KuneMithombo Yamandla eminingana emhlabeni, lapho abantu, njengoba bethuthuka olwazini lobuchwepheshe obusha bokuxhashazwa kwabo, bakwazile ukusizakala ngayo. Njengamanje Imithombo Eyinhloko Yamandla isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi ikakhulukazi. La mandla aguqulwa abe amandla kagesi asetshenziswa isintu ngezindlela ezahlukene. Funda mayelana Nemithombo Eyinhloko Yamandla ekhona.
Imithombo yamandla
Umthombo wamandla omkhulu kunayo yonke futhi oyinhloko otholakala eMhlabeni ukhiqizwa yiLanga Le nkanyezi yiyona eqala ukuhwamuka kwamanzi angaphezulu, ukukhanya kwamahora osuku nokushisa komhlaba, ukwakheka kwezibani zasenyakatho , yimbangela yokusabela kwamakhemikhali ezitshalweni ukuze kukhiqizwe umoya-mpilo nomoya-mpilo noshukela wokudla okunomsoco kwezitshalo kanye nezidalwa eziphilayo ezingaphefumula. Ngokufanayo, iwumthombo ongaqondile weminye imithombo yamandla njengamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, njengamafutha namalahle akhiwe ekuguquleni amandla ezinsalela zezilwane nemifino phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka.
Ngokomthetho wendawo yonke wokongiwa kwamandla, amandla awadalwanga futhi awabhujiswa, ayaguqulwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, uma amandla edingeka, kufanele atholakale emzimbeni othile noma entweni egcinwe noma egcinwe futhi engaguqulwa. Lezi zindikimba noma izinto zibizwa ngokuthi Imithombo Yamandla. Ngokwalokhu okungenhla, noma iyiphi isistimu yemvelo noma yokwenziwa lapho amandla ayo angaguqulwa khona ibizwa ngokuthi uMthombo Wamandla.
Amanani asetshenziswayo avela kule mithombo yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi insiza yamandla. Eplanethini enguMhlaba, imithombo yamandla itholakala ngobuningi obukhulu, okunye kokuphazamiseka okufanele isintu sikuxazulule ukulahlwa nokuguqulwa kwazo ngendlela enengqondo, ukugwema ukuxhashazwa kwazo ngokweqile.
Imithombo Yamandla Esetshenziswa kakhulu yileyo egxilisa inani elikhulu lamandla (inani elikhulu lamandla ngeyunithi ngayinye yesisindo). Le mithombo yamandla egxilile ngamalahle, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, phakathi kokunye. Ngokungafani nale Mithombo Yamandla, kunezinye izindikimba ezikhipha amandla asakazayo ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukukuthola nokugxilisa ingqondo, njengamandla elanga namandla omoya.
Ukuxhashazwa kweMithombo Yamandla equkethwe, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaphezu kokukhipha amandla aqukethwe, izinto ezingcoliswe ukungcola ziyakhishwa, indawo yediphozithi lapho Umthombo Wamandla utholakala khona, ubunzima kanye nokulula kwamandla okukhipha, ukuqhubeka kwezobuchwepheshe, izici ezithinta ngokuqondile noma ezibeka utshalomali ukuze kukhishwe amandla kanjalo nezindleko zokuxhashazwa.
Ubunzima bokusetshenziswa kwamandla okusabalalisa akuwona ukukhishwa kwala mandla kodwa ukugxila kwawo, ukugcinwa nokuguqulwa. Izinto eziguquguqukayo ezithinta izindleko zomnotho zokujabulela amandla okusabalalisa agxiliswe emithonjeni yamandla njengomoya, ilanga, i-tidal, i-hydraulic nokunye.
Ngayinye yala mandla ibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuthile, imithombo ngayinye ingase ishintshwe noma ingashintshwa. Njengoba kunjalo, ukuthola amandla okukhiqiza ugesi. Ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi, ungatholakala kumalahle, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, amanzi, noma i-uranium neminye imithombo yamandla. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngephrojekthi yensimbi, i-uranium ayikwazi ukuthatha indawo yamalahle. Ngokufanayo, izinto zokubasa ezivela ezintweni eziphuma ku-petroleum ezifana nophalafini, uphethiloli, azinakuthathelwa indawo amalahle, izinkuni ne-uranium.
Ukuhlukaniswa
Imithombo Yezamandla ehlukene ingahlukaniswa ngokuya ngezici ezihlukahlukene: ivuseleleka noma ayinakuvuseleleka, kuye ngezehlakalo zayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezomnotho ezweni. Imithombo Yamandla Engapheli ibizwa ngokuthi Imithombo Yamandla Avuselelekayo. Uma ubukhona bunomkhawulo ngemvelo, bubizwa ngokuthi Imithombo Yamandla Engavuselelwa. Ngokwezehlakalo zabo, bahlukaniswa ngokuthi: Imithombo Yamandla Evamile kanye Nemithombo Yamandla Engajwayelekile futhi ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwayo, Imithombo Yamandla yilena: Okuyinhloko noma Yesibili.
- Imithombo Yamandla Avuselelekayo. Ngokusho kokutholakala kwayo namandla ayo, ayipheli ngenxa yokuthi umhlaba uwuthola njalo emisebeni yelanga kanye nangesenzo samandla adonsela phansi eplanethi namanye amaplanethi esimiso sonozungezilanga. Imithombo Yamandla Avuselelekayo yilena: Ilanga, Umoya, I-Hydraulic, i-Tidal kanye ne-Biomass Energy.
- Imithombo Yamandla Angavuselelwa. Ukutholakala kwazo ngokwemvelo kukhawulelwe, ngoba ukuvuselelwa kwazo kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngenxa yalokhu zingaqedwa uma zisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokulawula. Isidingo samanje samandla emhlabeni sihlinzekwa yilolu hlobo lwamandla, njengamalahle, igesi yemvelo, uwoyela kanye ne-uranium.
- Imithombo Yamandla Ejwayelekile, ibizwa ngale ndlela leyo mithombo yamandla ethinta iminikelo yamandla emazweni anezimboni, lapha ungasho leyo mithombo yamandla esetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zomnotho wenhlalonhle, njengalezi: i-nuclear, igesi yemvelo, amandla okusebenzisa amanzi, amalahle, uwoyela. .
- Imithombo Yamandla Engajwayelekile. Le Mithombo Yamandla ihlanganiswa kancane kancane njengoba izinguquko zezobuchwepheshe zishintsha, zibuye zibizwe ngokuthi amandla amasha. Ngenxa yokuthi isesigabeni sokuhlola, ukusetshenziswa kwayo akukakanwetshwa futhi kunomthelela omncane esidingweni samandla samazwe. Isibonelo, amandla elanga, umoya, i-biomass namandla olwandle.
- Imithombo Eyisisekelo Yamandla. Imithombo eyinhloko ivela emvelweni, njengamalahle, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, neminye imithombo. Lo mthombo wamandla ungamandla agciniwe.
- Umthombo Wamandla Wesibili. Abizwa nangokuthi amandla awusizo noma okugcina, futhi atholakala ohlelweni lwezobuchwepheshe lwamandla ayinhloko, okuholela kugesi noma amafutha, igesi yemvelo noma amanye amandla esibili.
amandla wokubacindezela
Umthombo Wamandla Amanzi yiLanga, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amandla okushisa kwelanga, lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ahwamulisa amanzi olwandle nolwandle, asiza ukwakheka kwamafu.Emafwini, umoya oshisayo ophuma olwandle. kuncibilikisa amathonsi amanzi awakhayo bese eguqulwa abe yimvula ebuyela emhlabeni nasezilwandle, ngale ndlela umjikelezo wemvula kanjalo namanzi uyagcwaliseka futhi.
Amandla kagesi akhiqizwa yizimpophoma emadamini okuthi ngamandla azo zinyakaze uchungechunge lwama turbine asiza ukukhiqiza ugesi. Amadamu ayizakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zobunjiniyela be-hydraulic efuna ukuvimba amanzi amaningi emifuleni ngokuzenzela. Lokhu kufezwa ngokuvala indawo engenela amanzi esigodini ngokusebenzisa idikhi noma idamu elivumela ukugcina ukugeleza kwamanzi emfuleni. Amanzi agciniwe asetshenziselwa ukuchelela amasimu ezolimo, ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi okuphuza kanye nokukhiqiza ugesi endaweni ephehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Ukwakhiwa kwalezi zakhiwo ezinama-hydraulic namadamu kunenjongo yokukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Amazwe anemifula eminingi enamanzi amaningi agelezayo, anamandla kagesi ngamanzi futhi akhiqiza ingxenye enkulu kagesi emazweni awo ezimbonini eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ngenxa yezinzuzo zawo zokuba umthombo ovuselelekayo nongapheli ovuselelwa ngokujikeleza ngokwemvelo, izinsalela zawo. ingasetshenziswa kwamanye amaphrojekthi omphakathi.
Kodwa-ke, amandla asebenza ngamanzi anobubi obuthile njengoba engamandla okuhlala kwawo kungancikile kubuchwepheshe obuklanywe umuntu kodwa kunalokho ezicini zemvelo ezingalindelekile njengemijikelezo yemvula futhi, ngenxa yalokho, iminyaka enemvula eningi noma encane ibeka lezi zici zemvelo.
Lezi zitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zivame ukwakhiwa ezindaweni ezikude namadolobhana noma ezindaweni ezihlala abantu, ngenxa yalokhu amandla kagesi akhiqizwayo kufanele adluliselwe ngamanethiwekhi kagesi abizayo. Ngokunjalo, okunye ukonakala umthelela omubi kwezemvelo ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi (indawo yokugcina amanzi kanye nendawo yokuphehla ugesi), lapho kuthinteka khona imigudu yemvelo yemifula, ukulahleka kwezilwane kanye nohlaza endaweni ethintekile, ukuguguleka komhlabathi. ukulahlekelwa , ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi ekupheleni kwamaphrojekthi nokunye.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zimbi, lokhu okulandelayo kunezelwa: izindleko eziphezulu zokutshala izimali zokwakhiwa kwalezi zakhiwo ze-hydraulic, ukukhethwa kwendawo enhle yokwakha, ngakho-ke lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuqhubeka nokwandisa amaphrojekthi ukuze kusetshenziswe lolu hlobo lwamandla. Umthombo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, amandla kagesi asaqhubeka nokuba yiwona asetshenziswa kakhulu eMithonjeni Yamandla Avuselelekayo ukukhiqiza ugesi.
Sebenzisa amandla eSolar
Umthombo oyinhloko wamandla emhlabeni yilanga, la mandla afika emisebeni ye-electromagnetic ekhiqizwa yilanga, ekhiqizwa inqubo yokuhlangana kwe-nuclear. Elangeni, ukusabela kwe-fusion kwenzeka ngaso sonke isikhathi phakathi kwama-athomu e-hydrogen futhi kukhiqize ama-athomu e-helium, kule nqubo kukhishwa inani elikhulu lamandla elanga. La mandla elanga akhululwayo, ingxenye encane kuphela efinyelela phansi, kanti elinye iphesenti lamandla libonakala emkhathini, ngoba umkhathi womhlaba uvimbela ukungena kwawo eMhlabeni.
La mandla elanga afinyelela ebusweni bomhlaba ngezindlela ezimbili, kube yilezi: Ngokusebenzisa imisebe eqondile ukuze kuthinte izinto nokuzikhanyisa ngelanga. Kanye nangemisebe esabalele, okungukuthi, ukubonakaliswa kwemisebe yelanga emuncwa umkhathi woMhlaba nothuli lomkhathi. Imisebe eqondile ingasetshenziswa ngokuqondile futhi esikhundleni sesibili, okungukuthi, imisebe esakazwayo isetshenziswa ngokwengxenye ngokusebenzisa amangqamuzana e-photovoltaic nabaqoqi bamapulangwe.
Izinzuzo zoMthombo weSolar Energy ziningi, phakathi kwazo ukuthi ungumthombo wamandla ongapheli futhi awukwazi ukungcoliswa. Ingasetshenziswa ngokushesha ngoba ayikwazi ukugcinwa, ezinye izinzuzo yilezi:
- Ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla elanga, amaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela benuzi athuthukisiwe ngenhloso yokuklama izinqubo zokugxilisa ingqondo eziwusizo.Amazinga okushisa afinyelela ku-3.000 °C angatholwa kula mandla, okuthi uma esezuziwe angaqala imijikelezo ye-thermodynamic ngemiphumela emihle. .
- Ingasetshenziswa ngokushesha ngoba ayikwazi ukugcinwa, ngakho-ke kufanele iguqulwe ibe amandla okushisa, ugesi kanye ne-biomass.
- Ukuze usebenzise kahle lo Mthombo Wamandla Elanga, kufanele wenziwe ngezinhlelo ezinkulu zokuqoqa futhi ingxenye yezingxenye zayo kanye nezingxenye zibiza izindleko zezomnotho eziphezulu.
- Iwumthombo wamandla ovela ngezikhathi ezithile futhi ongahleliwe.
Nakuba Umthombo Wamandla Elanga ungumthombo wamahhala, ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obukhona njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa kwawo kuyabiza futhi kusesesigabeni sokuqapha nokuhlola. Amaphrojekthi wezobuchwepheshe wokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo lo Mthombo Wamandla wenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili: ngokusebenzisa amandla ashisayo kanye ne-photovoltaic.
- Ngomzila oshisayo, amandla afika emhlabeni evela elangeni aguqulwa abe amandla okushisa, ngamazinga ahlukene okushisa, aphansi, aphakathi nendawo naphezulu.
- Umzila oshisayo uguqulwa ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi. La mandla asetshenziselwa ukuwasebenzisa njengokushisa ezindlini, ukufudumeza izakhiwo zezentengiselwano, kuma-heaters amanzi emachibini okubhukuda nasezikhungweni zokusiza. Ukuze ukwazi ukulahla amandla elanga ngale ndlela, kufanele ube nabaqoqi abaningana abangakwazi ukudonsa imisebe yelanga bese beyidlulisela ngendlela yokushisa, ukuze basekele uhlelo lokushisa. Amazinga okushisa abasebenzisa kuwo amandla elanga acishe abe ngu-35 kuya ku-90 °C, eSpain kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuthatha amandla ashisayo elangeni.
- Umzila oshisayo uguqulwa ezingeni lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo. Izinga lokushisa okuthathwa ngalo la mandla ashisayo lisukela ku-90°C kuya ku-200°C. Ukuze uthwebule amandla ashisayo ezingeni lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo, amathuluzi anjengamaqoqo okugxilisa amandla asetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene: Nge-Cylindrical- parabolic, lokhu kuvumela bamba amandla elanga bese uwathatha ngendlela yokushisa ku-acethermal fluid. Kanye nange-Heliostat, eyakhiwe ngezibuko ezilungisekayo ukuze imisebe efikayo ibonakale endaweni ebomvu. Isetshenziswa ezindaweni zezimboni.
- Umzila oshisayo uguqulelwe kuzinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Lolu shintsho lwenziwa izitshalo ze-thermoelectric. Kwenziwa emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-400 ° C. Lolu hlobo lokufakwa lwenziwe ngendawo enkulu yama-heliostats asekelwa izisekelo ezahlukahlukene ezivumela imisebe yelanga ukuthi ibonakale futhi lokhu kuvumela ukuthi igxile endaweni encane yokuthola.
Leli phuzu lokwamukela lidlulisela imisebe yelanga njengamandla okushisa oketshezini (amanzi, umoya, izinsimbi eziwuketshezi), futhi lizungeza kumjikelezo oyinhloko. Bese iguqulwa ibe umhwamuko wamanzi ukuze idlule ejeneretha yesitimu futhi ijikeleze kusekethe yesibili, lokhu kushayela amaturbine amaningana nama-alternator futhi kukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Lokhu kufakwa kunesivuno esingu-20%.
Ukuguqulwa kwe-Photovoltaic. Lolu hlobo lwesistimu yokuguqula amandla elanga ye-photovoltaic yenziwe isethi yamaseli elanga noma e-photovoltaic afakwe kumaphaneli anomsebenzi wokuguqula amandla elanga abe amandla kagesi. Amandla athwalwa ukukhanya kwelanga afika ngendlela yama-photon.
Lapho la ma-photon eshaya izinto ezithile futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile akhiqiza amandla kagesi. Yilokhu okwaziwa ngokuthi umphumela we-photovoltaic. Lawa maseli e-photovoltaic noma elanga awuchungechunge lwezakhi ezincane ezenziwe nge-semiconductor crystalline material, esekelwe ku-silicon-germanium (Si-Ge). Lapho ehlangana nala mandla, ama-photon abangela ukunyakaza kwama-electron engxenyeni engaphakathi yengqamuzana futhi kungenzeka umehluko okhona emaphethelweni awo okuguqule kube umkhiqizi omncane kagesi.
Umthelela wezomnotho walolu hlobo lwemishini ubiza kakhulu futhi ukusebenza kwawo kuphansi kakhulu. Lezi zisetshenziswa zathuthukiswa kanyekanye namaphrojekthi wokwakha amasathelayithi okwenziwa. Empeleni, ngenxa yezici zabo zokusebenza, isisindo esiphansi kanye nezidingo zokunakekelwa okuphansi, lezi zinhlelo zenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla zamasathelayithi.
Amandla omoya
Umoya unguMthombo Wamandla Omoya, lokhu kungomunye weMithombo Yamandla yokuqala abantu abathuthukile, ukwakha ama-windmill kanye nemikhumbi kaseyili ebavumela ukuthi basebenzise lo Mthombo Wamandla. Njengamanje, amasistimu athuthukisiwe futhi akhiwa azuza emandleni e-kinetic omoya futhi awaguqule abe amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa izinjini zomoya.
Izinzuzo kanye nobubi balo Mthombo Wamandla Womoya kanje: Umthombo wawo oyinhloko wamandla yi-solar, engashi, engangcoliswa, imvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma isifakiwe ukuyigcina, imahhala. Ububi bayo ukuthi ingamandla ahlakazekile, ayihlali njalo futhi ukuqina kwayo kuyaguquguquka. Imishini yokuthwebula amandla omoya, esetshenziswa kakhulu kulezo zifunda lapho umoya ufika khona ngamandla futhi ngokuqhubekayo yilezi:
- Ukuklama kwayo kuvumela ukukhuphula izinga lamanzi, ngenxa yalokhu basebenzisa amasondo anama-blade ayisithupha kuya kwayishumi nanhlanu, lawa ampompa phakathi kwamalitha angama-500 kuya kwangu-600 ngehora, womabili amanani angaphezulu kokwanele ukumboza izidingo zamaphrojekthi amancane wezolimo.
- Lolu hlelo luqukethe ukufakwa kombhoshongo, lapho i-rotor enama-blades amaningana aqondiswe ngokulandela isiqondiso somoya ibekwe phezulu. I-rotor isebenza ngokubambisana ne-generator evumela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi.
- Izinjini zomoya ezingazodwa. Lawa ma-turbines omoya afakwe ezindaweni ezikude lapho inethiwekhi evamile kagesi ingafinyeleli khona. Lezi zingakhiqiza amandla angu-10 kuya ku-100 Kw.
- izitshalo zomoya. Akhiwe ngamajeneretha amaningana afinyelela amandla angaba ngu-100 kuya ku-600 Kw.
Imishini yokuthatha amandla omoya ihlale ibuyekezwa njengoba isesigabeni sokuhlolwa. Ukuze kube nempumelelo ethe xaxa ekubambeni lolu hlobo lwamandla, kuye kwaklanywa amamodeli emishini yokukhiqiza amandla kagesi amancane ngosayizi, ahlala isikhathi eside futhi kulula ukuwanakekela, kanye nokonga kakhulu ekwakhiweni, ngenhloso yokunciphisa imvelo. umthelela omubi okhiqizwa izinjini zomoya.
amandla e-biomass
Lolu hlobo lwamandla e-biomass lutholakala ku-Energy Sources kusuka kuma-organic compounds phakathi nezinqubo zemvelo. Amandla atholakala ngalo Mthombo Wamandla atholakala ngokuthola:
- Kusukela esitshalweni esithile sezinhlobo zezitshalo, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwayo kungatholakala futhi kuguqule i-biomass evunwayo.
- Ukuthola lolu hlobo lwamandla, ihlathi, izinsalela zasekhaya nezolimo ziyasetshenziswa bese ziguqulwa zibe uphethiloli noma i-biomass esele.
- Ukuthatha ithuba lokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo ezithile nokuguqula i-biomass yazo ibe uphethiloli ngokusekelwe ku-methanol noma i-ethanol.
Le biomass evunwayo isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ukushisa ngokusebenzisa inqubo yokuvutha. Ukuze kufezeke le njongo, izitshalo ezineziqu ze-herbaceous ne-woody ziyakhethwa, zikhethwe futhi ziqoqwe esimweni sazo semvelo noma sasendle futhi nasezitshalweni ezitshalwe kulolu hlobo lwamaphrojekthi we-agroenergy. Amaphrojekthi anezitshalo zezolimo zokuthola amandla e-biomass asesigabeni sokuhlola. Le miklamo iyathuthukiswa ukuze inikeze ngokuzayo lo Mthombo Wamandla Ovuniwe Wezinto Eziphilayo Njengomthombo Oyinhloko Wamandla emphakathini wangomuso.
Le phrojekthi eyinsalela ye-biomass, iphrojekthi lapho kukhona okulindelwe okukhulu mayelana nokwenzeka kokunikela kwamandla. I-biomass eyinsalela itholakala ezinsalela ezikhiqizwa emahlathini, kumaphrojekthi wezolimo kanye nemfuyo, kanye naleyo ekhiqizwa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ngezinsalela eziqinile kanye namanzi ayizinsalela.
Kodwa-ke, okulindelekile kunqunyelwe ukuphazamiseka kokungcola okukhiqizwa ngokufeza ukuqedwa kwalokhu kuchithwa futhi kuze kube manje, izikhathi eziningi ukukhiqizwa kwamandla emfucumfucu kungaphansi kokungcola okukhiqizwayo. Kungakho, kuze kube manje, lolu hlobo lwe-biomass ukukhiqiza amandla lusetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho kukhiqizwa khona, njengamapulazi ezolimo, izitshalo zokukhuculula indle yasemadolobheni, amaphrojekthi amahlathi noma amahlathi, ngoba kuvumela ukuba bathole amandla kanye nezindleko eziphansi. ngokukhipha imfucuza.
Omunye umthombo wamandla e-biomass uvela kuma-liquid biofuels ahlinzekwa ngamafutha emifino.Inhloso yokuthuthukisa lolu hlobo lwamandla ukuhlinzeka uwoyela wegesi ezimotweni ezinezinjini zikadizili, kanye ne-bioethanol etholwe ngokuvutshelwa kwe-biomass nokufaka uphethiloli ezimotweni. izinjini zabo zisebenza ngalolu hlobo lukaphethiloli. Inhloso ukuthi lawa ma-biofuels angasetshenziswa ekushiseni kwangaphakathi noma, ekushiseni ngokucindezela kanye nasekuthutheni kwenhlansi, lolu hlobo lwama-biofuels luwushintsho olusuka ekusetshenzisweni kwezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi kanye nezibaseli ezingaba khona ezivela ku-biomass.
Amandla we-geothermal
Umthombo Wamandla Avela Kumhlaba Uvela emandleni atholakala endaweni engaphansi komhlaba futhi agcinwe esimweni sokushisa, ngokuyisisekelo asuka ekuhlakazweni kwezingxenye zeplanethi ezinemisebe. Ukushisa kusakazeka emhlabeni futhi kudlule ebusweni bomhlaba. Uma la mandla engasetshenziswa, angahlinzeka ngezidingo zamandla emhlabeni, kodwa la mandla okushisa komhlaba angamandla asakazwayo okunzima ukuwasebenzisa.
La mandla awafani yonke indawo oqweqweni lomhlaba, kodwa ayahlukahluka kuye ngokwendawo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amaphakethe e-magma asuka ezindaweni ezijulile aya ezindaweni ezinomfutho ophansi. Njengoba amadwala enyakaza, ayancibilika futhi akhiphe inqwaba yamagesi aphuma emifantwini nasemifantwini yomhlaba ngenxa yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, amagesi ashisayo aphuma kuma-fumaroles nama-solfataras, umhwamuko wamanzi abilayo ophuma kugiza nezindawo zokuphuma kwamanzi ashisayo. njengeziphethu ezishisayo, futhi zimbalwa kakhulu ezisebenzisekayo.
Lo Mthombo Wamandla Avela Kumhlaba ubusetshenziswa umuntu kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Njengamanje kunemiklamo eyenziwayo ukuze kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele lolu hlobo lwamandla olugcinwa umhlaba njengamandla ashisayo futhi ezimweni ezithile alahlekayo. Kwezinye izifunda zeplanethi, kungashiwo ukuthi baye bazuza ngokukwazi ukusebenzisa lolu hlobo lomthombo wamandla avela kumhlaba oshisayo, njenge-Iceland neLanderello e-Italy. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla e-geothermal kungatholakala emazingeni okushisa ahlukene.
- Izinga lokushisa eliphansi lamandla e-geothermal. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo ukushisa okwandayo kumazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-100 ° C futhi kusetshenziswe ngezindlela ezahlukene: ukuwasebenzisa emanzini ashisayo asekhaya nahlanzekile, ekushiseni, kumachibi okubhukuda, okomisa, ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo nasezindaweni ezishisayo. okunye ukusetshenziswa.. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kusetshenziswa kunochungechunge lokungalungi okufanele kucatshangelwe, futhi lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi lapho kusetshenziswa khona la mandla, ngakho-ke indawo yokusetshenziswa kanye nediphozi kumele ibe seduze noma futhi, kufanele isetshenziswe ekusetshenzisweni kokushisa okuqondile.
- Amandla we-Geothermal ezingeni lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo neliphezulu. Ukuze ukwazi ukusizakala ngalo mthombo wamandla we-geothermal ogxile ku-lithosphere yomhlaba, ukusetshenziswa koketshezi lwe-geothermal oluphakathi olufana ne-ammonium noma i-freon kuyadingeka, ukuze benze njengemoto evumela ukuthi amandla e-geothermal adluliselwe. Uma amandla esebanjiwe futhi alethwa phezulu, kufanele adlule uchungechunge lwezigaba ukuze akwazi ukuwasebenzisa.
Uketshezi lwamandla e-Geothermal olutholakala ngezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-150°C lusetshenziswa ngokuqondile ukukhiqiza ugesi, ngemijikelezo eyahlukene. Lolu hlobo lwamandla lusetshenziswa ezinqubweni zezimboni lapho izinga lokushisa loketshezi lwe-geothermal lisukela phakathi kuka-100°C no-150°C.
Lolu hlobo lomthombo wamandla luyacutshungulwa njengamanje, ngenhloso yokwenza amaphrojekthi oshintsho olungcono lwalolu hlobo lwamandla ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi, elivumela ukutshalwa kwezimali okuncane kanye nokumba ukusesha okungajulile, ukunciphisa ubungozi. .
Amandla wamanzi olwandle
Amagagasi awumphumela womthombo wamandla adonsela phansi osetshenziswa yiLanga neNyanga eplanethini enguMhlaba, futhi amandla olwandle angamandla akhiqizwa amagagasi olwandle. Kwezinye izindawo zeplanethi, umehluko ezingeni lamagagasi ngokuvamile ufinyelela amamitha amaningana ukuphakama, ahluke phakathi kwe-low tide kanye ne-high tide, okungukuthi, i-low tide kanye ne-high tide.
Umthombo Wamandla E-Tidal ungatholwa ezingeni lezimboni kulezo zifunda ezisogwini lapho izimo ezithile zendawo nezasolwandle zibonwa lapho umehluko wokungalingani phakathi kwamagagasi umkhulu kangangokuthi ungafaniswa nobukhulu besikhungo esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi. yokuphakama okuphansi kwempophoma, nomthamo omkhulu wamanzi.
Ngezinye izikhathi igagasi lingadlula emzileni omncane, ngokusebenzisa ama-dikes, kuyindaba yokuvumela amagagasi akhuphukayo angene kuwo futhi enze amanzi adlule ku-turbine lapho igagasi lihlehla. Kukulezi zinyathelo lapho ukugcwala komthombo wamandla olwandle kusekelwe ezimbonini zamandla olwandle. Ukuthola lolu hlobo lwe-Tidal Power Source kunzima kakhulu ukukuqonda futhi ngenxa yalokhu, ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe ukuthola lolu hlobo lwamandla busesesigabeni sokuhlola.
Amandla atholakala ngokusetshenziswa kwe-alternator evumela uhlelo ukuthi lusetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza ugesi, okusiza ukuguqula amandla olwandle abe amandla avuselelekayo, okuholela emandleni aphephile futhi atholakala kakhudlwana. Inzuzo yukuthi ingamandla avuselelekayo, ngakho-ke uMthombo Wamandla Oyinhloko awupheli, ubuye ube namandla ahlanzekile ngoba ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwalolu hlobo lwamandla, alukhiqizi imikhiqizo engcolile e-gaseous, liquid and solid states.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamaphrojekthi ukusizakala ngalolu hlobo lwamandla kubiza kakhulu ngobuchwepheshe obutholakalayo okwamanje, kanye nezindleko zemvelo nezomnotho zokufaka imishini yokuyicubungula, uma kuqhathaniswa nenani lamandla elingase kutholwe okwamanje. Iphrojekthi yokusebenzisa amandla olwandle icutshungulwa uhulumeni waseCantabria eSpain kanye ne-Institute for Diversification and Energy Saving (IDAE), inhloso ukunikeza amandla azosetshenziswa ekhaya cishe ezindlini ezingu-250.000.
Ngaphezu kwamandla olwandle, enye indlela yokusebenzisa amandla emanzini asolwandle: amandla amaza, adlula amagagasi; ngomehluko ekuthambekeni kokushisa kwamanzi phezulu nasekujuleni kolwandle, okubizwa ngokuthi i-oceanic thermal gradient; ngokusebenzisa usawoti, kusukela emisinga yolwandle ebizwa ngokuthi amandla omoya ogwini lolwandle.
Amandla we-Wave
Amandla amagagasi angumthombo we-Wave Energy, ekhiqizwa amagagasi olwandle. Ingamandla avuselelekayo angakhiqiza amandla ezindaweni ezisogwini emazweni amaningi futhi angaba yindlela yokukhiqiza amandla esizweni futhi asize ukuba singanciki kancane kuphethiloli olethwa phesheya. Ububi ukuthi ukukhiqiza amandla egagasi kubangela umthelela omubi kuzinto eziphilayo zasolwandle futhi kuthinta ukuzulazula kwemikhumbi yezentengiselwano neyimfihlo. Ukuguqulwa kwamandla kuhambisana nobude begagasi futhi kukhiqiza ukungcoliswa okubonakalayo nomsindo.
Amalahle
Umthombo Wamandla Amalahle uvela ezintweni zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, lokhu kube umphumela wokugcina otholwe ekuboleni kokugcina kwezinsalela zemifino egcinwe ezindaweni ezinamaxhaphozi, amachibi kanye nama-delta emfuleni, ngesikhathi se-carboniferous of the Earth. Le khabhoni ikhiqizwa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwamakhemikhali ahlukene kanye nezinga lokushisa ngezikhathi ezahlukene zesikhathi, ngalezo zikhathi ezinde aguqulwa abe yikhabhoni ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-carbonization.
Lapho izihlahla zifa noma amagatsha azo ewa futhi enqwabelana ezindaweni ezinomswakama ophezulu futhi eqala ukubola, amagciwane e-anaerobic aqala ukusebenza ku-cellulose kanye ne-lignin yamagxolo alezi zihlahla ezifile noma amagatsha. Izinguquko ezenzeka okhunini lwezihlahla ziyizinhlobo ezimbili: amakhemikhali kanye nesakhiwo.
Ekuguqulweni kwamakhemikhali ezinkuni ukukhiqiza amalahle, i-hydrogen ne-oxygen iyakhululwa, ingxenye yabo iqondile nenani lamalahle akhiqizwayo. Ngezinye izikhathi, njengasendabeni ye-anthracite, cishe wonke umkhiqizo owumphumela utholakala. Ngaphezu kokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali, izinguquko nazo ziyisakhiwo.
Lezi zinguquko zesakhiwo zenzeka ku-fiber yokhuni eguqulwa ibe isakhiwo se-microcrystalline esihlukile sohlobo ngalunye lwesitshalo ngakho-ke ikhabhoni ewumphumela inokwehluka kwayo futhi umbala wayo uyahlukahluka, ukusuka kokunsundu kuye kokumnyama. Ngokusho kohlobo lokuguqulwa, ubude nezimo zokucindezela kanye nezinga lokushisa nge-raisin ngesikhathi senqubo ye-carbonization kanye nezinhlobo zezitshalo, izinhlobo ezahlukene zamalahle zikhiqizwa.
- Leli ilahle eliqinile, ngoba likhiqizwa i-carbonized lilonke. Ukubukeka kwayo kuhlangene kakhulu futhi kugqamile. Inokukhanya kweparele futhi imnyama ngombala.
- Le khabhoni ewumphumela iqinile, iphinde ibe ne-carbonized yonke futhi ihlukile ngoba umbala wayo umnyama ocwebezelayo futhi inokukhanya kweparele elinamabhande agqamile kanye nama-matt.
- Leli lahle limnyama ngombala futhi linokuqina okuthambile okufana ne-peat, kungokwezikhathi zamuva noma ngemuva kwesikhathi seCarboniferous, ngenxa yalesi sici sokuziphendukela kwemvelo alizange liphumelele inqubo ye-carbonization. Ukubonakala kwawo kufana nokhuni olushile futhi acwebezele abe yizicucu.
- Ngamalahle akhiqizwa ezikhathini zamuva nje maqondana nawo wonke amanye amalahle. Ukuvumelana kwayo kuthambile, kunsundu futhi ku-matte, isisindo sayo siphansi futhi izinsalela zemifino ziyabonwa.
Inani lamandla ekhalori eligcinwe yila malahle lisukela ku-7.000 kuya ku-2.000 kcal/kg, lisuka ku-anthracite namalahle kuya ku-lignite ne-peat. Amaphesenti awo omswakama ahluka phakathi kuka-3% kuya ku-40% futhi izinhlanganisela zawo eziguquguqukayo zingahluka kusuka ku-8% kuya ku-50%. Isibabule ne-nitrogen zingatholakala njengezici ezisusa ubumsulwa, lawa mamineral uma eshisiwe ayashintshashintsha futhi aphendule enze i-SO.2 kanye ne-NOX ebopha nomhwamuko wamanzi okhona emkhathini futhi ikhiqize imvula ene-asidi.
Imithombo Yamandla Amalahle isetshenziswa njengalokhu: njengophethiloli ovuselelekayo wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi ukukhiqiza igesi yasekhaya neyezimboni, njengokunciphisa amandla embonini yensimbi, ukusetshenziswa njengempahla eluhlaza ekukhiqizeni igesi yokukhanyisa nanjengamafutha azosetshenziswa emandleni. izitshalo ezishisayo.
Umthombo Wamandla ovela emalahleni, ekumeleleni kwawo uhlobo lwe-Anthracite, usetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya nasezimbonini. Uma amalahle edluliswa ku-distillation eyomile, akhiqiza izingxenyana ezine, okungukuthi: i-ammonia, itiyela, igesi kanye ne-coke. Ku-metallurgy, i-coke, into eqinile, eqinile ene-porous texture, isetshenziselwa inqubo yezimboni zemboni yensimbi nensimbi. Umthombo wamandla avela emalahleni aguqulwa abe yi-lignite ekuqaleni asetshenziswa ezitshalweni zamandla ashisayo ukukhiqiza ugesi. I-Peat isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza uphethiloli wasekhaya.
igesi yemvelo
Umthombo Wamandla Egesi Yemvelo utholakala ekuhlanganisweni kwamagesi amaningana, akhiwe ngobuningi obukhulu igesi ye-methane, ngephesenti elilinganiselwa ku-75% kuya ku-95% wesamba sengqikithi yale nhlanganisela yamagesi aqala igesi yemvelo. Ngenxa yengxenye yegesi ye-methane eyenza ingxenye yegesi yemvelo, igesi yemvelo ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi igesi ye-methane. Amanye amagesi akha igesi yemvelo i-ethanol, i-propane, i-butane, i-nitrogen, isikhutha, i-hydrogen sulfide, i-helium, ne-argon.
Imboni yegesi yemvelo yathuthukiswa ngemuva kokwenziwa kwesimanje ukuxhashazwa kukawoyela. Ekuqaleni kokuthuthukiswa kokuxhashazwa kukawoyela, igesi yemvelo eyakhiqizwa ngesikhathi sezinqubo ezahlukene zale mboni, igesi yemvelo yayibhekwa njengemfucuza futhi yashiswa njengenye imfucuza yale mboni.
Nokho, igesi yemvelo, enenani eliphakeme le-calorific, ekuqaleni ayizange isetshenziswe ngenxa yokuphazamiseka eyayinakho ekuyigcineni nasekuyithutheni. Lokhu kwaxazululwa ngokuthungatha Imithombo Emisha Yamandla, okwaholela ekucwaningweni kwamasu amasha okuncibilika kwegesi kanye nezinqubo zokushisela amapayipi ukuze zimelane nokucindezela okukhulu, ukuze kugcinwe igesi yemvelo nezinye izinsiza zamandla. Igesi yemvelo ingasetshenziselwa: uphethiloli wasekhaya nowasezimbonini kanye nempahla eluhlaza embonini ye-petrochemical.
- Igesi yemvelo ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kanye nemvelo. Igesi yemvelo inenani eliphezulu lekhalori. Ingcolisa kancane futhi ukusha kwayo kungalawulwa.
- Igesi yemvelo njengento eluhlaza embonini ye-petrochemical. Embonini ye-petrochemical, igesi yemvelo isetshenziselwa ukubola nokuthola amagesi emvelo e-methane, ammonia, ethylene, butadiene kanye ne-propylene.
Amafutha
I-etymology yegama elithi petroleum ikhombisa "petro" okusho ukuthi idwala kanye namafutha "oleum", okusho idwala likawoyela. Leli dwala lakhiwe nge-Carbon kanye nenhlanganisela yesibabule, umoya-mpilo kanye ne-nitrogen exutshwe ngamanani ahlukene ne-Hydrogen, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Hydrocarbons. Ama-hydrocarbons angaba yigesi, abe uketshezi, abe semi-soli futhi aqine, kuye ngokuthi avela kanjani ezindaweni ezahlukene emhlabeni, noma amagesi kanye noketshezi njengoba atholakala ekwakhekeni kwe-geological emhlabathini ongaphansi. Imnyama kakhulu kuye kumnyama ngombala, iminyene kancane kunamanzi, futhi inephunga elimnandi.
Umthombo Wamandla kawoyela uvela ezintweni ezingavuthiwe ezisuka ezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo ezinjengalezi: izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kokubili izitshalo nezilwane, ezihlala endaweni ehlala emanzini njengalezi: izilwandle, amachweba, imilomo yemifula, nezifunda eziseduze ukuya ezindaweni ezisogwini oluseduze. ulwandle. Ukubola kwezinsalela zezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba khona kwebhaktheriya anaerobic kanye ne-aerobic, okuthi lapho inqubo yokubola ikhiphe amagesi akhiwe yi-hydrogen kanye namanani ahlukahlukene ekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo, okubizwa ngokuthi ama-hydrocarbon.
Uquqaba olukhulu lwenzinga lwenza izingcindezi eziholela ekukhishweni koketshezi olunamafutha, okungukuthi, uwoyela, ophakathi kwezingqimba zamatshe e-sedimentary. Amafutha ahamba emithambekeni ebangeni elihlukene, agcinwe emadwaleni anezimbotshana. Uwoyela wakhiwe ngama-hydrocarbon ahlukahlukene kanye namanani ahlukahlukene awo. Kusukela ku-hydrocarbon elula, i-methane (CH4) kuma-hydrocarbon compounds akha amabhondi ama-athomu e-carbon angu-40.
Amafutha njengoba egcinwe emvelweni kunzima ukuwasebenzisa, ngenxa yalokhu kufanele adlule izinqubo eziningana zokucwenga, ukuze alahle kanye nezinto eziphuma kuzo. Phakathi nenqubo yokucwenga, i-distillation ye-fractional yenziwa. Ukuthola imikhiqizo ehlukene yezentengiselwano kuma-distillates emazingeni okushisa ahlukahlukene kanye nakuwoyela ongahluziwe. Le mikhiqizo yokuthengisa yilezi: itiyela, upharafini, uphalafini, i-methane, i-ethanol, i-propane.
Indawo yezizinda zikawoyela ikude namadolobhana lapho imikhiqizo yawo ephuma kokunye isetshenziswa ngesikhathi sezinqubo zokwenziwa kwezimboni, ngakho uwoyela uthuthwa ngamapayipi asuka emthonjeni aye endaweni okuhluzwa kuyo amafutha noma emachwebeni lapho ethunyelwa khona ngemikhumbi yamathangi noma emathangini kawoyela, ukuwadlulisela olwandle ezindaweni zokuhluza ezahlukene.
Uwoyela usetshenziselwa ukushiswa kwasekhaya nasezimbonini, okokugcoba, uphethiloli nezinto ezingavuthiwe embonini ye-petrochemical. Imboni ibilokhu ithuthukisa amasu okuguqula ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo etholakala ku-fractional distillation, futhi ngenxa yalokho ithole imikhiqizo efunwa yizakhamizi. Izindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ze-fractional distillation ukuqhekeka kanye ne-polymerization.
Ngesikhathi senqubo ye-fractional distillation ebizwa ngokuthi i-cracking, ifinyelelwa ngokuphulwa kwe-molecule esindayo enezibopho eziningi nama-athomu e-carbon, ikhiqiza "uphethiloli", ikhiqiza imikhiqizo enamabhondi ekhabhoni ambalwa njengophethiloli. Ngokusebenzisa i-polymerization, i-molecule ye-molecular mass ephansi ebizwa ngokuthi i-monomer, ihlanganiswe namanye ama-molecule we-molecule encane ngokusebenzisa izibopho zamakhemikhali ezikhiqiza izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-"ethylene", kuze kube yilapho yakhe i-macromolecules ebizwa ngokuthi i-polymer.
Uwoyela usetshenziswa embonini ye-petrochemical, u-60% wemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ethengiswayo uyakhiqizwa bese u-80% uyimikhiqizo efana nomanyolo wamakhemikhali, amapulasitiki, ama-antifreeze, odayi, amarabha, izinyibilikisi nokunye kutholakala emafutheni. . Ngenxa yalokhu, uwoyela udlala indima ehamba phambili embonini yamakhemikhali nasemkhakheni wokunikezwa kwamandla.
I-Hydrogen Amandla
I-Hydrogen iyikhemikhali etholakala kakhulu emhlabeni ngoba iyingxenye ye-molecule yamanzi (H2O), iqukethe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeHydrojeni futhi ingatholakala yenza ezinye izinhlanganisela zamakhemikhali kanye nezinye izakhi. Ngokuhlukanisa i-athomu ye-hydrogen kulezi zinhlanganisela, amandla kagesi angakhiqizwa. Umthombo Wamandla We-Hydrogen ungaba indlela yokunikeza amandla okuhamba, izimoto, izindlu, izimboni nokunye. Ingamandla avuselelekayo futhi angangcolisi, anganciphisa isidingo samandla.
Amandla Athomu
Ngonyaka we-1911, uRutherford wathola i-nucleus yama-athomu ngokuhlaziywa kwezinhlayiya.I-alpha” ihlakazwe ama-athomu. Kodwa-ke, kusukela ngonyaka we-1932, lapho u-Chadwick ethola i-neutron nomsebenzi wabalingani bakaJoliot-Curie, lapho i-nucleus inikezwa khona ukubaluleka. I-nucleus ye-athomu incane kakhulu futhi iphakathi nendawo ye-athomu, ku-nucleus amashaji aqondile ama-athomu futhi cishe nengqikithi ye-athomu yesisindo igxilile. Yakhiwe ngama-proton kanye ne-neutron, inezinhlayiya ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-nucleon.
Amaphrothoni anenkokhelo eqondile elingana neye-electron, elingana no (1,602 x 10-19 C). Ngenkathi ama-neutron engathathi hlangothi ngogesi. Izinhlayiya zihlanganiswe amandla enuzi, okuvumela ukwenqatshwa kwamandla e-electrostatic phakathi kwama-proton, ngala mandla avela ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus.
amandla enuzi kanye namandla e-athomu
Amandla e-athomu namandla enuzi asho into efanayo, okunye ukusetshenziswa kwawo womabili la magama noma lokhu kuhlanganisa okukabili kuhlobene nokuqala kwezifundo zamandla ezinto ezikhipha imisebe. Amazwe angamavulandlela lapho izifundo zaqala khona ukuhlonza amandla akhishwa izakhi "zemisebe" kanjalo nezinye izici ezihlonzwe "njengabasebenzisi" bala mandla.
Amazwe angamavulandlela aqala ukufunda nge-radioactivity kwakuyi-United Kingdom ne-France, lapho uphenyo lwabaganene bakaCurie, abacwaningi u-Becquerel, u-Rutherford kanye nabacwaningi abakanye nabo, baxhumana futhi baxoxa ngenqubekelaphambili yokuhlaziya kwabo ku-Atomic Energy yezinhlanganisela ze-radioactive. imiphumela yocwaningo lwakhe lwenani elikhulu lamandla agcinwe kuma-athomu anemisebe.
Amanye amazwe nawo aqala izifundo nge-radioactivity, njengeSpain, aqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi Nuclear Energy ngendlela egcina isikhathi futhi eqinile. Kwenziwe umzamo wokwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi Nuclear Energy kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho, kunzima ukufaka igama elithi Amandla E-athomu Kumandla Enuzi, uma kubhekwa inani lezikhungo noma izinhlaka ezisemthethweni, kanye nemithethonqubo ehlukene emhlabeni, esebenzisa igama elithi Amandla E-athomu.
i-nuclear fission
I-nuclear fission igama elisetshenziswa ku-nuclear physics ukuchaza ukusabela kwe-nuclear okwenzeka ku-nucleus ye-athomu. I-nuclear fission kwenzeka lapho i-nucleus esindayo ihlukana ibe yi-nuclei encane, kanye nemikhiqizo ye-nucleus ye-athomu efana nama-neutron amahhala, ama-photon njengemisebe ye-gamma, nezinye izingxenye ze-nucleus ezihlonzwe njenge-alpha (i-helium nuclei) nezinhlayiya ze-beta. (ama-electron wamandla aphezulu nama-positron) kanye namashaji amaningi wamandla. I-nuclear fission yatholwa ngu-Otto Hahn kanye no-Lise Meitner, uMklomelo kaNobel ngokutholakala kwawo waklonyeliswa owokuqala kuphela.
Umphumela wokuphindaphinda okwenzeka phakathi ne-nuclear fission wanikezwa igama elithi "chain reaction". Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi engxenyeni encane yemizuzwana, lapho ukuqhekeka kwe-nucleus kwenzeka, inani le-nuclei ehlukanisiwe likhipha amandla aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-106 kunalawo akhiqizwa lapho kushiswa ibhulokhi lamalahle noma induku ye-dynamite iqhuma ngesisindo esifanayo. . Lokhu kungenxa yesivinini okwenzeka ngaso ukusabela kwe-nuclear, ngakho-ke amandla abonakala ngokushesha, uma kuqhathaniswa nokusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ngokwalesi sici ibhomu le-athomu lisekelwe.
Ngokuphambene nalokhu, kungabonakala ukuthi i-neutron eyodwa kuphela ekhishwa lapho ukufission sekwephuzile kwenzeka, kulokhu inani lokuqhekeka okwenzeka ngomzuzwana lihlala njalo futhi ukusabela kulawulwa. Ngokwalolu hlobo lwe-fission elawulwayo, isekelwe ekusebenzeni kwama-reactors enuzi. Ama-nuclear reactor ayimithombo elawulekayo yamandla e-nuclear fission energy.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear kwenzeka lapho ama-nuclei amabili ama-athomu okukhanya esabela, njenge-hydrogen ne-isotopes yayo i-deuterium ne-tritium, futhi lapho ejoyina akha i-nucleus esindayo futhi ezinzile, phakathi nale nyunyana amandla aphumayo. Ukuze lolu hlobo lokusabela lwenzeke, i-nuclei ene-positively charged kufanele ibe seduze futhi ishaye amandla e-electrostatic repulsive. Ukuze unqobe ukusebenzisana, amandla e-kinetic kufanele atholakale futhi ngale ndlela i-nuclei ingakwazi ukunqoba lokhu kusebenzisana, amandla e-kinetic anganikezwa ngendlela yamandla ashisayo noma e-caloric ngokusebenzisa i-accelerator yezinhlayiyana.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear okusebenzayo kakhulu ukuhlangana okushisayo, phakathi nalolu hlobo lokusabela kwe-thermonuclear kwenzeka, okwenzeka kuma-fusion reactor futhi ikakhulukazi nge-hydrogen isotopes (i-protium: 11H, i-deuterium: 21H, ne-tritium: 31H). Ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa, noma yikuphi ukusabela okulandelayo kungenzeka:
21H + 21H→3 1H + 11H + 4MeV
21H + 21H→32He + 10n + 3,2 MeV
21H + 31H→42He + 10n + 17,6 MeV
Abantu bangasebenzisa amandla e-fusion, lapho bengathuthukela ophenyweni nasekusungulweni kobuchwepheshe obufinyelela izimfuneko ezimbili eziyisisekelo: ukushisisa nokuvala. Lapho kushisa, inhloso ukuthola igesi eshisa kakhulu (i-plasma) lapho ama-electron eshiya ama-orbits awo futhi ama-nuclei angalawulwa yi-magnetic field. Ngokufanayo, imfuneko yokuvala noma i-cloister ukuze kugcinwe izinto zisesimweni esifana ne-plasma noma igesi ye-ionized, ngaphakathi kwendawo ye-reactor ngesikhathi esilinganiselwe ukuze sisabele.
Okwamanje, ucwaningo ngokuhlangana kwe-nuclear luqondiswe ekuzuzeni ukuhlangana kwe-isotopes ye-hydrogen: i-deuterium-tritium, ngoba ikhipha amandla engeziwe ngezinga lokushisa eliphansi, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lokushisa elifinyelelwa ngokunye ukuhlangana kwe-nuclear. Ukugcwaliseka kwalolu hlobo lwamaphrojekthi ngoba lezi zinhlobo zokusabela zikhanga kakhulu njengomthombo wamandla, uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-deuterium ayinayo imisebe futhi itholakala ngokwemvelo ngamanani angenamkhawulo. Futhi i-tritium i-radioactive ayikho ngokwemvelo.
Amandla
Ukuze uqhubeke kufanele wazi umqondo wamandla. Amandla awakwazi ukubonakala noma akalwe futhi awathathi isikhala. Lokhu kungakalwa kuphela ngemiphumela eyidalayo endabeni, okungukuthi, ngandlela thize kuyaziwa ukuthi ayini amandla uma ufuna ukuhambisa into. Ngoba uma ufuna ukuhambisa into enesisindo esikhulu ngesivinini esithile kanye nebanga elithile, kufanele usebenzise amandla amaningi kunalapho ufuna ukuhambisa isisindo esincane.
amandla umqondo
Amandla anezincazelo ezihlukene eziwahlobanisa nesenzo sokwenza, ukuvuka, ukuguqula noma ukusetha ukunyakaza. Incazelo yawo incike endaweni yokufunda, okungukuthi: kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho, amandla ahlobene nensiza yemvelo, ehlanganisa ngisho nobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ukuyikhipha, ukuyiguqula futhi ikwazi ukuyisebenzisela izimboni noma kwezomnotho. Ku-physics, umqondo wamandla yikhono lokwenza umsebenzi.
Okusho ukuthi, amandla yikhono lendaba ukwenza umsebenzi nokwenza izinguquko kubo noma kweminye imizimba. Ngokwalokhu okungenhla, umqondo wokuthi "amandla" yikhono lokwenza izinto zisebenze. Isilinganiso sikalwa ngeyunithi yaso yokulinganisa, okuyi-joule (J), ngokuhlonipha isazi sefiziksi u-James Prescott Joule, ongumsuka wesiNgisi. Igama elithi amandla livela kwelesiGreek elithi ἐνέργεια enérgeia, umsebenzi, lisuka ku-ἐνεργóς energós “amandla esenzo”.
Ku-physics, "amandla" achazwa ngokuthi ... ikhono imizimba enayo yokwenza umsebenzi wemishini, ukukhiqiza ukushisa, ukukhipha ukukhanya nokunye. Ukuba nokuguquguquka okufanayo kukho konke lokhu kubonakaliswa, okungamandla, umzimba ngamunye nohlelo oluqukethe, okuqukethwe kwawo kwamandla kuyahlukahluka lapho isimo sawo siguqulwa. Ngokwala mandla angavezwa ngezindlela ezahlukene: okungenzeka, kinetic, amakhemikhali, ugesi, kazibuthe, i-nuclear, i-radiant, nokunye. Ukukwazi ukushintsha phakathi kwabo, njalo behlonipha uMthetho wokongiwa kwamandla.
Umthetho wokongiwa kwamandla
Umthetho Wendawo Yonke Wokongiwa Kwamandla uyisisekelo somthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics, obhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi amandla axhunywe ohlelweni olulodwa ahlala engashintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuhunyushwa ngokuthi ezinhlelweni eziningi zemvelo zakudala, isamba samandla emishini, amandla kazibuthe, amandla e-kinetic, amandla e-thermodynamic, nezinye izinhlobo zamandla angaba khona iyinombolo engashintshi.
Lokhu kuboniswa ngendlela yokulinganisa amandla ahlukene, amandla e-kinetic anesisindo ngokuhamba kwezinto, amandla ashisayo ngomthamo wawo wokushisa, amandla angaba khona ngezici zawo ezifana nesimo sokungalingani noma isikhundla lapho atholakala khona. maqondana namandla asebenza kuwo namandla amakhemikhali ngokuya ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali.
ukulinganisa amandla
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi amandla umzimba onawo angabongwa kuye ngomsebenzi owenziwe, khona-ke ukubaluleka kwalo msebenzi kuzobonisa isilinganiso samandla onawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umsebenzi wenziwa emzimbeni futhi uwugcina usesimweni samandla, amandla angalinganiswa ngenani lomsebenzi owenziwe ngobuningi noma umzimba, uzosinika ukubaluleka kwamandla okwakukhona. agcinwe ngobuningi . Ngakho-ke, amandla akhululiwe noma agcinwe azoba namayunithi afanayo nobukhulu bomsebenzi.
Ngokusho kwe-International System of Units (SI) iyunithi yomsebenzi namandla yi-joule (J) echazwa njengomsebenzi owenziwa ngamandla e-1 newton lapho ihambisa iphuzu layo lokusebenza imitha elingu-1.
Ku-nuclear physics, iyunithi esetshenziswayo i-electron volt (eV) futhi ichazwa njengamandla atholwa i-electron lapho idlula isuka kwelinye iphuzu iye kwelinye lapho okukhona khona umehluko ongaba khona wevolthi engu-1. Ukuqhathanisa neyunithi ye-International System yile:
1 eV= 1,602 x 10-19 J
Ukulinganisa amandla kagesi, i-kilowatt-hora (kWh) isetshenziswa njengeyunithi yokukhiqiza Lokhu kuchazwa njengomsebenzi owenziwe ihora elingu-1 umshini onamandla ayi-kilowatt engu-1. Ukuxhumana kwayo neyunithi ye-International System ithi:
1 kWh = 36x 105J
Uma inhloso kuwukuhlola ikhwalithi yamandla Yemithombo Yamandla ehlukene, amanye amayunithi ayalungiswa ngokusekelwe kumandla ekhalori omthombo ngamunye wamandla. Okusetshenziswa kakhulu emnothweni wamandla yi-kcal/kg, i-tec nezinzwane. Ifomula ye-kcal/kg esetshenziswa kuphethiloli isivumela ukuthi sinqume inani lama-kilocalories esingawathola lapho kushiswa u-1 kg walowo phethiloli.
1 kcal = 4,186 x 103J.
Iyunithi tech = ithani elilinganayo lamalahle. Imele amandla akhishwe ukushiswa kwethani lamalahle (amalahle).
1 tec = 29,3 x 109J
Iyunithi yozwane = ithani elilinganayo lamafutha. Ilingana namandla akhishwe ekushisweni kwethani elingu-1 likawoyela ongahluziwe.
uzwane olu-1 = 41,84 x 109J
Ukulingana phakathi kwala mayunithi =
1 uzwane = 1,428 tec
Amandla
Amandla umsebenzi owenziwa uhlelo ngeyunithi yesikhathi. Ngokusho kwe-International System (SI) yi-Watt. I-Watt amandla omshini owenza umsebenzi we-joule engu-1 ngesikhathi esilingana nomzuzwana ongu-1. Uphawu lwamandla ngu-“W”. Izinhlobo eziningi zale yunithi zivame ukusetshenziswa, lezi yizi: Kilowatt (kW) namandla amahhashi (CV noma HP). Ngokwesibonelo:
1kW = 103W
1 CV noma HP = 735,5 W
1 MeV.s-1 = 1,602 x 10-13 W
imithombo yamandla emlandweni
Njengoba indoda yeNkathi Yomlando yathola umlilo futhi yazi ukuthi ingawusebenzisa kanjani ukufudumala, ukukhanyisa ebusuku nokupheka ukudla okukhiqizwa futhi okutholakala ekuzingeleni. Isintu besilokhu sifuna Imithombo Yamandla ehlukene ukuze sizuze futhi sithuthukise izinga lempilo yabo. Ukumholela ekwakheni imishini yomoya, ukugaya okusanhlamvu okuvunwe ngeNkathi Ephakathi. NjengaseNkathini Yesimanje, ukwazile ukwenza izifundo ezimholele ekuhlukaniseni i-nucleus ye-athomu futhi akhiqize izinto zokubasa eziyinkimbinkimbi kangangokuthi zisetshenziswa ekuqhutshweni kwe-aerospace.
Ngaphandle kokukhiqiza ukudla ngokuthuthukisa ezolimo, abantu baphinde bathenga izinto zokusetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukene ezikhona, ikakhulukazi izindwangu zokwakha izingubo nezicathulo ezinezikhumba zezilwane ezibanjiwe. Ukuzama ukuthola imithombo yamandla emahlathini ukuze kucutshungulwe lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nokushisisa. Indlela yokuphila yesintu phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi yayincike emandleni avuselelekayo avela elangeni nasemahlathini. Around okuyinto athuthukiswe uhlelo exchange kwezomnotho.
Ukutholakala kwamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi kwaqondisa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wesintu ekuguqukeleni kwezezimboni, kwaqala ngeNguquko Yezimboni Yokuqala, ngokuhlanganisa amalahle ukuze kuphakelwe amabhayela ezinjini zesitimu, ekuqaleni ezazisetshenziswa ukumpompa amanzi ezimayini, kamuva ukunikeza amandla i-mechanical loom futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuya cishe kuzo zonke izinqubo zezimboni zemishini yangaleso sikhathi. Kubandakanya ezokuthutha (isitimela, i-steamship), izinqubo ze-metallurgical ezifana nezithando zensimbi neziqhumane. Futhi ngezinqubo zamakhemikhali nezasekhaya ezifana nokushisa kanye namakhishi asekhaya.
KuNguquko Yesibili Yezimboni, uMthombo Wamandla ovela ekuxhashazweni kukawoyela wathatha induku, ngokusebenzisa okuphuma kuyo ezinqubweni ezihlukene zezimboni nezokuthutha, okwaholela ekwakhiweni kwenjini evuthayo yezimoto nezindiza. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, isintu sasihlala nokusetshenziswa esikalini esincane seMithombo Yamandla eyaziwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi ngesikhathi somnotho wangaphambi kwezimboni, njengamandla omoya okuhamba ngomkhumbi kanye nama-windmills. Amandla we-hydraulic amasondo amanzi kanye nezigayo ezisebenza ngogesi, kanye nomthombo wamandla we-Biomass wokusebenzisa izinkuni namalahle.
Kusukela ngeNguquko Yezimboni, imodeli yentuthuko yesici somphakathi wezimboni isebenzisa izinsiza zezinsalela ngaphandle kokunakekela okukhulu ukuthi ziyizinsiza ezingavuseleleki nokuthi ukushintshwa kwazo kungathatha izigidi zeminyaka. Ngokufuna eminye imithombo yamandla kanye nomzamo wamazwe athuthukile ukuthuthukisa umnotho wezwe lawo ngokunciphisa ukuncika emafutheni ezinsalela emazweni awo, waqondisa ukuxhashazwa kwalezi zinsiza zamandla ezindaweni zangaphandle.
Ngenxa yokuncipha kwemithombo yawo yezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, amazwe anezimboni aqondise imizamo yawo esifundweni samandla enuzi futhi, athuthukisa amaphrojekthi azosebenzisa Umthombo Wamandla Amanzi ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi emanzini amakhulu. imifula.
Kodwa-ke, ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, ngenxa yezinkinga zokungcoliswa kwemvelo, okuvezwa ukushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi, okwathinta ekuqaleni ukuhlanzeka komoya emadolobheni amakhulu anjengeLondon neLos Angeles. , lapho kubhekwa khona intuthu, futhi leyo minyaka kamuva yaba inkinga yomhlaba wonke yokudala ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa imisebenzi yabantu. United States, ezingozini zokusebenzisa uMthombo Wamandla Wenuzi, okubonakala ezingozini ezinjengeThree Mile Island e-United States, kanye naseChernobyl eSoviet Union naseFukushima eJapane.
Ekusesheni imithombo emisha yamandla, ucwaningo lwakamuva lugxile ekusetshenzisweni kwamanye amandla, njengomoya, ilanga, amanzi, i-biomass, amandla olwandle kanye ne-geothermal, ukuze kusetshenziswe amandla esikalini sezimboni. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kwale Mithombo Yamandla kubuzwa kakhulu ngamaqembu ahlukene ocwaningo ngisho namaqembu ezemvelo, ngenxa yemithelela engemihle yemvelo yezindawo zabo kanye namanethiwekhi azo okusabalalisa amandla ezindaweni zemvelo ezingakaze zenzeke.
Izici zenhlalo-mnotho
Indawo ecwaninga ukusatshalaliswa kweMithombo Yamandla, ukusatshalaliswa kwemikhiqizo yamandla, amandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo yindawo yamandla. Emazweni asathuthuka, iphesenti eliphezulu kakhulu lamandla asetshenziswayo awezilwane kanye nemvelaphi yabantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emazweni ezimboni, amandla emishini ahlinzekwa ngamadivayisi afana namamotho, ama-turbines nabanye; ephatha futhi eguqule amandla emithombo yamandla emvelo asuka ezimpophomeni, amagagasi, umoya, emisebeni yelanga, i-geothermal, kanye kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinto.
Ngokuhambisana nalokhu okungenhla, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla yisakhamuzi ngasinye kungaba yinani elihle lokunquma ukuthuthuka komnotho wezwe. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ngenxa yomthamo nokusatshalaliswa kwawo yimikhakha ehlukene yezomnotho, izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamandla linqunywa ngohlaka oluthile lwendawo, ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwawo ngokwemithombo yamandla emvelo ehlukene abasebenzisa kuyona, enquma uhlelo lwamandla.
Inani lokusetshenziswa kwamandla esizwe namandla awo okusabalalisa imithombo yamandla ehlukene ayilingani ngokuqondile nokubaluleka kwayo noma ukwakheka kwamandla ayo emvelo. Inani eliphakeme lokusetshenziswa kwamandla limane lihlobene namandla okuthuthukiswa kwezimboni kanye nezinga lempilo yezakhamuzi. Ihlala ihlobene nengcebo yemali evumela ukutholwa phesheya kwemikhiqizo yamandla edingekayo.
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi amazwe anezimboni ethenga kwamanye amazwe amanani amakhulu ezinto ezisetshenziswayo zikagesi, ezathengwa ngamanani aphansi ngenhloso yokulawula ukukhiqizwa kwawo, kanye nebhalansi yawo yamandla, okwaya ngokuya isweleka. Ngenkinga yamandla ka-1974, yenza ukuncipha kule ndlela yokuthola amandla. Lokhu kwakungenxa yomthelela obangelwe ukwenyuka kwamanani entengo yoMthombo Wamandla kawoyela, ekwindla ka-1973 futhi nango-1979 futhi hhayi kangako ngenxa yokuncipha kwawo okungenzeka kwalesi sisetshenziswa.
Kuhambisana nenkinga yezomnotho engenzeka, ekhombisa ukwehla kwamaphrojekthi kanye nesidingo samandla emhlabeni wonke. Intengo ephezulu kawoyela okumele ikhokhelwe ngabavela kwamanye amazwe ithinta kakhulu ibhalansi yabo yezohwebo kanye nomnotho wabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, kukhona ukwehla ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kanye nokwanda okukhulu kokonga kwamandla.
Umthelela wamanani aphezulu kawoyela uholele ekwenyukeni kwezifundo nasekuthuthukisweni kwamaphrojekthi neminye Imithombo Yamandla, elawulwa yizinkampani zikawoyela ezisunguliwe emhlabeni, kuqalwe kabusha ukuxhashazwa kwamalahle, igesi yemvelo, amandla enuzi kanye nemithombo yamandla avuselelwe ngokwezimboni. .
Lokhu kuholele ekwehleni kokusetshenziswa kukawoyela kwaze kwafika emazingeni aphansi kunangaphambi kwenhlekelele. Lokhu kwehla kwamanani kawoyela kufike ekungabazeni inzuzo yokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kwezifundo namaphrojekthi ukusizakala kweminye imithombo yamandla, okubangele ukuntengantenga okukhulu emakethe yamandla.
Ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokwazi imvelo emangalisayo nokuthi ungayinakekela kanjani, ufunda lokhu okuthunyelwe okulandelayo: