I-ecosystem inomthwalo wemfanelo wokugcwalisa iplanethi yomhlaba ngezifunda ezihlukahlukene kanye nemvelo ecebile ngemithombo yemvelo, izinhlobo zezitshalo eziyingqayizivele ngayinye kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezitholakala endaweni ngayinye, esihlokweni esilandelayo izici ze-ecosystem yehlathi zizogqanyiswa, ezibaluleke kakhulu. Ngenxa yobuningi bezihlahla nezihlahlana ezivela emindenini eyahlukene, ake sifunde okwengeziwe ngazo.
I-Forest Ecosystem
Iplanethi engumhlaba yakhiwe iqoqo lezakhi kanye nemithombo yemvelo ezenza zihluke futhi zihluke, njengezitshalo, izilwane, imizimba yamanzi, izinhlobo, phakathi kwabanye. Ukudala izindawo ezihlukene ezaziwa ngokuthi ama-ecosystems, kwakha iqoqo lezinto eziphilayo (izilwane, izinhlobo zezitshalo, isikhunta, phakathi kokunye) kanye nalezo zinto ezingaphili (umoya, amanzi, umhlaba, phakathi kokunye). Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwazo kudala ukulingana okuphelele phakathi kwemvelo nazo zonke izakhi zayo zamanje.
Njengamanje kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zemvelo ezakha iplanethi yonke yomhlaba, esatshalaliswa phakathi kwamazwekazi amahlanu, ingxenye itholakala ebusweni bomhlaba njengamahlathi, amahlathi, ama-savannah, izingwadule nokunye. Yize zikhona ezinye ezihlanganisa izifunda zasemanzini njengolwandle, amachibi, izilwandle, imifula, nokunye. Iqokomisa lokhu kwakamuva, njengoba iplanethi yakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zamanzi phakathi kwamanzi ahlanzekile nanosawoti.
Kulokhu sizogqamisa i-ecosystem yehlathi, eyaziwa ngokuba isandiso sendawo eyakhiwe ikakhulukazi izihlahla, ngaphezu kokusebenzelana nezinto eziphilayo ezisungula ukulingana okuphelele kulolu hlobo lwe-ecosystem. Lapho izihlahla ziminyene kakhulu, zinikeza ikhava eyingqayizivele kulezi zindawo futhi zinikeze izimo zezulu ezibalulekile zokukhula okuchichimayo kwezitshalo.
Imvelo yamahlathi ihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo, singazithola emahlathini ashisayo, emahlathini ashisayo, emahlathini aseMedithera, amahlathi apholile, amahlathi axubile, amasimu ezithelo, amahlathi e-coniferous, amahlathi amahlathi, phakathi kokunye. Zibonakala ngokuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo futhi zimelela amaphaphu omhlaba, zinezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezenza inqubo ye-biochemical ye-photosynthesis.
Lolu hlobo lwe-ecosystem ludinga ubuncane bezimo zemvelo ezivumela ukukhula kwezihlahla, okugqamisa ukujula kwenhlabathi, ukutholakala kwamanzi okwanele kanye nezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kwama-degree Celsius ayishumi kuye ngesizini yonyaka lapho idlula khona. Ukwengeza, ukusabalalisa kokukhanya kufanele kucatshangelwe, kubangele i-gradient eqondile kanye nomswakama ophelele wesihlobo. Zonke lezi zici zikuvumela ukuthi kubhekwe njenge-ecosystem enenani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
Ama-ecosystems amahlathi asatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, eqokomisa ikakhulukazi lezo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo (umswakama ophezulu) ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwazo okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo, esimweni samahlathi apholile (atholakala kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zomhlaba) kuyinto encane. aphansi naphansi emahlathini e-boreal (ama-coniferous biomes). Phakathi kwezinye zezinhlobo ezivame kakhulu izintaba kanti ezinye izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi zibonwa ngisho nasezindaweni ezihlukene.
Izici ze-Forest Ecosystems
Imvelo yasehlathini inenani elikhulu lezitshalo ezihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo ezihlinzeka ngezinto eziningi eziphilayo eziphila ngenxa yalokho. Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo yamahlathi, ngayinye enezimfanelo ezihlukile nezihlukile kodwa enenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zehlathi ezibusayo.Ngezansi sizogqamisa izici eziyinhloko zemvelo yamahlathi.
Izidingo Zemvelo
Imvelo yehlathi inesidingo sokuthi ihlukaniswe phakathi kwalesi sigaba, phakathi kwazo ubuncane bemibandela yokukhula okufanele kwezihlahla kufanele kucatshangelwe; enye yezinto ezibeka umkhawulo ukutholakala kwama-substrates kucatshangelwa ukujula kanye nezinga lokushisa lomhlabathi, uma kwenzeka uhlangabezana nezinga lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-10ºC ngeke kuvumele ukukhula okufanele kwezihlahla, ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo lwendawo kufanele lube nezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kwalo. .
Ukwengeza, ukutholakala kwamanzi kugqanyiswa njengento ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, lesi sici simelela ukutholakala kwamanzi okuyisisekelo ukuze kube khona izihlahla. Ngakho-ke, imvelo yehlathi ibonakala kuma-degree angu-70 enyakatho noma eningizimu, ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-3500 kuya kwangu-4000 ngaphezu kolwandle, kulolu hlobo lwemvelo inhlabathi engashoni futhi enamatshe ibonakala.
Lezi zimo zenza lolu hlobo lwe-ecosystem lwakhiwe yinhlabathi ecebile nevundile, futhi ziyizindawo ezinamanzi amaningi, ezivumela ukukhula kwezitshalo nokuqiniswa kwezihlahla.
isakhiwo plant
Lesi sakhiwo sezitshalo esikhona endaweni yemvelo yamahlathi singaba inkimbinkimbi, esakhiwe ama-substrates amaningana (izinhlobo zenhlabathi) lapho kutholakala khona utshani (ukuqoqwa kwezihlahla ezincane ngaphansi kwezihlahla eziningana ezinkulu) kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezinkuni cishe amazinga amahlanu amancane. Kulolu hlobo lwendawo, kugcwele izihlahla, amakhambi kanye nezitshalo ezizungeze zonke izinhlobo zezihlahla ezincane.
Isakhiwo sezitshalo esilula kunazo zonke senzeka ehlathini le-boreal, elaziwa nangokuthi i-Taiga, limelela uhlobo lwe-biome olunezakhiwo ezinkulu zamahlathi kanye nenqwaba yamahlathi amakhulu, itholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeplanethi njengeCanada neRussia. Inezihlahla ezingaphansi, ungqimba olulodwa noma ezimbili zezihlahla kanye nokuhlukahluka okuthile. Izihlahla zakhona zifinyelela phakathi kwamamitha angu-30 no-60 ukuphakama kodwa lokhu kuyikhwalithi yezinhlobo ezithile ezihlala zikhona.
Endabeni yamahlathi emvula afudumele, imelela isakhiwo sezitshalo zasehlathini esiyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke, esaziwa nangokuthi ihlathi lemvula noma ihlathi elinomswakama elishisayo, elitholakala ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo ezishisayo futhi libonakala ngezinhlobo zezihlahla ezinde neziminyene kakhulu. Ezinye zezibonelo zalolu hlobo lwendawo i-Amazon, eveza utshani obuhlakazekile futhi obuqinile, inala yamakhambi amancane azungeze izihlahla. Ubuncane bezigaba ezinhlanu kanye nensada yezinhlobo zezilwane phakathi kwabaqwali, ama-liana nama-epiphyte.
Ithonya Kwezemvelo
Wonke ama-ecosystems akhiwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe indawo ebonakalayo kanye nejeneretha enhle yezinto eziphilayo. Endabeni yemvelo yasehlathini, ibonakala ngokuba yizamukeli ezinhle zamanzi, ezinenhlabathi ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo ezivela kudoti kanye nesistimu enhle engaphansi komhlaba egcina ibhalansi ephelele nendawo. Izimo eziyinhloko zigqanyiswe ngezansi:
- Ioksijini Namanzi
I-oksijeni ingumphumela wenqubo ye-biochemical eyaziwa ngokuthi i-photosynthesis eyenziwa izitshalo, ukuchichima kwezinhlobo zezitshalo kubonisa isici esibalulekile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, endabeni yobuningi bezihlahla zibanika ukubaluleka okufanele kakhulu esintwini . Esinye sezibonelo eziyinhloko zalesi simiso semvelo i-Amazon etholakala enyakatho yeLatin America, ebhekwa njengephaphu lomhlaba.
I-Amazon ayihlanganyeli nje kuphela ekwakhekeni komoya-mpilo oyigugu, kodwa futhi inendima ebalulekile emjikelezweni wamanzi, yakha umgoqo ovimba umoya oswakeme futhi ifinyele amanzi agcina edale imvula kulezi zindawo, igcine ibhalansi eyisisekelo. Ngaphezu kokulawula ukugeleza nokungena kwamanzi abuye abuyiselwe emkhathini nge-evapotranspiration.
- i-rhizosphere
Imele isici lapho kunokusebenzelana okuyingqayizivele phakathi kwezimpande nama-microorganisms (isikhunta noma amagciwane) akhona enhlabathini eyaziwa ngokuthi i-mycorrhizae; zonke zixhumene ngokomzwelo. Phakathi kwesimiso sezinto eziphilayo zamahlathi, izigaba ezihlukahlukene zesikhunta ziyahlanganyela ezinikeza izakhi ezidingekayo zezimpande, zandise amandla azo okumunca imisoco enikezwa inhlabathi ngezimpande zazo.
I-Niches kanye ne-Biodiversity
I-ecology niche imele inani lezinhlobo zezilwane ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem ethile. Kulokhu, isakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esakhiwe ukuhlukahluka kwezihlahla sithathwa njengento yokukhiqiza okuyinhloko, okuyisisekelo esiyinhloko se-ecosystem yehlathi. Lolu hlobo lwekhwalithi ludalwe enanini eliphezulu lezindawo zemvelo ezikhona.
Ubuningi bezinhlobo zezihlahla kuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, isibonelo, isihlahla esiphezulu se-canopy ehlathini elishisayo, singabhekwa njengesimiso saso semvelo, ngoba sakhiwe ngenani elikhulu lezitshalo, amagciwane, ama-mosses, isikhunta. , izinambuzane, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo ezisebenzisana zodwa.
Flora
I-flora isho iqoqo lezinhlobo zezitshalo ezitholakala endaweni ethile, enikeza izici ezihlukile neziqondile zendawo. Kulokhu, ubuningi bezihlahla buzohlukahluka kuye ngezimo zezulu zendawo, ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo kukhona ezindaweni eziphilayo zamahlathi ashisayo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasehlathini lemvula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Taigas (imvelo yamahlathi e-subarctic) iqokonyiswa, iveza ukuhlukahluka okuphansi kwezinhlobo zezilwane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izifunda ezinamahlathi, kodwa kuqokomisa ukuthi ingenye yezindawo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni wonke. Ezinye izici ezikhona kulolu hlobo lwesifunda zigqanyiswe ngezansi:
I-Temprate and Cold Forest Ecosystems
Imvelo yehlathi etholakala ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile nesibandayo inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-conifers, ubuningi bezihlahla emahlathini asenyakatho neningizimu nenkabazwe, njengepinaceae ne-cupresaceae (enyakatho) ne-araucaria (eningizimu). Lezi zinhlobo zezitshalo zigcwele emahlathini e-boreal (taiga) namahlathi e-coniferous. Endabeni yaseMedithera, amahlathi ashisayo anemvula namanzi, kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-angiosperm, njenge-oki, i-huyas. Kwezinye izimo ezinye izibonelo ezifana ne-laurel nezihlahla zomnqumo zingabonwa.
I-Tropical Forest Ecosystems
Kulolu hlobo lwendawo, izinhlobo zomndeni we-angiosperm ziningi, kuyilapho ama-conifers eyindlala; kuyilapho ezivelele ziyimifino ehlangene ne-ancardiaceae, i-lauraceae ne-moraceae. Njengamanje kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlobo ezitshalwa emasimini nasezingadini njengamahlathi ashisayo emazwenikazi ahlukahlukene, njengomango eNdiya), isithelo sezithelo e-Afrika) kanye nokhokho eMelika.
Fauna
Iqukethe iqoqo lezinhlobo zezilwane ezisebenzisanayo futhi ezivumelana nezimo zezulu, indawo yokuhlala kanye nangaphakathi kwesifunda esithile. Izilwane ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem zihluke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamahlathi ngenxa yobuningi bezinhlobo zezitshalo ezikhiqiza indawo ekahle yokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlukahlukene. Okulandelayo sizokwazi izici eziyinhloko zalolu hlobo lwendawo:
I-Temprate and Cold Forest Ecosystems
Lolu hlobo lwe-ecosystem lubonakala ngokuba yi-biome ethuthukisa izindawo ezinobusika obubandayo kanye nehlobo elide, ezaziwa ngokuthi amahlathi apholile kanye namahlathi e-coniferous; izinhlobo zezilwane ezikhona amabhere, izingulube zasendle, izimpisi nezinyamazane. Izinhlobo zezinyoni ezinjengezikhova, amagwababa, izinyoni eziculayo kanye namakhukhamba nazo ziningi.
I-Tropical Forest Ecosystems
Imvelo yamahlathi ashisayo ihambelana nalezo zindawo ezinamahlathi ezitholakala ezifundeni zaseMelika, zihambisana nezindawo zemvelo zama-jaguar, izinyamazane, izinyamazane, i-tapir kanye ne-collared peccary; Ziphinde futhi zimelele indawo eyinhloko lapho izinhlobo zezinyoni ezifana ne-harpy eagle, i-guacharaca ne-quetzal zihlala khona. Izilwane ezikhona zihlanganisa i-Howler monkey kanye ne-spider monkey, endabeni yezinhlobo zezinyoka zihlanganisa i-Bothrops ne-Lachesis ebhekwa njengobuthi.
Imvelo yamahlathi ekhona ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, izilwane ezihlala kulezo zifunda ziyagqama, njengezilwane eziphila ngaphansi kwe-anthropoid ezifana nemfene kanye ne-gorilla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingwe nezindlovu zikhona emahlathini akuleyo ndawo; Ezindaweni zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia kukhona ama-orangutan, amahlosi nezindlovu zamaHindu.
Izibonelo ze-Forest Ecosystems
Imvelo yasehlathini isakazwa ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zamazwekazi amahlanu, igcwele ezindaweni ezithile ezigqamayo ngobuningi bezinhlobo zezitshalo nokuba izindawo zokulondoloza imvelo zezitshalo nezilwane ezihlukahlukene.
Ihlathi Lenkathi Yezinkathi Ezishisayo YaseThafeni LaseColombo-Venezuela
IColombia neVenezuela amazwe angomakhelwane, atholakala esifundeni esiseningizimu yezwekazi laseMelika futhi agqama ngobuningi bezinto eziphilayo zamahlathi, ayindawo engaphansi kwezinkathi ezimbili zonyaka ezaziwa ngokuthi lina nemvula enkulu kanti enye yomile futhi ifudumele. Izinhlobo zezihlahla zinqoba izinkathi zonyaka ezomile, zilahlekelwa amaqabunga, yingakho zibizwa ngokuthi amahlathi enkathi ethile. Ziba ngaphansi kokuntuleka kwamanzi kulezi zikhathi ezimbi kakhulu, lapho u-80% wezihlahla ulahlekelwa amahlamvu, okugqamisa iqiniso lokuthi uhhafu kuphela okwazi ukusizakala ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
- Flora
Amahlathi avuthuluka kancane afika ekuvezeni izinhlobo zezihlahla ezifinyelela kumamitha angu-40 ukuphakama, zigqamisa izinhlobo ezifana ne-mijao (Anacardium excelsum), ezinwabuzelayo (Astronium graveolens), i-Indian enqunu (Bursera simaruba) kanye ne-ceiba (Ceiba pentandra) . Kukhona nezihlahla ezaziwa ngokhuni lwazo oluhle njengemisedari yaseMelika (Cedrela odorata), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) kanye neLinnet (Cordia alliodora).
- Fauna
Izinhlobo ezifana ne-jaguar (Panthera onca), inyamazane ye-caramerudo (Odocoileus virginianus apurensis) kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni, izinyoka nezinambuzane zingabonakala kulezi zifunda.
Ihlathi laseMedithera
Okuphinde kubhekwe njengalezo zifunda ezinamahlathi nama-scrub biomes akhula ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esifudumele (iMedithera) esibonakala ngobusika obupholile, ihlobo elomile, ikwindla elifudumele neziphethu ezichichimayo. Kunezifunda ezinhlanu emhlabeni ezinalolu hlobo lwendawo eseduze nolwandle lwaseMedithera, futhi eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Australia, eningizimu ye-Afrika, eCalifornia (United States naseMexico) kanye nogu lwePacific eChile.
- Flora
Iqukethe ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezinezihlahla ezinosayizi ophakathi, amaqabunga aqinile namagxolo aminyene, njenge-oki kakhokho (Quercus suber), i-oki (Quercus coccifer), i-holm oak (Quercus ilex) kanye ne-laurel (Laurus nobilis ). Iphinde ibe nobukhona bezihlahla ezingaphansi ezine-ericaceous (i-heather), i-rosemary (i-Rosmarinus officinalis) nezihlahla ze-boxwood (Buxus sempervirens). Banobukhona bama-gymnosperms afana ne-Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) kanye nezihlahla zomjunipha (Juniperus spp.).
- Fauna
Kunezinhlobo zezilwane ezifana ne-Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), impungushe (Vulpes vulpes), izingulube zasendle (Sus scrofa) kanye nengwejeje ebomvu (Sciurus vulgaris).
Ukutshala Amahlathi
Iqukethe lezo zandiso zomhlaba lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene zezihlahla zitshalwa khona ukuze kukhiqizwe ukhuni noma i-pulp yokhuni, lolu hlobo lwe-ecosystem lulawulwa futhi lwenzelwe ukulawula abantu kuphela. Ngokuvamile iqukethe i-monoculture noma inombolo encane yezinhlobo kodwa ezinenani eliphezulu lehlathi.
- Ihlathi lase-Uverito
Eyaziwa ngokuthi amasimu e-Uverito, iqukethe izwe eliyihlathi elitholakala ezweni laseVenezuela elihlanganisa izifunda zase-Anzoátegui neMonagas, liqukethe insimu yezinhlobo zikaphayini waseCaribbean (Pinus caribaea), ethathwa njengenye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, ezimboza indawo yonke. kuya kumahektha ayizi-600.000 XNUMX, lolu hlobo lwamasimu lwasebenzisana ngokumelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okwasindisa itafula laseGuanipa ekubeni ugwadule.
Ekuqaleni izinhlobo ezikhona kwakungutshani beTrachypogon, obutshalwa njengophayini waseMelika Ephakathi. Inhloso eyinhloko yazo zonke lezi zinsimu ukukhiqiza i-pulp yokhuni ukuze kwenziwe iphepha nezinkuni. Njengamanje kunezinkampani ezingaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ezinesibopho sokungenelela kulesi simiso semvelo esibhekele ukucubungula izinkuni zikaphayini waseCaribbean ngezinjongo zezimboni nezohwebo.
Lesi sitshalo savela ngo-1961, njengohlelo lokulondoloza imvelo endaweni futhi lunomthelela ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu endaweni kanye nomhlabathi wendawo, ngaphezu kokuhlinzeka ngempahla eyisisekelo yokwakha izinto ezihlukahlukene.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile: