Indawo yonke ihlanganisa konke okwaziwayo kuze kube manje, kodwa kumane nje kuyingxenyana yeqhwa olwandle olukhulu lwezimfihlakalo . Enye yalezi zimfihlakalo yizinto ezimnyama, futhi umbuzo ohlobene nalokhu uthi: Ingabe iyisici esivame kakhulu? Impendulo inguyebo.
Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, kwaziwa ukuthi kunohlobo oluthile lwento endaweni yonke enezinto ezibonakalayo ezingaqondakali ngokuphelele. Ayifani nhlobo nanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwamandla noma udaba, kodwa into eyodwa eqinisekile. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izakhi endaweni yonke, izinto ezimnyama zichichima izikhathi eziyisi-6 kuye kweziyi-7. Isizathu? Kusenemibono eminingana ecatshangelwayo, kodwa akukho okuphathekayo.
Ungase ube nesithakazelo esihlokweni sethu: Thola lezi zingcaphuno ezimangalisayo mayelana nendawo yonke nokuthi ubani owazisho!
Isingeniso sesihloko. Yini indaba emnyama?
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi iyini into emnyama, kumelwe sibuyele emuva cishe eminyakeni eyi-100. Ngenxa yomsebenzi kaJan Oort kanye noFritz Zwicky kamuva, siyazi ukuthi into emnyama iyinto engokoqobo.
Umthombo: ivdes
Ngokweziphetho zabo, izinto ezimnyama ziyinto eningi endaweni yonke engakwazi ukubamba, ukumunca noma ukukhipha ukukhanya. Ikhona kuzo zonke izinqubo zamandla adonsela phansi zezinto ezinkulu zasemkhathini, okunomthelela ekwandeni kwemithala. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukuthi yini indaba emnyama kubaluleke kakhulu kunalokho okukholelwa ngokuqinisekile.
Kafushane. Yiziphi izici zento emnyama?
Kusukela ngesisekelo esibaluleke kakhulu, udaka luyinto etholakala ngobuningi endaweni yonke. Eqinisweni, kufika ku-85% wendawo yonke ebonakalayo yakhiwe udaka.
Ngokuvamile, laziwa ngalelo gama, ngoba liwuhlobo lwento engakwazi ukubamba noma ukukhipha imisebe kazibuthe. Okusho ukuthi, i-elementi ukwakheka kwayo kungakhiphi noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesignali yokukhanya noma ye-electrochemical.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ichazwe ngokuthi “yinoma iyiphi into ngaphandle kwamandla amnyama noma into evamile.” Eqinisweni, ngisho nomphakathi wesayensi awukafinyeleli esivumelwaneni esiqondile mayelana nokwakheka kwayo. Abanye baphetha ngokuthi ingaba yakhiwe ngama-neutrino nezinye izinto ezisindayo; nokho, abanye baqaphile kakhulu.
Noma kunjalo, inkolelo-mbono yama-neutrino ezintweni ezimnyama inengqondo impela. Isizathu esiyinhloko ukuthi ama-neutrino ayizinhlayiya ezincane kakhulu ezinobunzima obuncane kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, awakhiphi amandla abonakalayo futhi awasebenzisani kahle nezinye izinto endaweni yonke. Ngakho-ke, kungaba nengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi ayingxenye yento eningi kakhulu endaweni yonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvamile ukuzibuza: kungenzeka kanjani ukuthi isici esingakhiphi ukukhanya sitholakale? Umbuzo ofanele. Impendulo itholakala eqinisweni lokuthi into emnyama ithonya ngamandla adonsela phansi ukunyakaza kwemithala nezinkanyezi.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ithonya layo liye labonakala ekuthuthukisweni kwemithala emikhulu, kanye nesivinini sokuzungeza kwezinkanyezi. Ngempela, nakuba kungenakwenzeka ukubona into emnyama ngesibonakude sokukhanya, manje sekusetshenziswe ezinye izindlela eziphumelelayo.
Umlando wento emnyama nokuthi yaguqula kanjani ukucabanga ku-astrophysics
Ukutholakala kwezinto ezimnyama kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka, ikakhulukazi phakathi kuka-1930 no-1933. Labo ababenecala kwakunguJan Oort noFritz Zwicky , izazi zezinkanyezi zaseDashi naseSwitzerland ngokulandelana.
Bobabili, nakuba bengasebenzi ndawonye, babeka izisekelo zokuqonda kahle ubukhona bendaba emnyama. Nakuba kungeyona into engabonwa, ngenxa yabo, kuyaziwa ukuthi ikhona.
Eqinisweni, ithonya layo likhulu kunalokho elibonakala liyikho. Iyakwazi ukubamba iqhaza ekwandiseni imithala, kanye nokusebenzisana namandla adonsela phansi ezinye izinto zasezulwini. Futhi, njengokungathi lokho akwanele, ikhona kuwo wonke amagumbi omkhathi. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, iyisici esitholakala kakhulu esaziwayo kuze kube manje.
U-Jan Oort kanye nombono wakhe oqondile maqondana nezinkanyezi
Kusukela ngo-1930, uJan Oort wazinikela ekubukeni nasekufundeni ijubane lokuzungeza kwezinkanyezi. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakwaziwa ukuthi izinkanyezi zinendawo ethile endaweni yonke ngokwejubane nobukhulu bazo.
Nokho, umbuzo ka-Oort wawulokhu olandelayo: ingabe umthala unesisindo esanele sokubeka zonke izinkanyezi? Futhi impendulo yamangala. Kokubili ubuningi bezinkanyezi nemithala kufanele kulingane ukuze izibalo zibe nembayo.
Ukuntuleka kwesisindo emthaleni kungabangela ukuba izinkanyezi zikhishwe ezindleleni zazo ziye esikhaleni esiphakathi kwemithala. Ngale ndlela, u-Oort wacabanga ukuthi isisindo somthala asanele ukuvimbela izinkanyezi ukuthi zihambe ngendlela eguquguqukayo.
Nokho, kungani baqhubeka nokuziphatha kwabo ngaleso sikhathi? Empeleni, isiphetho siseqinisweni lokuthi izinto ezibonakalayo nezaziwayo akuyona yodwa into enengqondo. Ngempela, indawo yonke yakhiwe uhlobo "lwezinto ezingabonakali" olugcwalisa noma "olugcwalisa" isikhala esingekho emkhathini.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwegama elithi sibonga kuFritz Zwicky
Kamuva, uFritz Zwicky waqhubeka nenkolelo-mbono yento emnyama, kodwa ngombono ohlukile. Wasebenzisa inkolelo-mbono yocwaningo efanayo neka-Oort, kodwa wayiqondisa eqoqweni lomthala we-Coma.
Ngamafuphi, waqala ukulinganisa isivinini se-orbital phakathi kwemithala eseqoqweni, kanye nesisindo phakathi komunye nomunye. Ngokufanayo, ngokusekelwe ekhonweni lomuntu ngamunye lokucwebezela, waphetha ngokuthi ucezu lwendida lwalushoda.
Umthombo: ivdes
Ngokuyisisekelo, uZwicky wanquma ukuthi ijubane lokuzungeza kwezinkanyezi alihambisani nokulindelekile. Kwakungekho lutho olwanele ukukhiqiza umphumela onjalo, ngakho-ke kwakufanele kube nokunye okuthile laphaya.
Ngenxa yalokhu, uZwicky naye waphothula izifundo zakhe, ememezela ukuba khona kohlobo lwento engabonakali. Kungani? Ngoba naphezu kokuntuleka kokuvumelana kwedatha, imithala yalondoloza ukuziphatha okufanayo. Isenzakalo esingachazwa kuphela ngokuba khona kwezinto eziningi kunokuvamile, kodwa ezingabonakali.
