I-ecosystem yemvelo iyisethi yezilungiselelo zemvelo ezithuthuke emhlabeni wonke izigidi zeminyaka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa muntu. Bayini? nokuthi Iziphi okungenzeka zikhona?” Lena imibuzo esizoyiphendula kulesi sihloko, ngakho-ke, siyakumema ukuba usifunde.
Iyini i-ecosystem yemvelo?
Into yokuqala wonke umuntu onentshisekelo kuyo kulesi sihloko kanye nokukhuluma ngokunengqondo, kufanele achaze ukuthi iyini i-ecosystem. Empeleni iyingxenye eyisisekelo yendawo. Iqukethe izingxenye ze-biotic kanye ne-abiotic kanye nokusebenzisana kwazo okuqhubekayo komunye nomunye. Ngokwejwayelekile, i-ecosystem ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezimbili, okuyilezi: I-ecosystem yemvelo, okuyizona lezo lapho kungekho khona ukusebenzisana kwabantu ekwakhekeni kwazo; kanye ne-ecosystem yokwenziwa, lapho kukhona ukungenelela okucacile komuntu ekwakhekeni kwemvelo.
I-ecosystem yemvelo iwumphakathi wezinto eziphilayo nezingaphili futhi yenzeka ngokukhululeka ngokwemvelo. Ingxenye ngayinye isebenzisana njengeyunithi ehlanganisiwe ngezinqubo zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, nezebhayoloji. Isici esihlukanisa i-ecosystem yemvelo kwezinye i-ecosystem ukuthi ziyimvelo ngokuphelele. Ukusebenzisana kwabo akuthonywa nganoma iyiphi indlela umsebenzi womuntu njengoba kubonakala endabeni ye-ecosystem yokwenziwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungashiwo ukuthi izingxenye noma izakhi zemvelo yemvelo ezibangela lokhu kusebenzisana okunamandla kakhulu inhlabathi, ukukhanya kwelanga, umoya, amanzi, izitshalo, izilwane kanye nama-microorganisms. Ngayinye yalezi zici ze-ecosystem ihlotshaniswa ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile. Phakathi kwezibonelo ezivame kakhulu sinezinga lokushisa elishintshashintshayo noma amazinga esimo sezulu angathinta ukukhula kwezitshalo.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-ecosystem yemvelo neyokwenziwa
Phakathi komehluko omkhulu ongashiwo phakathi kwesimiso esisodwa noma esinye, okuphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi ezimisweni zemvelo zemvelo imvelo ephilayo yenzeka ngokukhululeka emvelweni esikhundleni sokudalwa ngumuntu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kulezo zokwenziwa, ziyizinto eziphilayo ezidalwe ngumuntu ukuze athole izinzuzo zezentengiselwano noma ezinye, ngamanye amazwi, lezi zimiso zemvelo zishintshwa abantu ukuze zizuze bona futhi zingaba emhlabeni noma emanzini.
Izinhlobo zemvelo yemvelo
Usayizi we-ecosystem ngayinye uyahluka. Ezweni, i-ecosystems ixhumene ukwenza i-biome: umhlaba noma umkhathi, indawo yolwandle, amahlathi, izixhobo, njll. Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, ama-biomes axhumene komunye nomunye futhi anezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-ecosystem yemvelo: I-Terestrial ecosystem, esekelwe kukho konke okutholakala emhlabeni; kanye ne-Aquatic Ecosystem, esekelwe emanzini. Kukhona ezinye izinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-ecosystem, nokho, izinhlelo ezahlukene noma izindawo eziqoqwe kulezi ezimbili ezishiwo ngenhla zizochazwa ngezansi.
Imvelo yasolwandle
Ziningi kakhulu ezingatholakala, ngoba zihlanganisa i-2/3 yomhlaba futhi isici sazo esiyinhloko ukuthi zinenani elikhulu likasawoti ekubunjweni kwazo, ngokungafani nabalingani babo. Bakha ngaphezu kwama-97% amanzi asemhlabeni kanye nama-90% wendawo yokuhlala. Lesi simiso semvelo semvelo sihlanganisa izinhlelo eziseduze nogu ezifana namaxhaphozi kasawoti, imibhede yotshani basolwandle, imihlume, izindawo ezihlanganayo, nezixhobo zamakhorali. Ngokulandelayo, zibonakala ngomphakathi wezinto eziphilayo ezihambisanayo kanye nendawo yazo ebonakalayo.
i-ecosystem yamanzi ahlanzekile yemvelo
Lolu hlobo lwe-ecosystem yemvelo luhlanganisa noma yikuphi ukwakheka okuguquguqukayo kwezindawo ezinamanzi ahlanzekile njenge: imifula, amachibi namaxhaphozi, phakathi kokunye. Ingahlukaniswa kusukela ekuqoqweni kwezilwandle nezilwandle, ngenxa yokungabi bikho kosawoti ekwakhekeni kwawo. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, indawo ngayinye eguquguqukayo eyihlanganisayo iye yahlukaniswa ngokuvumelana nezinga lokushisa layo, ukungena kokukhanya, izakhi kanye nezitshalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, singasho ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwayo kuhlanganisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-lentic (empeleni zonke izinhlobo zamanzi amile) kanye ne-lotic (ukuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zamanzi agelezayo).
i-desert ecosystem
I-ecosystem yasogwadule ingabonakala e-Arctic nasezindaweni ezishisayo. Njengoba kulindelekile, akuzona zonke izingwadule ezishisayo. Ezinye zivame ukuba nomoya. Isici esihlaba umxhwele kakhulu sale simiso sezinto eziphilayo yinani lemvula elitholayo, elincane kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nanoma iyiphi enye i-ecosystem. Ezinye izingwadule zakhiwe ngamatshe, kanti ezinye zinezindunduma zesihlabathi. Izitshalo ziyivelakancane kakhulu, kodwa izilwane nezinambuzane ezivumelana nezimo zitholakala lapha. Ezinye izingwadule ezinkulu yilezi:
Lencois Maranhenses: Iyindawo enkulu enesihlabathi engokwemvelo etholakala ezweni elikhulu eningizimu yezwekazi laseMelika, okungukuthi, iBrazil, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni saseMaranhão enyakatho-mpumalanga yezwe. Kuyipaki kazwelonke enezindunduma ezimhlophe ezithinta ugu bese zingena ezweni eliqhele ngamakhilomitha angama-50. Amanzi anqwabelanayo akha phakathi kukaJuni noSepthemba ngenxa yezimvula ayakhanga kakhulu.
Ukuhlasela: Iyona eyome kakhulu emhlabeni futhi itholakala phakathi kwamazwe asePeru naseChile, yaziwa njengendawo yemvelo yasogwadule lwase-Andean enesandiso esingaba ngu-105.000 km2. Phakathi kwezinto ezivelele ezingashiwo ngayo, wukuthi iyindawo ekwazi ukwethula isikhathi semvula njalo emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka; Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengakunoma yiluphi ugwadule, amazinga okushisa angahluka kakhulu njengoba, emini, angafinyelela ku-3 kuya ku-20 degrees Celsius futhi ebusuku angehla aze afike ku-30 degrees. Njengolwazi olwengeziwe, indawo yomjaho wezimoto zasogwadule odume kakhulu emhlabeni, i-Dakar.
ISahara: Iwugwadule olushisayo olukhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, inendawo engaphezu kuka-9 million square kilometers. Itholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho yezwekazi lase-Afrika, elihlukanisa izigaba ezimbili: iMedithera, enyakatho, neSahara eseningizimu. Ngasempumalanga kunoLwandle Olubomvu futhi entshonalanga i-Atlantic. Iminyaka yayo ingaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezi-2 futhi igama lisuka egameni lesi-Arabhu elihumusha ngokuthi ugwadule.
Isimo semvelo sehlathi
I-ecosystem yehlathi ihlukaniswa ngokwesimo sezulu, esingaba se-tropical, esishisayo noma esishisayo. Ezindaweni ezipholile, i-ecosystem yehlathi ingaba yi-deciduous, coniferous noma inhlanganisela yazo zombili izinhlobo zezitshalo. Izindawo ezishisayo zinezindawo zemvelo zamahlathi emvula ahlanganisa imvelo yezilwane nezitshalo ehluke kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nanoma yisiphi isifunda emhlabeni. Kulesi sifunda, izihlahla zikhula zibe zinde, ezinamahlamvu aminyene nendawo enomswakama lapho izinhlobo zezilwane zitholakala khona ukusuka ezimpandeni kuye kombhede.
I-Tundra yemvelo yemvelo
Iwuhlobo lwe-ecosystem yemvelo eyaziwa ngokuba nendawo ethonywe isimo sezulu esineqhwa kanye nobukhona obuncane bezitshalo ezinkulu. Ingaphezulu liyisicaba kakhulu, umhlabathi umbozwe ama-mosses nama-lichens. Izindawo ezibalulekile zalesi simiso semvelo semvelo zitholakala enyakatho yeplanethi, endaweni ebizwa ngokuthi i-arctic zone, evelele phakathi kwe-Alaska e-United States neSiberia eRussia. Eningizimu nenkabazwe, kungenzeka ukuthola izingxenye ze-tundra eningizimu ngokwedlulele ye-Argentina neChile, iziqhingi ezingaphansi kwe-subantarctic nezindawo ezisenyakatho ye-Antarctica eduze nezinga lolwandle.
Ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene lubonise ukuthi i-1/5 yobuso bomhlaba inalolu hlobo lwe-ecosystem yemvelo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amakilasi amabili angagqanyiswa: intaba (etholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu) kanye ne-arctic (lezi yizo eziseduze nezinga lolwandle futhi ngokungafani nezinye, zinezitshalo ezincane). Isayensi yokwakheka komhlaba ibiza i-permafrost ungqimba oluhlala njalo lweqhwa eliphezu komhlaba ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu. E-tundra, izindawo ezinkulu eziqandiswe ebusika ziba amaxhaphozi noma ama-bogs lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ngoba i-permafrost ayivumeli amanzi ancibilikisiwe ukuba angene.
Izimvu zamanzi, amabhubesi olwandle, amabhere amhlophe nezimpisi ngezinye zezilwane ezihlala e-tundra. Ezinye izinhlobo, ezifana nezinyamazane, zifudukela kwezinye izindawo ngezikhathi ezipholile zonyaka. Ngokuqondene ne-flora, ngokuvamile ayidluli amasentimitha angu-10 ukuphakama ngenxa yesenzo somoya. Ukuncibilika kwezingqimba zeqhwa ezitholakala endaweni eshisayo kuye kwabeka izilwane ze-tundra engozini yokushabalala futhi ibhere elimhlophe lingesinye sezisulu zalo eziyinhloko. Ngeshwa, azikho izinyathelo ezibambekayo zokulwa nalesi simo.
utshani ecosystem
Yizo zonke lezi zindawo zasemhlabeni ezinezimfunda ezinkulu noma utshani obuningi, ezisetshenziselwa ukudla nokuthuthukiswa kwezidalwa eziningi eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nabantu. Kungashiwo futhi ukuthi igama elithi prairie libuye lisetshenziswe kabanzi ukuqoka umhlaba onemifino; nokho, ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kwamanye amagama anjengama-savannah nama-steppes ngandlela thize kukhawulele ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezinotshani ezindaweni ezinotshani zaseNyakatho Melika. Ingxenye engaphezu kwengxenye yesine yoMhlaba imbozwe izindawo ezinotshani. I-Grasslands itholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, futhi lezi zakha ingxenye enkulu ye-Afrika ne-Asia.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zezindawo ezinotshani, ukuze uzihlukanise zibizwa ngamagama ahlukene njengezindawo ezinotshani, amathafa, amathafa, ama-savannah nama-pampas. Utshani bukhula kahle ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona amanzi emvula anele ukuze kukhule ihlathi, kodwa maningi ukuze kube khona ugwadule. Izimfunda zigcwele utshani kuphela (amakhambi). Amasimu kakolweni athathwa njengezwe elinotshani, nakuba ehlala elinywa njalo. Ngezikhathi ezibandayo, utshani buyaphela bube luhlaza futhi.
Ukongiwa kwe-ecosystem yemvelo
Ukuqeda i-athikili yethu mayelana nezimo ezihlukene zemvelo yeplanethi, kufanele kwenziwe ucingo olubalulekile lokukhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, njengoba, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ngayinye yalezi iyikhaya kanye nesizinda sokuthuthukiswa nokusebenzisana kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo. izilwane nezitshalo. Lokhu kungafezwa ngemfundo, ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, okuzokwenza ushintsho oluhle olubalulekile lwesikhathi esizayo.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko mayelana ne-ecosystem yemvelo futhi ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinye izihloko ezithakazelisayo, ungabheka izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: