Ngo-1815 ukuqhuma okwesabekayo kweNtaba iTambora (Indonesia) kwenzeka, okungenye yeziqhumane kakhulu emlandweni. Kwashintsha isimo sezulu seNyakatho Nenkabazwe Yomhlaba ukukhiqiza uchungechunge lwemiphumela emibi eminyakeni elandelayo.
Izimo eziningi ze-geological zenzeka ngokuqhubekayo engxenyeni ngayinye yeplanethi yethu, kodwa ezimbalwa zalezi zisithakazelisa njengokubonakaliswa kwentaba-mlilo. Amafu amakhulu ahlasela isibhakabhaka esishisayo, udaka olukhazimulayo olugeleza ngokungenakuvinjelwa, izigcawu ngezinye izikhathi ezisankondlo nezikhuthazayo zezinye izikhathi.
I-Mount Tambora idinga ukunakwa kwethu kancane
Isikhathi esidlule sigcwele imithombo ekhumbula ukuqhuma okubhubhisayo, okubhalwe ngokuqondile emlandweni wezenzakalo ezimangalisa kakhulu emlandweni wesintu. Ngokwesibonelo IVesuvius ngo-79 AD, eKrakatoa ngo-1883, noma iSaint Helens ngo-1980. Izehlakalo ezinendawo yazo emqondweni wesintu ngenxa yomthelela ezibe nazo, kodwa akuzona zonke izehlakalo ezimakiwe futhi ezinye ezifanele ukwenziwa. Njengesibonelo, icala esikhuluma ngalo namuhla.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuncane kakhulu okushiwoyo mayelana Ukuqhuma kweNtaba iTambora ngo-1815, okwenzeka esiqhingini saseSumbawa (e-Indonesia) futhi izazi eziningi zentaba-mlilo zibhekwa njengengozi enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni noma, okungenani, enkulu kunazo zonke kusukela esikhathini sokugcina seqhwa, esaphela eminyakeni engaphezu kwe-10.000 edlule. Wayene-explosive index (VEI) ye-7 kwezingu-8. Lokho kushiwo ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha.
Ukuqhuma kukaTambora ngo-1815 kwathatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga ezi-3
I-Tambora iyi-stratovolcano, okungukuthi, intaba-mlilo eyasuka ekuqongeleleni okuqhubekayo kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kwe-lava eqinile, umlotha, namadwala. I-Stratovolcanoes, noma izintaba-mlilo ze-cone, ziyizakhiwo ezakhiwe ngokuphakama kwamazinga amaningi odaka kanye nemfucumfucu eqinile.
Itholakala e-Indonesia, esiqhingini (semvelaphi yentaba-mlilo) saseSumbawa. I-volcano, ngemva kokuvuka ekuthuleni, okungukuthi, esimweni sokungasebenzi kwesikhashana, yaqala uchungechunge lwezimo ezinobudlova ngo-April 5, 1815, olwathatha, esigabeni esibi kakhulu, izinsuku ezinhlanu, kodwa lwaphela ngokuphelele ngemva kwenkathi engaphezu kwezinyanga ezintathu.
Ukuqhuma kokuqala kwezwakala emakhulwini amakhilomitha
Ukuqhuma kokuqala okukhulu, okwenzeka ngo-April 5, kwezwakala emakhulwini amakhilomitha futhi kwakhipha intuthu nomlotha ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-30 ukuphakama. Izikhulu ze-Dutch East India Company, ngaleso sikhathi ezaziphethe izindawo ze-archipelago, Eqiniseka ukuthi ayezwile ukudubula kwezikhali esitheni esingaziwa, ahlomisa amabutho awo. Ngosuku olulandelayo kuphela, futhi ngemva kokuqaphela isibhakabhaka esimnyama-nomlotha kanye nemvula yamadwala alingana ne-grapefruit, lapho babona khona ukuba khona kwesitha esesabekayo kakhulu.
ngolwandle nesibhakabhaka
Ukuqhuma kwesibili, okwenzeka ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, kwakhiqiza ikholomu eqhumayo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-40, okwathi ngesikhashana nje yathululela emithambekeni yentaba-mlilo ngokuhambisana nokugeleza okuyinhlekelele kwezinto ezimangalisayo namagesi e-incandescent (okuthiwa ukugeleza kwe-pyroclastic) . Ukugeleza kodaka, ama-tsunami abangelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba okuhambisana nokuqhuma, kanye nemvula yomlotha ne-pumice yasusa yonke imibuso eziqhingini zase-Indonesia ebusweni bomhlaba. Imithombo ilinganisela inani lokufa kwabantu abangaphezu kuka-10,000 ngenxa yokuqhuma kukodwa. yaseTambora, kodwa isibalo sikhula sibe ngaphezu kuka-100,000 uma sicabangela imiphumela yomonakalo, indlala nezifo ezikhungethe i-Indonesia esikhathini esalandela. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lokuma komhlaba lunikeza ukuqhuma kweTambora amaphuzu angu-7 (kwangu-8) kunkomba ye-VEI.
Imiphumela yokuqhuma kweTambora
Inani lezinto ezikhishwe ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kwaba kangangokuba lanciphisa ukuvela kwemisebe yelanga, noma ngokwesayensi, imisebe yelanga, ebusweni bomhlaba, okubangela ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni. Ngonyaka olandelayo, i-1816, wabizwa ngokuthi unyaka ongenalo ihlobo ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi.. Imiphumela emibi enyakatho nenkabazwe yayiminingi.
Eyokuqala neqondile kakhulu ngokusobala kwakuyimiphumela esimweni sezulu esibangele izehlakalo zesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu: isithwathwa esikhanyayo, ukukhithika okukhulu kweqhwa ezindaweni ezingalindelekile, izimvula ezinamandla lapho bekungafanele zibe khona, izikhukhula. Lokhu kungahlotshaniswa nezinye izenzakalo zemvelo nazo eziye zaba nemiphumela elimazayo emlandweni, njenge ama-tsunami nokuzamazama komhlaba ezibe nomthelela ezifundeni ezahlukene.
Izinhlekelele zidlulela ngale kwemvelo
Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kwadala umonakalo emnothweni. Ikakhulukazi, kwehle ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo. Ukuthola isikhathi esifanele sokuhlwanyela kwaba inkimbinkimbi, akuzona zonke izitshalo ezakhula futhi zahluma emazingeni okushisa aphansi, izenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu zalimaza izitshalo. Ukwehla kokukhiqizwa kwezolimo kwadala izinkinga emkhakheni wezootechnical futhi ukuzalanisa kwaba nenzuzo encane ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwefolishi okuphansi kanye nokunciphisa ukuphila kwezilwane emazingeni okushisa abandayo. Ukuntuleka kokudla ngenxa yalokho Ngakho-ke kwakuyinkinga enkulu eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu, lapho izinkinga zempilo nenhlanzeko ezinjengokungondleki kahle nezifo zasakazeka khona. Lokhu-ke kwadala ukunganeliseki okuningi.
Tambora kanye nobudlelwano bayo noNapoleon
Phakathi kwemiphumela ehlukahlukene, ukunqotshwa kukaNapoleon e-Waterloo kungase kuhileleke, ngandlela-thile kuxhunywe nezimvula ezinamandla ezilandela ukuqhuma kweTambora nezinye izintaba-mlilo. Izimvula zashintsha izinkundla zempi zaba amaxhaphozi amakhulu okwakwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukulwa kwabagibeli bamahhashi nezikhali.
Ngamafuphi, ukuqhuma kweTambora, ngaphezu komonakalo owenziwe ezingeni lesifunda, kwadala izinguquko zesimo sezulu zesikhashana ezadala umonakalo omkhulu emnothweni wamazwe asenyakatho nenkabazwe. Izinkinga zezomnotho zahunyushelwa ezinkingeni zezenhlalo nezepolitiki zazo kuholele ekugelezeni okukhulu kokufuduka, ukungezwani nokuvukela okukhulise izinkinga esezivele zikhona ohlakeni oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-geopolitical yangaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke isenzakalo esingokwemvelo salobu bukhulu singaqalisa izinguquko eziningi ezincane, okwathi phakathi namashumi eminyaka, zabonakala zibe amathayela ku-branching mosaic yomlando.