Umthombo: Wikipedia
Ukukhuluma mayelana impahla esindayo zomhlaba ukukhuluma ngawo ukuminyana kwayo, impahla eyenza kube nzima kakhulu. Uma sithatha izinto ezimbili ezinobukhulu obuhlukene singabona ukuthi iyiphi enomthamo omkhulu kakhulu. Akufani nokubamba ikhilogremu elingu-1 le-iridium noma ikhilogremu elingu-1 lomthofu ngesandla. Nakuba zombili zinesisindo esifana ncamashi, siyakwazi ukuthi zinesisindo esilinganayo ukuminyana ezahlukene futhi umthamo wabo uhlukile, enye yazo izoba nevolumu eyengeziwe kunomunye.
Samukela umbuzo wokuthi besiwazi impilo yethu yonke, yimuphi onesisindo esikhulu? Ikhilo lotshani noma ikhilo lensimbi? Siyohlale sigxile kulowo omelela umthamo omkhulu kunayo yonke, kodwa akunjalo. Ngamafuphi, zombili zinesisindo esifanayo, nakuba zinokuminyana okuhlukile. Yilokho okwenzeka kuye osmium, into enzima kakhulu emhlabeni futhi esiyiqhathanisa nezinye izinto.
Iyiphi impahla esinda kakhulu emhlabeni?
Izinto ezisinda kakhulu emhlabeni insimbi esiyazi njenge i-osmium. Ukuze sazi ukuthi ubukhulu balo bufinyelela kuphi, sisebenzisa njengesibonelo ukuthi ubungako bebhola lebhola elenziwe nge-osmium bungaba nesisindo esingakanani. Ibhola uthe lizoba nesisindo esingu-120 kg, kwazise uma singazama ukulicosha ngezandla bekungeke kwenzeke.
Uma siyiqhathanisa nezinye izinto siyabona ukuthi isicishe Isisindo esiphindwe ka-23 kunamanzi futhi esindayo esiphindwe kabili kune-radon. Ukuminyana kwayo kungu-22,6 g/cm³, okuyisibalo esicishe sidlulwe i-iridium, enye impahla esindayo kakhulu enesisindo esingu-22,4 g/cm³. Le nsimbi isetshenziswa embonini ngenxa yokumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nekhono layo lokumelana nama-ejenti abolayo. Le nsimbi, kanye nezinye ezifana igraphite nedayimane, ikhombisa izakhiwo ezihlukile ezizenza zibaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni ehlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne- izinhlobo zezinto ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukene.
Izinto ezisindayo ezisetshenziswa embonini
Kokubili i-osmium ne-iridium isetshenziselwa izinto ezidingayo, njenge imishini yokuhlinza nama-alloys eplatinamu ezidinga ukumelana nokuqina okukhulu. Okunye ukusetshenziswa kungasetshenziswa ekudaleni ama-catalyst ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ezimotweni, kudokotela wamazinyo, kubucwebe nasezinsizeni zaselabhorethri.
Ngaphezu kwe-iridium, i-osmium ne-platinum, singathola futhi i-tungsten. Enye insimbi eyingqayizivele yokwenziwa kwezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside njengamathuluzi okusika anembe kakhulu noma ukukhiqizwa kwemicu yesibani. Ngalo mqondo, i- ubuchwepheshe nezinto zokwakha ezisetshenzisiwe zibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamathuluzi anembayo.
abanye bathanda i-mercury, asetshenziselwa amathuluzi okulinganisa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi. I-Cadmium isetshenziselwa imboni ye-photovoltaic, ekwenzeni amaphaneli elanga kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamabhethri aphinde ashajwe.
Qaphela lezi zinsimbi ezinzima, ngoba zinobuthi
Kunezinsimbi eziningi ezisindayo futhi empeleni lolu hlobo lwezinsimbi ezinobuthis. Phakathi kwabo, siyazi ithusi, i-aluminium, i-strontium, i-cobalt, i-arsenic, i-chromium, i-nickel, i-molybdenum, i-uranium, i-zinc, i-mercury, i-manganese, i-selenium, nabanye. Lezi zinsimbi zinemvelaphi yemvelo emhlabeni, ezinobuningi be-athomu.
Izinsimbi ezinzima zingabangela umthelela wemvelo nempilo yabantu. Uma zinqwabelana enhlabathini, emanzini, nasezintweni eziphilayo njengezilwane noma izitshalo, zingabangela ukungcoliswa okuphawulekayo kwe-ecosystem futhi ziqede ingxenye ethile echungechungeni lokudla. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nokungcola, ngincoma ukuthi uhlole isihloko se imvula ene-asidi nomthelela wayo Emvelweni.
Ukuze sigweme ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, kumelwe phatha kahle imfucuza yakho kanye nezindawo zokuqoqa ukuze uthole ukwelashwa kokugcina. Umqondo awukona ukungcolisa abantu noma izidalwa eziphilayo futhi uzame ukunciphisa imithelela engemihle empilweni.
Lokhu kungcola kungabangela ukulimala kwesimiso sezinzwa, ukuthuthukiswa komdlavuza kanye nezifo zokuphefumula, ikakhulukazi kubantu. Ukuvimbela lokhu ukuthi kungenzeki, kufanele sicabangele izinyathelo ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa njalo nokuhlolwa kodokotela, ngaphezu kokuqaphela ukusetshenziswa kwazo. Izindawo zokusebenza yizona eziyingozi kakhulu futhi lapho ukuphepha kufanele kulawulwe.
Ithebula lokuqhathanisa le-osmium nezinye izinto:
Singathola ezinye izinhlobo zezinsimbi, njengesibonelo:
- uranium, enesisindo se-athomu esihlobene esingu-238.0289 kanye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-92.
- Radio, enesisindo se-athomu esihlobene esingu-226.0254 nenombolo ye-athomu engu-118.
- ILithium, enesisindo se-athomu esihlobene esingu-6.941 kanye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-3.
- URadon, enesisindo se-athomu esihlobene esingu-222.0 kanye nenombolo ye-athomu engu-86.
Okuningi okuthakazelisayo mayelana ne-osmium
Impela uyafisa ukwazi ukuthi le nsimbi itholakala kuphi. Ingabe ekhishwe onqenqemeni lomhlaba lweplanethi yethu, kanye nezinye izinsimbi zeqembu leplatinamu. Ngokuvamile kuyahamba enamathiselwe ku-iridium noma izinsimbi ezifana ne-nickel noma insimbi. Ngaphakathi kwezifundo, kuye kwanqunywa ukuthi ikhona eduze nomnyombo weplanethi, uma kubhekwa ukuminyana kwayo okukhulu nesisindo esibangela ukuthi izike. Ngokujwayelekile iyisici esiyiso okutholakala kakhulu emkhathini kunaseMhlabeni
Kuyinsimbi nge-tint eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-grey, enokuminyana okuphezulu kakhulu, kodwa cishe ayikho imajini phakathi kwe-iridium. Iyinsimbi eqinile kodwa eshwabene, ecwebezelayo ngisho nasezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa. Imodi yayo yokucindezelwa iphezulu kakhulu, amanani ayo aphakathi kuka-395 no-462 GPa, singayiqhathanisa nedayimane amanani ayo angama-443 GPa. Kunzima kakhulu ukwenza umshini ube yisimo.
Uma yethulwa ngesimo sayo se-metallic, injalo umbala omhlophe ompunga, enokwakheka okuqine kakhulu nokubukeka okucwebezelayo. Ifomu layo lempushana litholakala kalula kakhulu, nakuba livezwe emoyeni livame ukwakha i-osmium tetraoxide, inhlanganisela enobuthi neyingozi, engathinta iphunga nokuchayeka kwayo emehlweni.
Umlando we-osmium unomlando omude. Yatholwa ngo-1803 ngu USmithson Tennant noWilliam Hyde Wollaston eLondon futhi kwadingeka kudlule amasheke amaningi kwaze kwatholakala ukuthi kwakuyisici esisha. Izixazululo eziningana zenziwe ngeplatinamu kwaze kwatholakala ukuthi insalela eyayisele yayimnyama futhi ingancibiliki.
Ngisho nalokhu okusele, ukuzimisela bekungacacile, kuze kube yilapho uTennat ekwazi futhi enenzuzo enkulu, dala ikhambi alibiza ngokuthi i-osmium, kubhekiselwa egameni lesiGreki elithi “osme” okusho iphunga, ngenxa yomlotha nephunga lentuthu le-osmium tetroxide. Kakade ngoJuni 21, 1804, lesi sici esisha singengezwa encwadini eya eRoyal Society yaseLondon, ukuze kuthuthukiswe iSayensi Yemvelo.
