezingane yayizoba yingxenye yemidwebo ka-Murillo kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko.
Kulolu chungechunge lwemidwebo ka-Murillo, kubhekwa indlela ye-chiaroscuro, eyayishiywe ngaleso sikhathi emlandweni wobuciko ngenxa yezethulo zobuciko zikaVelázquez no-Alonso Cano ngokwakhe.
Kodwa lokhu kukhanga umculi wethu akuzwayo kusabonakala kwezinye zazo, njengeSidlo Sokugcina esiseBandleni laseSanta María la Blanca kusukela ngonyaka ka-1650, nakuba okunye okusha emisebenzini yakhe yobuciko kungabonwa kweminye imidwebo yalelo thempeli lenkolo.
Ukukhanya okusabalale kwasezulwini kuyabonwa okuphethe ukumboza udwendwe lwabangcwele abahambisana neNcasakazi ngeseyili lapho kumelelwe ukuFa kukaSanta Clara.
Okukhona namuhla edolobheni laseDresden eGemäldegalerie futhi kusukela ngonyaka we-1646 Kuleli canvas ubuhle babangcwele buyabonakala.
Ikhwalithi emelelwa emidwebeni ka-Murillo mayelana nomlingiswa wesifazane, kanye namandla namandla amelwe izibalo zesifazane ekhishini lezingelosi.
Kuleyo khanvasi ungabona umfanekiso ka-Fray Francisco de Alcalá endaweni ye-levitation futhi izingelosi zimatasa nomsebenzi wazo ekhishini elinefreyimu.
Ifomu elisetshenziselwa ukuxazulula iziphazamiso ngokombono, ukuhlinzeka ngezithombe ezibhekisela kubuciko be-flamenco njengesikhuthazo.
Ngenxa yalolu hlobo lomsebenzi, kungenzeka ukubheka emidwebeni ka-Murillo amandla anamandla atholakala emifanekisweni yasezulwini neyezingelosi ayithatha kweminye imithombo yobuciko, njengoRinaldo no-Armida.
Umbhalo oqoshiwe owenziwe u-Pieter de Jode II osuselwe ekwakhiweni kweciko u-Anton van Dyck eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kokuba ikhomishana icele ku-Murillo, okubonisa ukuthi iciko lethu lalinolwazi lwakamuva ngezitayela zobuciko zangaleso sikhathi.
Umthelela Wenhlupho phakathi kweminyaka ka-1649 no-1655
Ukuphakama okukhulu okubomvu okwalethwa iNhlupho Enkulu eSeville akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani, yingakho iSonto LamaKatolika lacela abaculi inani elikhulu lemidwebo lapho ukuzinikela kwabathembekile kubonakala khona.
Mayelana nalokhu, imidwebo kaMurillo yayiyimisebenzi emihle kakhulu kule ndaba lapho abonisa khona ubuciko obungenakuqhathaniswa futhi iSonto LamaKatolika lalingomunye wamakhasimende akhe ayinhloko.
Ukhombise umnyakazo omkhulu kumasu akhe kanye nomuzwa lapho ehumusha izihloko zenkolo ngobuntu obukhulu, njengoba enza izinguqulo ezihlukahlukene zeNcasakazi neNtwana.
Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi lesi sithombe senkolo saziwa nangokuthi iNcasakazi Yerosari, yingakho eminingana yale midwebo kaMurillo itholakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene namuhla, njengeCastro Museum, Pitti Palace, kanye nePrado Museum.
Eminye imidwebo ka-Murillo ihlanganisa I-Adoration of the Shepherds kanye ne-Sagrada Familia del Pajarito, le misebenzi emibili emihle yobuciko iseMnyuziyamu yasePrado.
Ngokuphathelene neseyili yentsha yaseMagdalena lapho iphenduka khona, ivikelwe kuyi-National Gallery yase-Ireland kanye nakwenye inguqulo edolobheni laseMadrid.
Kuneminye imidwebo ka-Murillo evelele kakhulu, efana ne-Flight into Egypt, eseDetroit, eyingxenye yalesi sikhathi somlando lapho evuselela khona ukumelwa kwezithombe, njenge-Immaculate Conception eMnyuziyamu Wezobuciko Ezinhle edolobheni. eSeville.
Asikwazi ukuhluleka ukusho eminye imidwebo ka-Murillo eyingxenye yalesi sikhathi somlando futhi ehambisana nohlobo lomdwebo wezwe, esingabala phakathi kwawo u-El Niño espulgando noma isinxibi esiseLouvre Museum.
Le midwebo ka-Murillo ikhombisa intshisekelo yakhe emisebenzini yobuciko ngokunikeza izinsana ama-protagonists futhi ubonisa kule canvasi umfana omncane ezihlanza izimuncagazi ngenkathi eyedwa. Lo msebenzi uhlanganiswe ne-melancholy.
Nakuba kamuva ezobonisa imisebenzi yalolu hlobo olunamandla amakhulu nenjabulo, eminye imidwebo eyaziwa uMurillo isalukazi esinesikhukhukazi nobhasikidi wamaqanda, esisedolobheni laseMunich e-Alte Pinakothek, eyayisedolobheni laseMunich e-Alte Pinakothek. ingxenye yeqoqo likaNicolás de Omazur. .
Ithonya elithile le-Flemish lingabonwa kule midwebo ka-Murillo, efana nezithombe ezenziwe ngu-Cornelis Bloemaert, futhi ukuqeda ngalolu hlobo, isithombe esibhaliwe sikaDon Juan de Saavedra esitholakala edolobheni laseCórdoba, okunge iqoqo langasese kanye nezinsuku kusukela ngonyaka we-1650.
Khumbula ukuthi kuleli khulunyaka le-XNUMX umvikeli omkhulu wemidwebo kaMurillo kwakuyiBandla lamaKhatholika futhi edolobheni laseSeville kwakukhona cishe izindelakazi ezingamashumi ayisithupha.
Ngaphezu kwamathempeli enkolo, leli dolobha liyisikhungo samasiko emkhakheni wezenkolo, likhulisa kakhulu izinkolelo zabathembekile.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi inhlupho yonyaka ka-1649 yandisa ukuzinikela ezinkolweni zenkolo ngaphezu kokuvuselela noma ukudala ubuzalwane obusha, kunjalo indaba kaBafa futhi umgomo wabo kwakuwukunikeza abampofu ukungcwatshwa kobuKristu.
Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa inguquko ephikisayo, yingakho ikhasimende elacela imidwebo kaMurillo yohlobo lwezenkolo lalilikhulu kakhulu, ngoba amakhasimende ayengelona isonto kuphela.
Kodwa futhi namakhasimende angasese ayephethe ukuphindaphinda ama-motifs ayesevele enzile, kunjalo necala lika-Saint Catherine wase-Alexandria.
Njengecele, kufanele wazi ukuthi eyokuqala ukwenza lezi zinguqulo iku-Focus-Abengoa edolobheni laseSeville.
Ngenxa yabantu ababenemali yokuhlinzeka ngamathempeli enkolo ngemisebenzi yobuciko, baba abavikeli balezi zakhiwo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imindeni emakhaya abo nayo yayinemidwebo ka-Murillo ezindongeni noma ngomunye umdwebi, njengoba ngokocwaningo olwenziwa phakathi kweminyaka engu-1600 no-1670, okungenani ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu ithola umsebenzi wobuciko njengento ebalulekile. impahla.
Maqondana nezicukuthwane nabefundisi, kwaphawulwa emaqoqweni abo angasese ebhekisela ohlotsheni olungcolile futhi njengoba izinga lezenhlalo lehla, inani lempahla ehlobene nemidwebo yezenkolo lakhula.
Ngakho-ke, emindenini ethobeke kakhulu noma kuleyo engaphansi kwezolimo, kwakubukwa kuphela imidwebo enezithombe zenkolo ezindongeni zayo.
U-Herrera el Mozo ufika edolobheni laseSeville
Ngokusobala, lapho abanye abaculi befika edolobheni laseSeville, ithonya labo kwezobuciko labonwa, futhi omunye wabo kwakunguFrancisco de Herrera, owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi u-El Mozo, ngoba uyise kwakungu-El Viejo.
Lo mculi osemusha uqhamuka edolobheni laseMadrid ngemuva kokuhlala esizweni sase-Italy efunda, wafika edolobheni laseSeville.
Lapho eyalwe khona ukwenza i-El Triunfo del Sacramento eKhathedrali lase-Seville, izibalo zakhe ezinkulu ezikhanyisiwe ezibekwe ngaphambili zaziyintsha.
Ubuye wengeza inqwaba yezingelosi ezibukeka njengengane eziphaphazelayo emsebenzini, ezenziwe nge-brushstroke ewuketshezi kakhulu futhi esobala ngenxa yebanga, leli thonya lobuciko lichazwa eSan Antonio de Padua.
Ngomunye wemidwebo kaMurillo ayenza endlini yesonto yokubhapathiza yesonto elifanayo ngonyaka olandelayo, wabonisa indlela entsha ngokwenza umsebenzi ngokudayayo futhi ephula nokujwayelekile, umntwana uJesu uhlukaniswe isizinda esikhanyayo.
Ngenkathi usanta esebumnyameni obumaphakathi obuvulayo obunikeza ukugxila kwesibili kokukhanya okuvumela ukunwetshwa kwesikhala kugwema umehluko phakathi kwezulu nomhlaba.
Nokho, ihlanganisa zombili izikhala ngenxa yokukhanya okuhlukanisiwe kanye nodwendwe lwezingelosi ngaphambili olusiza ukukhanya okungemuva ngenxa yokufunda kwakhe okujulile kumasu amasha, uguquko luyabonwa emidwebeni ka-Murillo.
Ngenxa yokuqanjwa kabusha kukaHerrerian nangonyaka ka-1655, ngenyanga ka-August, idlanzana labangcwele baseSevillian, uSan Leandro noSan Isidoro, babekwa endaweni engcwele yeKhathedrali.
Lezi zakhokhelwa umvikeli wesonto onjengoJuan Federighi futhi kwakuyizithombe ezinkulu kunalezo ezivame ukwenziwa.
Njengoba lo mculi wase-Sevillian ebona ukuthi bafakwe ukukhanya okusiliva futhi babonisa emajazini amhlophe umphumela obonakalayo obenza bakhanye.
Ngokunjalo, eminye imidwebo kaMurillo ingeyalolu suku, njengeThe Lactation of Saint Bernard kanye neThe Imposition of the Chasable on Saint Ildefonso, yomibili imisebenzi yobuciko ikuPrado Museum.
Ukudweba ngenqubo ye-chiaroscuro kugcinwa kuzo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokukhanya okuzoba yisici emidwebeni yakamuva ka-Murillo.
Baphinde baziqhenye ngokuba yimidwebo kaMurillo, amaseyili amathathu amakhulu aphefumulelwe impilo nomsebenzi kaJuan El Bautista, aziwa ngolwazi olwambulwa ngo-1781 futhi namuhla umsebenzi ngamunye utholakala emnyuziyamu ohlukile.
Ukuba yi-Cambridge, Berlin kanye ne-Chicago ngaphezu kochungechunge lwamakhanvasi ahambisana neNdodana Yolahleko ese-National Gallery yase-Ireland e-Dublin.
Nakuba kunomdwebo walo msebenzi eMnyuziyamu wasePrado, lokhu kulandelana kwamaseyili kwaba ugqozi lwemibhalo eqoshwe uJacques Callot.
Emidwebeni kaMurillo wanikeza okwakhe futhi wengeza imvelo yaseSevillian ngezingubo kanye nobuso babalingiswa. Njengesibonelo salokhu, iNdodana Yolahleko yenza Impilo Eyalubala.
Ibonakala ngendawo yayo yenganekwane yangaleso sikhathi yasedolobheni lase-Seville ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziyingxenye yempilo esekhona.
Ezinye izakhi zibonakala komunye wemidwebo ka-Murillo, njenge-Los Músicos, lapho isithombe simelana nokukhanya, okwenza idili libe mnandi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibalo zabesifazane zigqama ngemibala yazo egqamile.
Inkathi yobuningi emidwebeni ka-Murillo
Kuphawulwe emlandweni walo mculi omkhulu ukuthi ngonyaka we-1658 uchitha izinyanga ezimbalwa edolobheni laseMadrid, mhlawumbe ukuze afunde amasu amasha ashukunyiswa nguHerrera el Mozo.
Wabe esebuyela edolobheni laseSeville, lapho ayephethe khona ukusungula isikole esihlobene nokudweba futhi waqala ngoJanuwari 02, 1660 emakethe yezinhlanzi.
Inhloso ukuthi bobabili othisha nabafundi benze umdwebo wabo womzimba womuntu uphelele ngokuphathelene nobunqunu.
Ngalesi sikole umculi wethu akwazi ukwenza kahle umsebenzi wakhe ngokumodela bukhoma futhi nemali enikelwe ngabafundi inkokhelo yothisha yakhandwa futhi yanele ukukhokhela izinkuni zokubasa namakhandlela njengoba amakilasi eqhutshwa ebusuku.
UMurillo kanye no-Herrera el Mozo basebenze njengomongameli kanye nomongameli kusukela lo mdwebi waya eMadrid ngalowo nyaka ukuze asebenze njengomdwebi wasenkantolo.
Kuphawulwe ngokophenyo olwenziwa ukuthi ngenyanga kaLwezi (November) wonyaka we-1663 kwavunyelwana ngokuthi kubizwe umthethosisekelo walesi sikhungo kodwa ngalolo suku umculi wethu wayesevele washiya isikhundla sobumengameli.
Njengoba emibhalweni kuthiwa wayengumongameli uSebastián de Llanos y Valdés, ngakho-ke wayephethe umsebenzi wokuqhuba isikole esincane emzini wakhe.
Ukuze kungadingeki uhlanganyele nomlingiswa ozidlayo womunye umculi, njengoJuan de Valdés Leal, owayengumongameli olandelayo.
Ngo-1660 wenza omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu nethakaselwa kakhulu, njengokuzalwa kweNcasakazi, egcinwe eMnyuziyamu waseLouvre futhi eyapendwe ukuze isebenze njengomnyango weChapel of the Great Conception of the Cathedral of Seville.
Kulo mdwebo omkhulu, phakathi nendawo, singabona iqembu labesifazane abangabelethisi kanye nezingelosi ezikhipha ukukhanya kwazo ngokusho kwe-optical illusion edalwe ngumdwebi futhi zime eduze nosana olusanda kuzalwa olubuye lukhanye ngaphambili kanye nokukhanya. ukukhanya kwehlisa ukuya phansi kweseyili.
Ngakho-ke, umphumela obonakalayo udalwa ezingxenyeni ezingemuva lapho umthombo wokukhanya usebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ohlangothini lwesobunxele nguSanta Ana embhedeni okhanyayo kanye nabantu abasha ababili ngakwesokudla abaphethe ukomisa ama-diapers phezu komlilo okhipha ukukhanya. iziko.
Lapha ukufundwa kwezibani okwenziwa uMurillo kufana kakhulu nomdwebo waseDashi ikakhulukazi ngesitayela sikaRembrandt okungenzeka ukuthi wayesazi.
Sibonga ukuba khona kweminye yemisebenzi yakhe eqoqweni lomthengisi othile ocebile noma isikhulu esifana noMelchor de Guzmán owayenguMarquis waseVillamanrique.
Ubani owayephethe umdwebo ka-Rembrandt awubonisa esidlangalaleni ngo-1665 ngenkathi kuvulwa isonto laseSanta María la Blanca.
Mayelana best Imidwebo kaMurillo Maqondana nezindawo, ihambisana namaseyili amane ayingxenye yendaba kaJakobe elandisiwe.
Ukuthi wakudweba njengekhomishana evela eMarquis of Villamanrique futhi kamuva wabukiswa phambi kwendlu yesigodlo sakhe njengengxenye yesikhumbuzo seBandla laseSanta María la Blanca.
Kuthiwa lolu chungechunge lwamaseyili ekuqaleni lwaluyimidwebo emihlanu kaMurillo kodwa mine kuphela eyaziwayo futhi ngekhulu le-XNUMX yayingaphansi kwamandla eMarquis yaseSantiago kodwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX yasakazekela kwezinye izifunda.
Namuhla emibili yale midwebo ka-Murillo ikuMnyuziyamu waseHermitage futhi imelela uJakobe obusiswe ngu-Isaka kanye neLadder kaJakobe elandelayo. Abanye ababili kulolu chungechunge base-United States.
Ukuba ngomunye wabo uJakobe Ufuna izithixo ezifuywayo esitolo sikaRaquel esiseCleveland Museum of Art futhi esesine sale midwebo kaMurillo enesihloko esithi Jacob ubeka izinduku emhlambini kaLabani ungowaseMeadows Museum edolobheni laseDallas.
Kule midwebo ka-Murillo, izindawo zakhe ezibanzi ziboniswa, ikakhulukazi kule misebenzi emibili yokugcina e-United States, ebekwe eduze kwe-motif ephakathi komsebenzi, lapho isizinda esinokukhanya okukhanyisa izithombe sivuleka. isebenza futhi inquma izintaba.
Ngakho-ke kuyacaca ukuthi umdwebi wethu wase-Sevillian wayazi amasu ama-Flemish amaciko afana no-Jan Wildens no-Joos de Momper kanye namaciko omdabu wase-Italy afana no-Gaspard Dughet owayephila ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Enye into edonsela ukunaka kulo mdwebo izinkomo futhi ibhekisela emisebenzini ka-Orrente lapho inala ihunyushwa kabusha ngokolimi lwe-colloquial lwaseSeville.
Ngokuvumelana nemvelo okukhulu, uMurillo usebenzisa nokukhwelana kwezimvu njengoba kuchazwe embhalweni weBhayibheli uGenesise 31,31, XNUMX . Kodwa yayifihliwe ukuze ihlobise ngenxa yokupenda kabusha ngekhulu le-XNUMX futhi lo mdwebo ubuyela ekukhanyeni ngekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Amakhomishini adumile enziwe uMurillo
Enye yamakhomishana amakhulu abaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni uchungechunge lwemidwebo ayidalela iBandla laseSanta María la Blanca ngaphambi nje kokushona kukaPapa Urban VIII ngo-1644.
Ngenxa yomthetho webandla lamaRoma leHhovisi Elingcwele elalingaphansi kwamandla amaDominican, kwenqatshelwe ukubeka igama elithi Immaculate ekukhulelweni kukaMariya, ngakho kwadingeka ukuba kwenziwe ushintsho ekuphimiseleni komthandazo.
Lesi sinqumo asizange sivezwe obala futhi saziwa lapho iHhovisi Elingcwele lihlola imibhalo ethile ukuze kwenziwe umthandazo. I-Cabildo yasabela kuleli qiniso ngokubeka omunye wemidwebo ka-Murillo lapho okubhalwe khona okulandelayo kungabonakala:
“… Wakhulelwa ngaphandle kwesono…”
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abameleli bedolobha baya ezinkantolo zaseCastile ngo-1649 ukuze bacele ukungenelela kwenkosi. Kodwa akukho okwakungenziwa ngesikhathi sobupapa buka-Innocent X.
Kodwa lapho u-Alexander VII eba upapa omusha ngo-1655, iNkosi uPhilip VI wayiphinda kabili yonke imizamo yokufaka isicelo kulowomthetho futhi enze ukugunyazwa kwe-Immaculate Conception njengoba kwase kugujwa iminyaka eminingi esizweni saseSpain.
Izwe laseSpain lathatha izinyathelo eziningana futhi ngo-December 08, 1661, uPapa Alexander VII wavuma ukufeza isimemezelo sabaphostoli esasimemezela ubudala bukasanta.
Ngakho-ke ukuvunywa kwephathi eyayihamba phambili esizweni saseSpain kanye namaqembu amakhulu kwagujwa ngenxa yalokhu, imidwebo kaMurillo ikhona njengesitifiketi sayo.
Ngenxa yalo mthethosisekelo omusha wabaphostoli, umpristi wesifunda ophethe isonto laseSanta María la Blanca, uDomingo Velázquez Soriano, wavuma ukuyilungisa kabusha le ndawo engcwele, eyayikade iyisinagoge.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le misebenzi yahoxiswa umvikeli waleli sonto, u-Justino de Neve, ngakho-ke owayephethe umsebenzi wokubathuma ukuba bahlobise izindonga zaleli thempeli lezenkolo.
Le midwebo ka-Murillo yayiphethe ukunikeza umbono omusha kulesi sakhiwo sangenkathi ephakathi, ukusiguqula sibe ithempeli elimangalisayo le-baroque. Yaqala ngo-1662.
Baqeda ngonyaka ka-1665 ngemva kokuba ukugcotshwa kwenziwa ngedili elihloniphekile lokuhlonipha, isonto lichazwa ngomzuzu wokuvulwa kwalo.
Lapho kuphawulwa khona ukuthi imidwebo kaMurillo yatholakala ezindongeni zale ngqalasizinda ngaphezu kwemihlobiso esesigcawini esasiphambi kwethempeli lezenkolo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwa i-altare eyengeziwe ukuze kuboniswe imidwebo emithathu ka-Murillo okwakungeka-Neve, i-Immaculate Conception inkulu endaweni emaphakathi kanye ne-Good Shepherd kanye noSaint John uMbhapathizi enguqulweni yezingane emaceleni.
Eminye imidwebo kaMurillo yayimele izindaba ezihlobene nesisekelo seBasilica yaseSanta María la Mayor eyayisedolobheni laseRoma.
Le midwebo emikhulu yafakwa endaweni emaphakathi yendlu engcwele eyakhanyiswa ngenxa yedome yesonto.
Ngokuphathelene nezinhlangothi zethempeli kwakukhona eminye imidwebo emibili ka-Murillo efana ne-Immaculate Conception kanye ne-Triumph of the Ekaristi.
Kodwa le midwebo yashiya isizwe saseSpain phakathi neMpi Yokuzimela futhi ngokuphathelene nemisebenzi emibili yokuqala yabuyiselwa ngo-1816 futhi igcinwe eMnyuziyamu wasePrado.
Eminye imidwebo emibili esele kaMurillo yadluliswa isuka kumnikazi iye kumnikazi ngokusho kwabaqoqi baze baba yingxenye yeLouvre Museum, okungeye-Immaculate Conception kanye neqoqo eliyimfihlo elibhekisela ekuNqoleni KweSidlo SeNkosi.
Ngokuqondene nemidwebo emibili yokuqala ka-Murillo, iyimisebenzi yobuciko enobuciko obukhulu futhi ibhekisela kuPhupho likaPatricio Juan noMfazi wakhe lapho umdwebi emelela isikhathi lapho iNcasakazi ibonakala kuye ngenyanga ka-August ukuze icele ithempeli indawo lapho bebona khona iqhwa entabeni i-Esquiline.
Lokhu kumelwa kukaMurillo kubaveza bezunywe ubuthongo lapho indoda ilele phezu kwetafula elimbozwe umata obomvu.
Lapho kunencwadi ewugqinsi ayeyifunda ngesikhathi umkakhe esemcamelweni ngokwesiko langaleso sikhathi ikhanda lakhe lixega ngenxa yokulala emsebenzini wakhe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungabona kulo msebenzi umdlwane omhlophe olala wenza i-whirlpool ngomzimba wayo futhi ngenxa yokubunjwa okwenzile.
Umuzwa wokuphumula uyavezwa futhi ubumnyama buyingxenye yesehlakalo, esiphuka lapho kubonwa isithombe seNcasakazi Nomntwana.
Zombili zigoqwe ngokukhanya okucashile okwenza umsebenzi ubukeke upholile.Le ndaba ixoxwa esethulweni phambi kukaPapa Liberio, ngakho isigameko sihlukaniswe kwesokunxele ku-patrician nomkakhe phambi kukapapa oye waba nephupho elifanayo. .
Ngenkathi ngakwesokudla, udwendwe olubheke entabeni lubonakala buqamama ukuze ugunyaze leli phupho futhi upapa uvela emsebenzini ku-canopy.
Lesi sigameko esiyinhloko sibekwe esiteji esikhulu esenziwe nge-architecture ye-classical futhi sikhanyiswa kusukela ohlangothini lwesobunxele ukuze ukukhanya kuwele ngqo kumfanekiso wesifazane.
Umpristi ohamba naye, ngakho-ke kukhona ukukhanya okungemuva kumfanekiso kapapa onobuso buka-Alexander VII ebusweni bakhe, le sethi yezibani ezingemuva eziwuphawu lwemidwebo kaMurillo.
Ingabonakala odwendweni, olwalupendwe nge-brushstroke elula kakhulu, ecishe ibe yimidwebo edwetshiwe, futhi izibalo zezibukeli ezingaphambili zifana nezimo ezisethunzini futhi ukukhanya esenzweni sodwendwe kugqame.
Imidwebo kaMurillo yeBandla lamaCapuchins
Eminye imidwebo kaMurillo yenziwa ngo-1644 ukuze ibekwe ezindongeni zeConvent yaseSan Agustín naphakathi kwemisebenzi yobuciko evelele.
Singabala uSanta Augustine ecabanga ngeNcasakazi kanye noKristu Obethelwe, yomibili le misebenzi iyingxenye yePrado Museum futhi yenziwa phakathi kuka-1665 no-1669.
Wajutshwa ukuba enze amakhanvasi ayishumi nesithupha ngezigaba ezimbili zeBandla leCapuchin Convent edolobheni laseSeville, okwakuhloswe ngalo ukuhlobisa i-altare elikhulu.
Ngaphezu kwe-altare emagumbini esonto asemaceleni nasekwayeni yalesi sakhiwo, wayala umdwebo obhekisela ku-Immaculate Conception.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi le midwebo kaMurillo ngo-1836 iba yingxenye yeMnyuziyamu Yezobuciko Ezinhle edolobheni laseSeville, ngaphandle kweJubilee yasePortiuncula, eseMnyuziyamu waseWallraf-Richartz eCologne.
Ngokuphathelene nabangcwele abafakwe kule midwebo kaMurillo lapho izibalo zingabonakala ngababili, kunjalo ngeSan Leandro neSan Buenaventura.
Njengaleyo yabangcwele uJusta noRufina abayisici salo mdwebi ngenxa yemibala egqamile kanye nemvelo angena ngayo ezithombeni eziseseyili.
Zombili lezi zibalo zibonisa imizwa emihle, ebhekene ne-melancholy, mayelana nomsebenzi wobuciko we-Sevillian Saints, ngezinto ezithile zobumba ezibonisa ubuciko bazo njengababumbi.
Singaphinde sikhulume nge-Giralda njengenkomba yokuzamazama komhlaba kwe-1504 lapho, ngokusho kwesiko, bavimbela ukuwa kwayo ngokugona isithombe.
Nokho, ukuba khona kwe-altare ethempelini lezenkolo kubhekisela enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini endala lapho ongcwele abulawelwa khona ukholo, kubhekiselwa kuSan Leandro futhi.
Lapho ukhanvasi wakhe wawuyindlu yezindela yayakhiwe ngaphambi kokunqotshwa kwamaSulumane esizweni saseSpain futhi manje yadluliselwa eSan Buenaventura.
Ngakho umdwebi wamveza njengendoda enentshebe ngoba umsebenzi wawusendaweni yezindela zaseCapuchin kanye nemodeli yesiGoth ukuze ifanekisele ubudala bendaba exoxwa ekhanvasi.
Kunemidwebo kaMurillo enikezelwe kwabangcwele bakaFrancisca, okuhlanganisa iSan Antonio de Padua kanye neSan Cantalicio, kodwa sizobhekisela eSan Francisco eyamukela uKristu esiphambanweni, okungenye yemisebenzi emele kakhulu yalo mdwebi omkhulu waseSevillian.
Ukuthambile kokukhanya kanye nengxube yemibala kuvezwa kule seyili evumelanisa umkhuba wamaFrancisca nesizinda esiluhlaza somsebenzi.
Ngaphezu komzimba onqunu kaKristu, ukuqinisa imibono yenganekwane yalo santa ngaphandle kwedrama emsebenzini.
Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kobuciko komdwebi kungabonakala kwenye iseyili enesihloko esithi, Ukudumisa Kwabelusi, eyapendwe ukuze ibekwe e-altare lendlu yesonto eseceleni.
Uma uyiqhathanisa nezinye izinguqulo zesihloko esifanayo, injalo indaba yaleyo etholakala eMnyuziyamu yasePrado eyaqala ngonyaka we-1650.
I-brushstroke elula ibonakala ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kokukhanya ukuvumela indawo enkulu ngokusetshenziswa kokukhanyisa ngemuva, okuqhathanisa ne-chiaroscuro kanye nokukhululeka okuncane kwemidwebo yokuqala ka-Murillo.
Omunye wemidwebo emihle kaMurillo owabizwa ngumdwebi Ikhanvasi yakho futhi lapho abonisa khona ubuhlakani bakhe obukhulu emdwebeni we-baroque waseSpain usochungechungeni olunikezelwe ku-Tomás de Villanueva owayekade engum-Augustinian futhi osanda kwenziwa uPapa Alexander VII abe ngcwele.
NjengoMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseValencia, enye yezimfanelo zakhe kwakuwumoya wakhe wokucela, ogqanyiswa kuseyili ngokumzungeza ngenani elikhulu lezinxibi.
Abasiza bezungeza itafula phezu kwalo nencwadi evuliwe abeyifunda kodwa wayishiya khona ukuze asize laba bantu ngoba isayensi yezenkolo ayisizi ngaphandle kosizo.
Lesi sigameko sivezwa egumbini elipholile elinezakhiwo zakudala kanye nokujula okukhulu ngenxa yezikhala ezikhanyisiwe kanye nomdlalo awenzayo wokusetshenziswa kwethunzi.
Ikholomu enkulu ingabonakala ukuthi izibani ezingemuva endizeni ephakathi zenza ukukhanya okukhanyayo okuzungeze ikhanda likasanta futhi ukuphakama kwakhe kukhulu kakhulu ngenxa yesinxibi esikhubazekile esiguqe phambi kwesithombe sikasanta.
Ucwaningo lomhlane ongenalutho lufakazelwa kanye nobuso babakhongi abahlengiwe, kuqale ngekhehla eligobile elisondeza isandla salo.
Simbuka ekhombisa ukungakholwa isalukazi esimbheke ngeso elibi, kanye nomfana olinda ngesineke enxusa.
Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa umfana osekhoneni elingezansi kwesokunxele lalo msebenzi wobuciko futhi ugqama ngenxa yokukhanya kwangemuva okwenziwe umdwebi obonisa unina izinhlamvu zemali azitholile kungcwele injabulo echichimayo ebusweni bakhe.
Siyanazisa ukuthi i-Brotherhood of Charity, ngokwamasiko adluliselwa ngomlomo, yasungulwa ngekhulu le-1578 isakhamuzi uPedro Martínez, owayengumqaphi wesonto lombhishobhi futhi indawo yokungcwaba yalabo ababulawa yayilapho, eyaqala ngo-XNUMX.
Ngesikhathi abazalwane bephethe ukuqasha iChapel of Saint George to the Crown, eyayiseRoyal Sheds, umthetho wokuqala walobu buzalwane, owokungcwaba abafileyo, wabekwa khona.
Kubalulekile ukuthi nazi ukuthi ngonyaka ka-1640 leli sonto lase liyincithakalo futhi abakwaBrothers of Charity bathatha isinqumo sokulidiliza ukuze kuqalwe ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esisha okwathatha cishe iminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu ukuqedwa.
Isifo sonyaka ka-1649 savumela lo msebenzi ukuba uvuselelwe futhi ngenxa yemali engenayo yomvikeli onesamba esikhulu semali evumela ukuqhubeka komsebenzi.
Njengoba ocebile uMiguel Mañara wayeyinzalo yomndeni wabathengisi bomdabu waseCorsican, ukukhethwa njengomfowabo omdala we-oda ngo-1663 kwavumela isakhiwo ukuba siqedwe.
Indawo yokugcina impahla ye-Atarazanas egunjini labagulela ukufa nayo yahlanganiswa nalesi sakhiwo ngaphezu kwezinguquko ze-Brotherhood of Charity eyayinenjongo yokusiza abangenamakhaya.
Banike ukudla endaweni yokukhoseliswa eyayizoguqulwa ibe yisibhedlela ukuze bakwazi ukubelapha futhi bacoshe abagulayo abalahlwe emigwaqweni njengoba bethwalwa emahlombe eBrothers of Charity.
Ngenxa yomnikelo kaMañara wezezimali kanye nentshisekelo yakhe ekwenzeni uhlelo olwaluhambisana nenkulumo ye-Brotherhood of Charity, wayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhetha abaculi ababezonikeza ukuphila kwezindonga zalezi zakhiwo, njengabadwebi uMurillo noValdés. Leal.
Maqondana nezakhiwo, wakhetha uBernardo Simón de Pineda kanye nokubaza umdwebi uPedro Roldán. Ngenxa yalokhu, irekhodi lomhlangano owawubanjwe ubuzalwane be-Charity lenziwa ngo-July 13, 1670, elingatholakala encwadini ethi Cabildos Book. enikeza ulwazi mayelana nokwakwenziwa.
“…uhlongoze uNro. IMeya yaseHermano uMiguel de Mañara njengoba eqede umsebenzi we-nra. Isonto futhi kwafakwa kulo ubukhulu nobuhle obungabonwa ama-hieroglyphs ayisithupha…”
«... lokho kuchaza imisebenzi eyisithupha yeSihe, eseyishiyile ukungcwaba abafileyo, okuyiyona eyinhloko ye-no. Isikhungo se-Main Chapel…”
Mayelana nama-hieroglyphics okukhulunywe ngawo esiqeshini esedlule, abhekisela emisebenzini kaMercy futhi ahlonze imidwebo eyisithupha ka-Murillo eyayilenga ezindongeni zeBandla ngaphansi kokhoni.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi wazi ukuthi emine yale midwebo yebiwa nguMarshal Soult ngesikhathi seMpi Yokuzimela.
Ngayinye yalezi ibhekisela emisebenzini yesihe, njengeThe Healing of the Paralytic, eseNational Gallery eLondon futhi ibhekisela ekuvakasheleni abagulayo.
Omunye umdwebo uSaint Peter owakhululwa yiNgelosi useSaint Petersburg eMnyuziyamu waseHermitage futhi uhambisana nokuhlenga abathunjwa.
Ilandelwa omunye umsebenzi wobuciko onesihloko esithi Multiplication of the Loaves and Fishes ekhuluma ngokuphakela abalambile futhi ikumnyuziyamu efanayo eSaint Petersburg.
Omunye wemidwebo kaMurillo enesihloko esithi, Ukubuya KweNdodana Yolahleko, obhekisela kwesinye isenzo sesihe sokugqokisa abanqunu, useNational Gallery eWashington.
Kuleli zwe kuneminye imisebenzi emibili edolobheni lase-Ottawa evela e-National Gallery, ebhekise ku-Dar Posada al Peregrino enesihloko esithi Abraham and the three Angels.
Omunye umsebenzi uMose wokugeleza kwamanzi edwaleni laseHorebe, okubhekisela esenzweni somusa esinjengokunikeza amanzi kowomileyo. Umcwaningi uCeán Bermúdez uphawula ngale midwebo emihle ka-Murillo:
“… uzokwazi ukubuka ngemuva komuntu ofe uhlangothi echibini ukuthi wayewuqonda kanjani ukwakheka komzimba womuntu. Ngokuphathelene nezingelosi ezintathu ezibonakala ku-Abrahama, isilinganiso somuntu…”
“…izikhulu zabalingiswa, ukubonakaliswa komoya emifanekisweni yendodana yolahleko… uzobona kule midwebo emihle kakhulu imithetho yokuqanjwa eyenziwe…”
"... yombono kanye ne-optics... yabonisa izimfanelo ezinhle nezinkanuko zenhliziyo yomuntu..."
Kubalulekile ukuthi uqonde mayelana nochungechunge lwemidwebo ka-Murillo ehlobene ne-Mercy ehlanganyele neqembu lezithombe eziqoshiwe ze-Entombment of Christ.
Owenziwa nguPedro Roldán omele umsebenzi oyinhloko wokupha we-Brotherhood of Charity, wokungcwaba abafileyo, wathatha i-altare elikhulu.
Ngemva kwale misebenzi yobuciko, ubuzalwane beCharity bakhansela eminye imidwebo ka-Murillo noValdés Leal ngo-1672, futhi baqeda ingqikithi yangaphambili ngokuhambisana nesithakazelo somvikeli oyinhloko wobuzalwane, uMiguel de Mañara.
Mayelana nemidwebo emibili ka-Murillo, uhlongoza izenzo ze-Brothers of Charity ukuze zikuhlonze, njengomsebenzi wobuciko ka-Saint John of God kanye no-Saint Elizabeth wase-Hungary welapha abaphethwe ama-ringworm Yomibili le misebenzi isethempelini lezenkolo.
Babonisa ukusetshenziswa kwesisa. Uma kwakudingekile ukulayisha abantu abangenakuzisiza emadodeni akhe njengoba kwenza uJohane oNgcwele kaNkulunkulu noma ukuhlanza amanxeba ngaphandle kokuphendula ubuso bakhe.
Isibonelo sikasanta waseHungary kanye nemidwebo kaMurillo incazelo engokoqobo yamanxeba emzimbeni wabagulayo yayimelwe ngemvelo ephelele.
Ngalokho wagxekwa ngokukwazi ukuhlanganisa i-sublime ne-vulgar ngenkathi lo mdwebo udluliselwa eParis ngamasosha aseFrance ezimpini phakathi kwamazwe amabili.
Imidwebo Yenkundla Yezenkolo
Kuneminye imidwebo ka-Murillo maqondana nezithombe zenkolo ezibaluleke kakhulu ukusho kulesi sihloko esithakazelisayo, ngakho sikumema ukuthi ufunde mayelana ngamunye wabo.
Mayelana ne-Immaculate Conception
Emidwebeni ka-Murillo kunemisebenzi yobuciko ecishe ibe ngamashumi amabili ehlobene nalesi sihloko se-Immaculate Conception, inani eladlula u-José Antolínez kuphela, ngenxa yalesi sizathu waziwa njengomdwebi we-Immaculate Conception.
Kuphawulwe ukuthi eyokuqala yale midwebo ka-Murillo ebhekisela kulesi sithombe sesithonjana ibhekisela ku-Great Conception eseMnyuziyamu Yezobuciko Ezinhle edolobheni lase-Seville.
Yayipendiwe nge-oda likaFrancisca futhi yafakwa ekhothameni lendlu yesonto enkulu, ngakho-ke ukuphakama okufanele kubhekwe kuyo kuyachazwa ngakho-ke isibalo se-corpulent salo msebenzi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kusukela ngonyaka we-1650 ngenxa yesu lomculi we-brush.
Kulo msebenzi, nguyena ophethe ukwephula izibalo, enikeza i-Immaculate Conception nge-dynamism kanye nomuzwa wokukhuphuka ngokunyakaza okubonwa e-cape of the Virgin. Ugqoke ingubo emhlophe kanye nengubo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka embonweni wePutukezi Beatriz de Silva.
Okukhunjulwe nguPacheco emiyalweni ye-iconography kodwa uMurillo wenza emisha kuphela washiya inyanga ngaphansi kwezinyawo zakhe futhi emafwini izingelosi eziwubuntwana zingabonakala ngokuphathelene nesizinda sezwe yi-strip emfushane kakhulu futhi enenkungu.
Enye i-canvas yesibili yalokhu kuvezwa nayo yenzelwe i-oda likaFrancisca, ababengabavikeli abakhulu bemfihlakalo, benza isithombe sikaFray Juan de Quirós ngonyaka we-1652.
Lapha kuvela i-friar ivezwe ngaphambi kwesithombe se-Immaculate Conception ezungezwe yizingelosi ezifika nezimpawu ezikhuluma ngama-litanies, ngakho uphazamisa ukubhala kwakhe ukuze akwazi ukubuka ababukeli bomsebenzi.
Uhlezi phambi kwetafula lapho kubonakala khona izincwadi ezimbili eziwugqinsi aziloba ehlonipha iNcasakazi uMariya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingemuva lesihlalo somfundisi ligqize ngomngcele wegolide ohlaka umfanekiso obonisa ukuthi umfundisi uphambi kwakhe. isithombe se Immaculate.
Njengoba iwumdwebo ongaphakathi komunye umdwebo odwetshwe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamakholomu kanye nemihlobiso yezimbali, iNcasakazi iphinde ibe nezandla zayo esifubeni.
Ukubuka kwakhe kuphakanyiselwe esibhakabhakeni, lesi sithombe kuyisona azosenza kabusha emidwebeni eminingi ka-Murillo mayelana nezinguqulo zalo msebenzi wobuciko.
Mayelana ne-Immaculate Conception ayidwebela iSonto LaseSanta María la Blanca, ihlotshaniswa ne-Ekaristi, eyingxenye eyisisekelo emfundisweni yeSonto LamaKatolika elondoloza uMariya esonweni.
Kufanele wazi ukuthi ngaphambi kokukwazi ukungena ku-Drawing Academy, abadwebi baseSevillian kwakudingeka benze isifungo sokwethembeka kuSakramente Elingcwele kanye neMfundiso Yokukhumbula Okumsulwa.
Kulo mfanekiso we-Murillo izimfanelo zayo zibhekwa ngokukhethekile ngonyaka we-1660 lapho kwenziwa khona i-Immaculate Conception ye-El Escorial, namuhla e-Prado Museum, ingenye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu ezenziwe ngumdwebi.
Ukuze enze lo mdwebo omuhle, wasebenzisa imodeli yentsha ebonisa ubusha obuningi kunezinye izinguqulo zakhe kanye nephrofayili ephikisayo yeNcasakazi enekepisi elingavele likhishwe emzimbeni.
Ngaphezu kokuvumelana kwemibala evamile eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomhlophe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamafu esiliva ngaphansi kokukhanya okusagolide okuncane okuzungeza indawo ezungezile yomfanekiso we-Immaculate.
Kuzoba yizici ezizoba yinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba kwezinye izinguqulo zale ntombi nto, eyokugcina yalezi zinguqulo yileyo enesihloko esithi Immaculate Conception of the Venerables.
Yaziwa ngegama le-Inmaculada Soult e-Prado Museum, eyenziwe ngo-1678 ngumvikeli u-Justino de Neve kwelinye lama-altare amakhulu eSibhedlela de los Venerables.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umdwebo unobukhulu obukhulu kuyilapho iNcasakazi incane ngoba izungezwe inqwaba yezingelosi ezincane ezizungeza ngenjabulo nxazonke zayo, zibe isandulela senhlangano entsha, iRococo.
Lo msebenzi wobuciko kaMurillo webiwa eSpain nguMarshal Soult wabe usutholwa yiLouvre Museum ngo-1852 ngamafranc egolide angu-586.000, okungenye yezintengo eziphakeme kakhulu ezake zakhokhwa ngomsebenzi wobuciko.
Bese ibuyela esizweni saseSpain futhi ivikelwe eMnyuziyamu wasePrado ngenxa yesivumelwano esasayinwa phakathi kohulumeni ababili, iFrance neSpain, ngo-1940.
Ngenxa yalokhu, i-Lady of Elche kanye neminye imisebenzi yobuciko yashintshaniswa ngomdwebo wesithombe sikaMariana wase-Austria owenziwe nguVelázquez, owawuphethwe yiPrado Museum futhi wawubhekwa njengenguqulo yokuqala yalo mdwebo.
Baby uJesu kanye noJohane oNgcwele
Omunye wemidwebo kaMurillo ayevame ukuyenza ibhekisela eNcasakazini eneNtwana eyedwa noma esemzimbeni ogcwele, ayemancane ngosayizi njengoba ayeqokelwe izikhala zokukhulekela kwangasese futhi ngokuphathelene nemisebenzi egcinwe nguye , iminyaka 1650-1660.
Indlela ye-chiaroscuro iyaqashelwa futhi naphezu kokuzinikela kwakhe ubonisa ukuthanda ubuhle besifazane ngomqondo wemvelo ohambisana nomusa ocishe ube njengowengane ngenxa yethonya lomdwebi wase-Italy ogama lakhe lingu-Raphael ahlangana naye ngenxa yemibhalo eqoshiwe.
Lapho kubonakala khona amamodeli wentsha emincane yeZintombi nto ngaphezu kwenkulumo ebucayi ebusweni babo bomama eyenza ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izimpawu kungadingeki ngaphezu kwethonya lomdwebo waseFlemish.
Lokho kwabonwa ezingutsheni futhi phakathi kwalezo ezingavezwa yiNcasakazi Yerosari Nomntwana oseMnyuziyamu wasePrado.
Ngaphezu kweNcasakazi Enomntwana Wesigodlo SasePitti lapho kubhekwa khona ukubonakaliswa kwethenda kweNcasakazi kanye nokumamatheka okudlalayo Komntwana lapho izinhlobonhlobo zemithunzi ebomvana neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zixutshwa njengesibikezelo somnyakazo omusha wobuciko. , i-rococo.
Njengale midwebo ka-Murillo, isithakazelo sakhe kweminye imisebenzi yobuciko ehambisana nomjikelezo kaKristu wosana sabonwa, njenge-Flight into Egypt esedolobheni laseDetroit e-Institute of Arts.
Singasho futhi ngeSagrada Familia eseMnyuziyamu yasePrado nezinye izinguqulo zayo ezimbili eDerbyshire naseChatsworth House.
UMurillo wayenesithakazelo ezicini zobuntwana zikaKristu kanye nemizwelo yomdwebo we-Spanish Baroque ibonakala kweminye imidwebo ka-Murillo, njengoMntwana uJesu elele esiphambanweni noma ebusisa uMbhapathizi esemncane noma ebizwa ngokuthi iSan Juanito.
Singasho inguqulo evikelwe kuMnyuziyamu wasePrado, ethathwa njengomsebenzi wakamuva yilo mculi futhi yaqala ngo-1675, ingenye eyaziwa kakhulu, eyadwetshwa nge-brushstroke ewuketshezi kungemuva lesiliva lamaphrofayili abathola imfucumfucu. .
Mayelana Nesihloko Somalusi Omuhle umculi wethu asesitolikile kakade, usebenzisa inguqulo yezingane ayiqambe emisebenzini yobuciko emithathu, mhlawumbe endala kunazo zonke kusukela ngonyaka we-1660 isePrado Museum.
Okumelela ingane enemvu elahlekile enethoni yokudangala nokuzinikela, ehlezi ngemuva kwesizinda sezwe eliyincithakalo.
Enye inguqulo yemidwebo kaMurillo igqamisa uJesu emi ehola umhlambi futhi itholakala edolobheni laseLondon eLane Collection lapho kungase kubonakale indawo yokwelusa, ngaphezu kobuso boMntwana obubheke esibhakabhakeni, buzuza ngokuzwakalayo.
Ekugcineni kukhona eyaseSan Juanito kanye newundlu elisedolobheni laseLondon eNational Gallery lapho uJuan uMbhapathizi omncane ebonakala emamatheka.
Ngenkathi egone iwundlu, ngeke sehluleke ukubalula i-Los Niños de la Concha, nayo eseMnyuziyamu yasePrado futhi ikhumbula ngeSan Juanito kanye no-Niño Jesús abadlalayo okuhlobene nokuzinikela futhi kuwumsebenzi wezithombe odume kakhulu. .
Izihloko ezibhekise kuPassion
Emidwebeni kaMurillo ungabona izigcawu ezihlobene nokufelwa ukholo, njenge-Martyrdom of Saint Andrew, egcinwe eMnyuziyamu wasePrado, nakuba izithombe ezibhekisela ekuzinikeleni njengePassion of Christ zivamile.
Esinye sezihloko eziphindaphindiwe kakhulu sibhekisela ku-Ecce Homo eyedwa noma njengebhangqa neNkosazana Yethu Yosizi, ngokusho kwamamodeli enziwe u-Titian futhi avame ukubonwa emisebenzini yobuciko ehlukahlukene etholakala kuMnyuziyamu wasePrado.
Futhi ubude obuyingxenye njengoba butholakala e-Heckscher Museum eNew York ephakathi kweminyaka engu-1660 kuya ku-1670. Kukhona neminye imidwebo ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba njengeTexas eMnyuziyamu Wezobuciko kanye nasedolobheni laseBoston eMnyuziyamu. Wezobuciko Ezinhle.
Singabala uMnyuziyamu Wezobuciko Ezinhle eSeville kanye neNyuvesi yase-Illinois e-Urbana-Champaign engeyona eyevangeli.
Kodwa ikhuluma ngezindaba ezingcwele ezibalulekile eSontweni LamaKatolika ngenxa yokuchaza kwalo, lapho uMhlengi ebonakala engenakuzisiza futhi elimele ngokuphelele.
Lapho eqoqa khona izingubo ezihlakazekile ekamelweni eyisibonelo sokuthobeka kanye nobumnene. Omunye wemidwebo kaMurillo ohlobene nalesi sihloko ubhekisa kuKristu Wekholomu eduze kukaSaint Peter ngezinyembezi.
Okusho intethelelo futhi yenzelwe iCanon Justino de Neve. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezicebile ezisetshenziselwa ukusekelwa zivelele, namuhla okwaziwa njengeshidi le-obsidian elethwe lisuka esizweni saseMexico.
Lesi siqeshana sishiwo ohlwini lwezimpahla zikaJustino de Neve ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe, ngaphezu koMthandazo Engadini owawupendwe kule nto efanayo.
Atholwe endalini ngudokotela ohlinzayo uJuan Salvador Navarro futhi esuka kuye waya eNicolás Omazur futhi namuhla aseLouvre Museum.
Mayelana Nohlobo Lwenhlamba
Mayelana nemidwebo ka-Murillo, kunemikhiqizo yobuciko ecishe ibe ngamashumi amabili nanhlanu ehlobene nalolu hlobo lapho kungase kubonakale khona imisebenzi yobuciko ehlobene nezindikimba zezingane. Kufanele wazi ukuthi eziningi zalezi zihloko zilethwe eSpain ngabathengisi baseFlemish ababehlala e-Seville.
Phakathi kwala makhasimende kwakukhona uNicolás de Omazur, owayengumqoqi obalulekile wemisebenzi yomdwebi owayeya emakethe yaseNordic. Phakathi kwamanye awo kukhona Izingane Ezidlala Idayisi etholakala e-Alte Pinakothek edolobheni laseMunich.
Kuyabonakala emidwebeni kaMurillo ukuthi abalingiswa bakhe yizingane eziyizinxibi noma imindeni ethobekile egqoke izingubo ezicishe zaba amanikiniki kodwa eziphambene nenjabulo ezikuyo ngaleso sikhathi ezivezwe ngazo.
Isibonelo salokhu nguMntwana ogxile ekuhlanzeni amazeze umzimba wakhe oseMnyuziyamu waseLouvre, okuthi ngokwendlela yakhe yokusingatha lolu hlelo kubhekwe ukuthi kusukela ngonyaka we-1665 kuya ku-1675.
Kubona kubonwa indlela umoya wobungane ohlale ukulungele ukudlala ngayo, njengoba sibuka umntwana ephethe uqweqwe lwesinkwa futhi ephazanyiswa inja encane edlala ngesikhathi esisodwa phakathi kwemilenze yakhe kuyilapho ugogo ehlanza ikhanda lakhe ezintwaleni futhi ebhekisela kuyo.