Inkanyezi enkulu kunazo zonke ku-Milky Way , eyaziwa nangokuthi i-hypergiant, iyinkanyezi enkulu kakhulu futhi enkulu kakhulu, ngisho nenkulu kune-supergiant. Isisindo sayo singaba izikhathi eziyi-100 kuneLanga lethu, sisondela emkhawulweni omkhulu wenkolelo-mbono, othi isisindo senkanyezi asikwazi ukudlula isisindo selanga esingu-120. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezinkanyezi ngokujwayelekile, ungavakashela isihloko sethu mayelana nezici zezinkanyezi.
Ngalo mqondo, lo mkhawulo wesisindo uhlanganiswe nokukhanya kwe-Eddington, lapho izinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu zingenakukwazi ukulingana nokunqoba ukuphoqelelwa kwangaphakathi okukhazimulayo emandleni adonsela phansi : zingakhiqiza amandla amaningi kangangokuthi zingazihlukanisa nobuningi obukhulu bezinkanyezi ezingu-120.
Noma kunjalo, ezinye iziqhwaga ezinkulu zibonakala zinesisindo selanga esingaphezu kwe-100 futhi ekuqaleni zazinesisindo selanga esiphakathi kuka-200 no-250, ngokuphambene nalokho okushiwo yimibono yamanje mayelana nokudalwa kwendawo yonke kanye nenqubekela phambili yesikhala.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu okungenhla, izinkanyezi ezinkulu kunazo zonke ku-Milky Way , noma ama-hypergiants, zibhekwa njengezinkanyezi ezikhanya kakhulu ezikhona; zikhanya izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane nezigidi kuneLanga, kanti amazinga okushisa angaphezulu aphakathi kuka-3.500 K no-35.000 K. Ziphila iminyaka eyi-1 kuya kweyi-3 million ngaphambi kokuba ziguquke zibe yi- supernovae noma, ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu, i-hypernovae.
Idatha
Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi inkanyezi enkulu kakhulu izoba yi-supernova noma i-hypernova futhi izoshiya umgodi omnyama njengensalela eduze kwayo. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, ungafunda ngemigodi emnyama.
Yini eyaziwayo ngenkanyezi enkulu kunazo zonke ku-Milky Way?
Kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngama-hypergiant, njengoba engavamile kakhulu. Kuze kube muva nje, ama-hypergiant ayisikhombisa kuphela ayaziwa kwi-Milky Way . Angahluka futhi ngombala: okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kubonisa ukuthi inkanyezi ishisa kakhulu (ebusweni bayo), kanti obomvu ubonisa ukuthi ipholile; kukhona futhi aphuzi, kodwa ukungalingani okubangelwa amazinga okushisa aphansi kanye nokucindezeleka okuphezulu ngaphakathi kwawo kuzenza zibe zingavamile kunezinye izinhlobo. Uma ufuna ukufunda kabanzi ngezinkanyezi ezinkulu ezigcwele indawo yonke, ungabheka isihloko sethu ngezinkanyezi ezinkulu endaweni yonke.
Into ethakazelisayo mayelana nenkanyezi enkulu kunazo zonke ku-Milky Way
Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ama-hypergiant akhanyayo aphuzi nabomvu anesilinganiso se-bolometric esingaba ngu--9,5—okulingana nokukhanya okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-500.000 kunokweLanga—futhi awekho aziwa ukuthi akhanya kakhulu. Izimbangela zalesi simo azikaziwa. Uma unentshisekelo kulesi sihloko, ungase ufune ukufunda kabanzi ngezinkanyezi ezidubulayo.
ama-hypergiants
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi kukhulunywa ngenkanyezi enkulu kunazo zonke ku-Milky Way, kubalulekile nokho ukuhlukanisa lezo ezinobukhulu obukhulu kakhulu maqondana nalesi sici.
Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okubenyezelayo okuhlukahlukene
Izinkanyezi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezikhanyayo neziguquguqukayo , noma izinkanyezi zeWolf-Rayet, ziyizinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu, ezinhle kakhulu, nezikhazimulayo, futhi zihlukaniswa njengezinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngempela, ziyizinkanyezi ezinhle kakhulu ezivame ukubonwa.
1.P Cygni
Lezi yizinkanyezi ezingavamile kakhulu futhi ziphakathi kwezinkanyezi ezikhanya kakhulu emthaleni . Ukukhanya kwazo kuyanda ngoba inkanyezi isondela emkhawulweni we-Eddington, okubangela amandla emisebe ukuthi akhiphe ngamandla izendlalelo zayo zangaphandle. Lokhu kuhlola izinkanyezi kungahlotshaniswa nokuqanjwa kwezinkanyezi.
Kulesi simo, i-P Cygni izungezwe umthala omuhle owakheke eminyakeni engu-900 edlule kusukela ekukhishweni kwenkanyezi; ngokufanayo, kunezinsalela zokukhishwa kwangaphambilini okusukela eminyakeni engu-2.400 kanye nengu-20.000. Inkanyezi iyaqhubeka nokukhipha isisindo ngesivinini esimangalisayo, okuphindwe izikhathi eziyizigidi ezingu-300 kunokulahlekelwa yisisindo iLanga elikubonayo ngenxa yomoya welanga.
Ukusebenzisa into enjalo esabekayo kuyingozi ngandlela thile; kungaqhuma njenge-supernova ekhazimulayo noma kuphele njenge-hypernova, lapho iphuzu eliyinhloko liwela khona emgodini omnyama. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngalesi sihloko, ungafunda ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkanyezi.
Kuye kwaphakanyiswa nokuthi ukukhishwa okukhulunywa ngakho kungenzeka ukuthi kwakhiqizwa ukudluliselwa kwesisindo entweni yesikhala esinobungane esingabazekayo sesigaba B esifanayo se-spectral, esingaba nesisindo esilinganiselwe phakathi kwezikhathi ezi-3 nezi-6 kuneseLanga. Into ewela kumngane izokhipha amandla adonsela phansi, ingxenye yawo ezoguqulwa ibe ukukhanya okukhulu. Lo mlingani uzothatha cishe iminyaka eyi-7 ukufeza umjikelezo, okuyinto engavamile kakhulu.
2.S Doradus
I-S Doradus iyinkanyezi eguquguqukayo esifundeni saseDorado e-Antarctica, imodeli yesigaba sezinto eziguquguqukayo ezinesidlaliso sayo: i-S Doradus eguquguqukayo noma izinto eziguquguqukayo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Akuyona eye-galaxy yethu, i-Milky Way, kodwa yeqembu elifinyelelekayo le-NGC 1910 e-Large Magellanic Cloud, futhi itholakala cishe iminyaka yokukhanya engu-180.000 ukusuka ohlelweni lwelanga.
Njengoba inobukhulu obuphelele obungafinyelela ku--10 kanye nokukhanya kwamaLanga angaphezu kwesigidi, i-S Doradus iyinkanyezi enkulu kakhulu futhi ingenye yezinkanyezi ezikhazimulayo kakhulu ezibonakala ngeso lenyama . Kodwa-ke, ibanga elikhulu elisihlukanisa nayo lenza ingabonakali ngeso lenyama. Ubukhulu bayo obulinganiselwe buhluka phakathi kuka-+8,6 no-+11,7, ngokushintshashintsha kokukhanya okuhamba kancane, okuhlala isikhathi eside okubangelwa ukugqama ngezikhathi ezithile. Izinga lokushisa lobuso bayo lincane uma liqhathaniswa nezinye izinto eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezikhazimulayo, kodwa i-axis yayo inkulu.
Ukubonakala kwayo kufana nokwenkanyezi i-P Cygni, okuguquguqukayo esibonelweni esifanayo. Lezi zinkanyezi zikhanya kakhulu, okungenani zikhanya ngokuphindwe ka-60 kuneLanga, futhi isikhathi sazo sokuphila asikwazi ukudlula iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa. Ucwaningo lwango-1999 lubonisa ukuthi ububanzi bale nkanyezi manje bufana nobenkanyezi enkulu kakhulu yesigaba se-spectral F, into eyayingabonwanga eminyakeni engama-50 edlule; nokho, ezigamekweni eziningi, le nkanyezi yayinokukhanya okufanayo. Imvelaphi yalolu shintsho ayaziwa.
3. Eta Carinae
I-Eta Carinae iyinkanyezi enombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhanyayo etholakala esifundeni saseCarinae, cishe iminyaka yokukhanya engu-7500 ukusuka ohlelweni lwelanga. Ubukhulu bayo bushintshashintsha phakathi kwesisindo seLanga ngokuphindwe kayi-100 kuya ku-150, okwenza ibe enye yezinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu ku-nebula yethu.
Ngokufanayo, inokucaca okumangalisayo, cishe izikhathi eziyizigidi ezine kuneLanga. Ngenxa yobuningi bothuli oluyizungezile, i-Eta Carinae ikhipha u-99% wokukhanya kwayo engxenyeni ye-infrared ye-spectrum, okwenza ibe yinkanyezi ekhazimulayo kakhulu esibhakabhakeni ngamaza okukhanya aphakathi kuka-10 no-20 µm. Uma ungathanda ukufunda kabanzi ngokukhanya kwezinkanyezi, ungabheka lesi sihloko ngobusuku obugcwele izinkanyezi.
I-Eta Carinae ingenye yezingxenye ze-cosmos ezibhekwa njengezincane kakhulu, eneminyaka ephakathi kwezigidi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, futhi itholakala ku-NGC 3372, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Great Carina Nebula noma i-Carina Nebula nje . Inkanyezi izungezwe umthala owaziwa ngokuthi i-Homunculus Nebula. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu, i-Eta Carinae iyashintshashintsha kakhulu futhi ivezwa amandla okukhipha izinto ze-cosmic.
Okokugcina, uma ngempela kuyinkanyezi enkulu kunazo zonke ku-Milky Way , i-Eta Carinae cishe izoqeda impilo yayo ngokuqhuma kwe-hypernova phakathi neminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa. Abanye ababukeli bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kuzokwenzeka esikhathini esifushane kakhulu, kodwa kukhona ukungaqiniseki okukhulu okuzungezile lokhu, njengoba ukuvela kwezinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu kunzima kakhulu ukukufanisa ngezinombolo.
