Imayelana nani ingxoxo yezinkawu ezikhalayo? Babonakala bekhuluma bodwa kodwa okwenzekayo wukuthi ngokukhala kwayo, inkawu ekhalayo yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi abanye abayidli indawo yayo, noma isiza ukunikeza izexwayiso noma ukuqonywa kwabesifazane. Ngokuqinisekile ukukhala kwakhe kuneminye imisebenzi, kodwa ukuze uthole, sikumema ukuba uqhubeke nalokhu kufunda.
inkawu ekhalayo
Inkawu ekhalayo iyinhlobonhlobo yezinkawu ezivela Ezweni Elisha, ezisuka eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu ikakhulukazi, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokucula kwayo okuzwakalayo okuchazwa njengokukhala. Ibizwa kangcono ngokuthi i-mantled howler monkey, nakuba yaziwa nangokuthi i-mantled howler monkey, i-araguato, i-coastal howler, i-black howler, i-Tumbes monkey reserve, i-black guard, i-golden howler monkey, i-brown howler monkey, i-howler monkey, i-monkey. , inkawu ye-zambo, inkawu ekhalayo noma i-saraguato ensundu noma i-carayá.
I-Etymology
Igama elithi "Alouatta", elisuselwa kwelesiFulentshi elithi "alouate", okusho ukuthi "izwi elikhulu", igama elisuka ezilimini zomdabu zaseCaribbean. Igama elithi "palliata" lisuselwa kwelesiLatini elithi "pallium", okuwuhlobo lwesigqoko sesiGreki kanye negama elithi "atus" elisuka kwelesiLatini, okusho ukuthi "kuhlinzekwe". Ngakho-ke, igama layo liqondise kuboya obumhlophe obuphuzi kakhulu obunabo emaceleni omzimba wayo, obufana nekepisi noma isembatho (Tirira, 2004).
I-Taxonomy kanye namagama ajwayelekile
I-Howler monkey (i-Alouatta palliata) iyingxenye yomndeni wakwa-Atelidae phakathi kwezilwane zasendle ezibizwa ngokuthi i-New World primates (platyrrhines), iqembu elihlanganisa izinkawu, izinkawu zesicabucabu, izinkawu ezinoboya kanye nama-muriquis. Izinhlobonhlobo zakha ingxenye yomndeni omncane we-Alouattinae uhlobo lwawo olulodwa i-Alouatta, lapho zonke izinkawu zihlangana khona, lapho kuqashelwa khona izinhlobo ezintathu ezingaphansi:
- I-Alouatta palliata aequatorialis e-Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama nasePeru,
- I-Alouatta palliata palliata e-Costa Rica, eGuatemala, eHonduras naseNicaragua nase
- I-Alouatta palliata mexicana e-Mexico naseGuatemala.
Abanye ababhali bacabangela ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili ezengeziwe, ezivame ukuhlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ezincane ze-Allouatta coibensis (i-Coiba Island howler ape). Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA ye-mitochondrial kubonise ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwabo akukapheleli.
Ngokwesifunda ehlala kuso, yaziwa ngokuthi howler monkey, howler of the coast, howler monkey araguato, inkawu zambo, black howler, black monkey, cotudo monkey, ngasogwini Caribbean of Colombia; inkawu emnyama endaweni yogu lwePacific yaseColombia (ngezinye izikhathi iyasebenza naku-Ateles belzebuth); inkawu i-chongo ne-chongón, endaweni eseningizimu yogu lwePacific eColombia, eduze ne-Ecuador; I-Gueviblanco (Chocó).
Lawa amanye amahlelo omdabu waseColombia: kotudú (Noahamá); i-cuara (Choko); uu (Cuna) kanye nama-Ecuadorians: Aullaj munu (quichua) Okwamanje ngesiFulentshi ibizwa ngokuthi i-hurleur manteau; ngesiJalimane i-Mantelbrüllaffe; futhi ngesiNgisi umzwilili omnyama, inkawu ekhalayo emnyama, i-mantled howler noma i-Golden-mantled Monkey.
Izici ze-Howler Monkey
Yinkulu futhi iminyene inamalungu amade, aqinile, uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izigaba eziningi zezinkawu emahlathini ashisayo aseMelika. Ubude bayo obujwayelekile buphakathi kuka-70 no-140 amasentimitha kanye nesisindo sayo esiphakathi kwamakhilogremu angu-3,6 no-7,6. Isisindo sabesilisa sikhulu kunesabesifazane, ngakho-ke kulinganiselwa ukuthi kukhona i-dimorphism yocansi encane. Ikhanda layo likhulu futhi ubuso bayo bunqunu futhi bunombala omnyama.
Uboya bayo buthambile futhi bucwebezela, bunsundu kuya kokubomvu, buphuzi emaceleni; abantu abathile babonisa amabala amhlophe ezindaweni ezifana nomsila, isisekelo somhlane noma ngaphansi kwesandla. Ukuma kwezithupha zakhe kuphambene futhi kuyaphikiswa. Umsila wawo mude futhi mncane, ungaba mude ngisho nangaphezu kwawo wonke umzimba wawo, futhi kuyasiza kakhulu kuwo ukugcina ibhalansi yawo. Futhi i-prehensile, okungukuthi, inamandla okubamba, ngendlela yokuthi inkawu ekhalayo ikwazi ukunamathela egatsheni ngomsila wayo njengokungathi ngesinye isandla.
Inekhala elincane futhi elingeside kakhulu elinemihlathi enamandla namakhala ayindilinga. Igolo nalo libanzi. Inezintambo ezinkulu zephimbo, kanti abesilisa banamagumbi akhethekile emphinjeni avumela imisindo abayikhiphayo ukuthi ifinyelele ububanzi namandla amakhulu. Ukuhewula elikuvezayo, ikakhulukazi ekuseni nakusihlwa, kunamandla kangangokuthi kungazwakala kuqhele ngamakhilomitha amaningi futhi kuxwayise amanye amaqembu ngobukhona bayo.
Bahlangana ngamaqembu abantu abangaba ngu-20, kodwa ngokuvamile bahlangana ngamaqembu anesizotha. Abesilisa nabesifazane bayakwazi ukuzimela lapho sebekhulile ngokobulili. Eqenjini ngalinye kukhona owesilisa ovelele ofuna ilungelo lakhe lokuhlangana nezinsikazi. Ngokuvamile abesifazane bangaba nenzalo yabo yokuqala ngonyaka wesibili ubudala, isikhathi sokukhulelwa singahlala i-semester, ukulinda phakathi kokuzalwa iminyaka emibili.
ukudla kwakho kuyinto yakhiwe ngezilinganiso ezilinganayo zamaqabunga amathenda nezithelo, futhi ngezinga elincane lezimbali, ezishintshashintshayo ngokuya ngendawo, ubulili, inkathi yonyaka kanye nokuba khona kokudla. Naphezu kokuba ngaphansi kosongo ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, uhlobo lwalo lokudla kanye nokuzimisela kwalo ukuhlala ezindaweni ezincane, luyivumela ukuba ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, ikwazi ukuphila emahlathini ahlukene futhi angenele. Imvelo yayo iyindawo.
Indawo Yendawo kanye Nendawo yokuhlala
Lolu hlobo lwenkawu lwe-Howler luhlala kakhulu eMelika Ephakathi nasenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika. Itholakala eningizimu yeMexico, isifunda esimaphakathi neGuatemala, iHonduras, iNicaragua, iCosta Rica, iPanama, enyakatho nasentshonalanga yeColombia, entshonalanga ye-Ecuador kanye neSifunda saseTumbes ePeru.
E-Mexico, isatshalaliswa kakhulu eningizimu yeVeracruz, iTabasco neChiapas, izindawo lapho inani labantu bayo inciphe kakhulu, ngakho ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kukhawulelwe ezindaweni ezincane kakhulu. Indawo yayo eyinhloko ihlathi elishisayo. Igcwele izindawo eziningi ezihlukahlukene ezifana nesigaba sesibili, amahlathi aphuzi, anomswakama, owomile noma amahlathi. Ithambekele esimweni sezulu esishisayo sohlobo olufudumele olunomswakama ophansi, ezindaweni eziphansi. EMexico ingatholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme eziseduze namamitha angu-900 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
I-Alouatta palliata yabelana ngendawo yayo efanayo nezinye izinhlobo ze- howler, i-Guatemala black howler (Alouatta pigra) endaweni enqunyelwe e-Guatemala nase-Mexico eduze nenhlonhlo yase-Yucatan.
Mhlawumbe ayikashintshi njengesihlobo sayo i-Alouatta seniculus ukuze iphile ezindaweni zamahlathi angenele futhi ahlukene, njengoba, esikhundleni salokho, ifaneleka kangcono ukugcwala amahlathi anezitshalo ezivalekile, lokhu okugcina kuzivumelanisa kangcono namahlathi e-floodplain, amahlathi egalari kanye nezindawo eziwugwadule. E-Colombia, eduze nomfula i-Aratoto, iphinde ihlangane nezinhlobonhlobo ze-Alouatta seniculus.
I-Howler monkey itholakala e-Colombia ikakhulukazi emahlathini aswakeme kuya kuma-semi-deciduous emithambekeni yezintaba. EMelika Ephakathi ihlala emahlathini amakhulu ahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi emahlathini ahlala phansi ahlala endaweni ephakeme, itholakala nasezihlahleni zomhlume, emahlathini omile avuthulukayo kanye nasemahlathini angenele. Isungula ikakhulukazi phakathi ne-canopy ephezulu; njenge-Alouatta seniculus, ngokuvamile zehlela phansi futhi zingakwazi ukubhukuda ngobuchule. Ihlala igwema amahlathi agcwele izikhukhula namaxhaphozi emihlume eduze nogu.
Ngamafuphi, i-Howler monkey ingatholakala ezifundeni ezilandelayo ngezwe:
- IMexico: Izifundazwe zaseVeracruz, iTabasco, i-Oaxaca, iChiapas naseningizimu yesifunda saseCampeche.
- IGuatemala: Emnyangweni weChiquimula.
- I-Honduras: ezweni lonke, ngaphandle kwemingcele ethile ne-El Salvador.
- I-Nicaragua: ezweni lonke.
- I-Costa Rica: ezweni lonke, ngaphandle kwe-Cocos Island.
- I-Panama: ezweni lonke.
- E-Colombia: Iminyango yaseMagdalena, Atlántico, Bolívar, Córdoba, Sucre, Antioquía, Chocó, Valle del Cauca, Cauca kanye neNariño.
- I-Ecuador: zonke izifundazwe ezisogwini: Esmeraldas, Manabí, Santa Elena, Guayas, Azuay, El Oro kanye neLos Ríos.
- I-Peru: Iminyango ye-Tumbes ne-Piura.
I-Anatomy kanye nePhysiology
I-morphology yalezi zinhlobonhlobo ifana neyezinye izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Alouatta ngaphandle kombala, okuvame ukuba mnyama ngamabhande aseceleni osagolide noma aphuzi, nokho, izilwane ezinsundu noma ezimpunga ezimnyama zaziwa. Ikhanda likhulu kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nomzimba, ubuso bunjalo omnyama futhi engenazinwele. Njengawo wonke amalungu omndeni wakwa-Atelidae, umsila u-prehensile, mude futhi uqinile unephedi elingenaboya eduze kwephuzu. Abesilisa abadala bakhombisa i-scrotum emhlophe.
Kukhona i-dimorphism yocansi ecacile, lapho abesilisa bebakhudlwana kunabesifazane, banesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-5,5 kuya ku-9,8, kuyilapho abesifazane benesisindo esingu-3,1 kuya ku-7,6 kilogram. Izinwele ezizungeze ubuso ziningi kakhulu futhi ziningi. Ubude bomzimba wayo bubodwa busuka ku-481 kuya ku-675 millimeters, nesilinganiso samamilimitha angama-561 kwabesilisa namamilimitha angama-520 kwabesifazane. Umsila wayo ufinyelela ku-545 kanye namamilimitha angu-655 ngesilinganiso samamilimitha angu-583 kwabesilisa kanye namamilimitha angu-609 kwabesifazane.
Okunye ukuhlaziya okwenziwa e-Colombia kulinganisa isisindo somzimba esingamakhilogremu angu-6 kuya kwangu-8 ngesilinganiso sabo bobabili ubulili obungu-6,6. Cebus capucinus) Lolu hlobo lwezinkawu kuyinto ijwayele ukudla okune-folivorous, yingakho izinyosi zazo ziphakamise ama-ridges ku-molar yazo, ziwusizo kakhulu kulokhu kudla kwemifino.
Ukuziphatha
Ukuziphatha okuboniswa yizinkawu ze-Howler uma kuziwa ekudleni, ukuhlela nokuzala, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kungahluka phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, kugcina ukufana okuthile. Umthelela oye waba nawo ukuguqulwa kwezindawo zabo zokuhlala naye wethule izinguquko ekuziphatheni okunjalo, futhi esizobhekisela kukho ngezansi.
ukudla
Ukudla kwakhongi cYakhiwa amaqabunga nezithelo ngezilinganiso ezilinganayo, kodwa futhi udle izimbali. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi iphesenti lokubunjwa kokudla kwabo kungamaqabunga angama-48,2%, izithelo ezingama-42,1% kanye nezimbali eziyi-17,9%. Iphesenti lesikhathi esinikezelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamaqabunga, ngokocwaningo, limi kanje:
- I-Ficus yaponensis (Moraceae) 20,95%,
- I-Ficus insipidus (Moraceae) 14,89%,
- I-Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) 6,08%,
- I-Platypodium elegans (iLeguminosae) 5,65%,
- Inga fagifolia (Leguminosae) 3.86%,
- I-Poulsenia armata (Moraceae) 3,63%,
- I-Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) 2.63%,
- I-Cecropia insignis (Moraceae) 2.24%,
- I-Hyeronima laxiflora (Euphorbiaceae) 1.99%, kanye
- I-Lacmellea panamensis (Apocynaceae) 0.67%.
Ngenkathi iphesenti lesikhathi esinikezelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezithelo ngokusho komndeni wabo:
- I-Moraceae 47,79%,
- I-Leguminosae 9,5%,
- I-Anacardiaceae 2.62%,
- I-Euphorbiaceae 1,99% futhi
- I-Apocynaceae 1,67%.
Zithanda amaqabunga amasha, azinikeza amaprotheni amaningi kunalawo asekhulile.Ophenyweni olwenziwa eMexico, izinhlobo ezingama-27 zaqoshwa njengomthombo wokudla, kanti u-89% wesikhathi unikezelwe ezinhlotsheni eziyisi-8, ezivame ukuvela emndenini wakwaMoraceae. 58,4 .22,6%), okuyi-Ficus spp. ebaluleke kakhulu, i-Poulsenia armata, i-Brosimum alicastrum, i-Cecropia obtusifolia ne-Pseudomedia oxyphyllaria. Eminye imindeni ebhalwe phansi bekuyi-Lauraceae enama-4,9% kanye neLeguminosae eno-XNUMX%.
Kolunye ucwaningo, isikhathi esisetshenziselwa ukudla amaqabunga avuthiwe saqoshwa ku-19,5%, amaqabunga amasha ngo-44,2%, izimbali 18,2%, izithelo 12,5% nompe 5,7%. Kulolo phenyo olufanayo, kwanqunywa izinhlobo ezingama-62 zemindeni engama-27, lapho okubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyiLeguminosae, iphelezelwa i-Moraceae kanye ne-Anacardiaceae.
Izinhlobo zokudla ezinobukhulu obukhona bekuyi-Andira inermis (15%), i-Pithecellobium saman (10,04%), i-Pithecellobium longifolium (7.92%), i-Anacardium excelsum 7,23%, i-Licania arborea (7,06%), i-Manilkara achras (6.19 %), i-Astronium granules (5.46%) kanye ne-Pterocarpus hayseii (4.71%). E-Costa Rica, isikhathi esisetshenziselwa ukudla amaqabunga siqoshwe ku-49%, izithelo ngo-28% kanye nezimbali ngo-22,5%.
EColombia, ehlathini lemvula laseChocó, kwanqunywa ukuthi inkawu ekhalayo idla izinhlobo zezitshalo ezingu-51 eziyingxenye yemindeni engu-22 nezizukulwane ezingu-35. Imindeni evele kaningi iMoraceae neMimosaceae, lapho achitha khona u-76% wesikhathi esichithiwe, kulandele iCaesalpinaceae, Sapotaceae, Cecropiaceae, Annonaceae kanye neMyristicaceae. Izinhlobo ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu yilezi: Brosimum utile, Ficus tonduzii, Inga macradenia, Pseudolmedia laevigata kanye neLacmellea cf. i-floribunda.
Isakhiwo somphakathi
Ngokuvamile abanalo udlame, nakuba bengasebenzisa ubudlova. Kuye kwaqashelwa amacala lapho amaqembu abesilisa abangabodwa exosha abesilisa belinye iqembu, abulale ama-specimens amancane, okukhuthaza ukushisa kobulili phakathi kwabesifazane.
I-Alouatta palliata ibuthana ngamaqembu abantu abangu-6 kuya kwabangu-23, inani eliphakeme ngokwesilinganiso kune-Alouatta seniculus. Ezindaweni ezifana ne-Barro Colorado Island, amaqembu anesilinganiso senani le-20,8 kanye ne-21,5 atholakala, okungenye ephakeme kakhulu eyake yarekhodwa kulolu hlobo lwezilwane. Ngokuvamile eqenjini ngalinye kunabesilisa ababili noma abathathu abadala, okuphambene ne-Alouatta seniculus, amaqembu abo ngokuvamile aba nowesilisa oyedwa kuphela. Lawa maqembu avame ukuba nabesifazane aba-4 kuya ku-6, futhi bangafinyelela ku-7 kuya ku-10.
Iqembu ngalinye lidlulela ezindaweni ezingamahektha ayi-10 kuya kwangu-60, kodwa izindawo ezinesizotha ezingaphezu kwamahektha angu-3 no-7 ziye zaqashelwa emahlathini athile asePanama, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokugcwala ngokweqile okubangelwa ukufuduka kwabantu abavela emahlathini aseduze agawuliwe. Uhambo lwansuku zonke lokuthola ukudla okurekhodiwe luphakathi kwamamitha ayi-123 (ububanzi obusuka ku-11 kuye ku-503 wamamitha), amamitha angama-443 (ububanzi obusuka ku-104 kuya ku-792 wamamitha) namamitha angama-596 (ububanzi busuka ku-207 kuye ku-1261).
Emahlathini asogwini lwasePanama agcwele abantu abaningi abavela emahlathini acekelwe phansi, kutholwe ukuminyana kwabantu abangu-1.050 ngekhilomitha-skwele ngalinye (km²). Kodwa-ke, ukuminyana kwezibonelo eziyi-16 kuye kweziyi-90 nge-km² kufinyelelwa njalo e-Barro Colorado Island, ePanama, ku-23 km² eMexico kanye nama-90 km² eCosta Rica. E-Colombia, amaqoqo angu-0,7 kuya ku-1.5 ikhilomitha ngayinye atholakala.
Izinhlelo Zomphakathi
Izinhlobo eziningi zama- howlers ziphila ngamaqembu ezilwane eziyisi-6 kuye kweziyi-15, neduna elilodwa kuya kwezintathu ezindala nezinsikazi eziningi. Ngokuphambene, izinkawu ezinama-mantled howler zihlukile, njengoba amaqembu azo ngokuvamile ahlanganisa abantu abangu-15 kuya ku-20 nabesilisa abadala abangaphezu kwezintathu. Inombolo yabesilisa eqenjini elinikeziwe ilinganisa ngokuphambene nobukhulu be-hyoid yabo (ithambo elingaphakathi komphimbo wabo elikhulisayo ukuze lenze ukukhala kwabo kunamandla), okusho ukuthial yi diahlobene ngqo nobukhulu bamasende akhe.
Ngale ndlela yokuthi lokhu kuphumela emaqenjini amabili ahlukene, kwelinye kuba neduna eline-hyoid elikhudlwana kanye namasende amancane ahlangana neqembu elithile labesifazane. Kwelinye iqoqo kunabesilisa abaningi abane-hyoidingaphezulu pamancane kodwa anamasende amakhulu ahlangana ngokukhululeka neqembu lonke lezinsikazi. Isibalo sabesilisa sikhulu, ama-hyoid amancane, namasende amakhulu.
Ngokuphambene nezinkawu eziningi ze-New World, lapho ubulili obubodwa busala neqembu lazo lokuzalwa, intsha yabo bobubili ubulili iyashiya amaqembu abo okuqala, ngakho izinkawu ezikhalayo zizochitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwazo zikanye nezinkawu ezazingenabo ubuhlobo nazo ngaphambili.
Ukungqubuzana ngokomzimba phakathi kwamalungu eqembu akujwayelekile futhi kuvame ukuhlala isikhashana, nokho-ke, ukulimala okubi kakhulu kungenzeka. Phakathi kobulili obufanayo kuyaqabukela kuqubuke izingxabano, kodwa okungavamile nakakhulu ubudlova phakathi kobulili obuhlukene. Ubukhulu beqembu ngalinye buyahlukahluka ngokuya ngezinhlobo nendawo, ngenani elilingana neleduna elilodwa kuya kwezine ezinsikazi.
Amathuluzi ukusetshenziswa
Izinkawu ze-Howler zazibhekwa njengezilwane ezingakwazi ukusebenzisa amathuluzi. Nokho, ngo-1997 umzwilili waseVenezuela (i-Alouatta seniculus kubikwa ukuthi) wabonakala esebenzisa induku ukuze azame ukushaya ibheja elinezinzwane ezimbili iLinnaeus ( Choloepus didactylus ), elaliphumule esihlahleni salo. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ezinye izinkawu ezikhalayo, njengalena, zingasebenzisa amathuluzi ngezindlela ezingakabonwa.
Ukuxhumana
Okudume kakhulu ngalezi zilwane ukuhamba kwayo kwezwi, ukukhala kwayo okungenye yalezo eziqashelwa amandla azo phakathi kwezinkawu zezwe Elisha. Lo msindo ukhishwa ngokuyinhloko ukuze uxwayise abesilisa bamanye amaqembu noma lapho bezwa ukuduma nezindiza, futhi ngokuvamile uhambisana nokuvungama okukhishwa abesifazane nabancane eqenjini. Okunye ukubonakaliswa komsindo ngokusho kukaNeville et al. (1988) zibhalwe ngezansi:
- «ukuduma kokuqala»: ukubhonga okufushane (okuvelayo) kwabesilisa abadala eziphazamisini njengoba kushiwo ngenhla.
- «ukubhonga kwebhomu»: ithoni ephezulu ekupheleni kokubhonga okuvamile kwabesilisa abadala ekupheleni kokukhala kwabo.
- «ukubhonga okuhambisanayo»: ukukhwifa okuphezulu kwabesifazane kanye nentsha okuhambisana nokubhonga kwabesilisa.
- «Ukukhonkotha (wuf) kowesilisa»: amagxolo ajulile anezimpinda ezi-1-4 ezibabaza ngamaqembu amadoda amadala lapho ephazanyiswa.
- «igxolo lesifazane»: amagxolo aphakeme abesifazane uma ephazanyiswa.
- «Igxolo lowesilisa lokuqala»: ukukhonkotha okuqulekile kwabesilisa abadala uma kuphazamiseke kancane.
- «Igolo lowesifazane lokuqala»: ukukhonkotha okufiphele kwabesifazane lapho abesilisa bephazanyiswa kancane.
- «Oodle»: ukuphindaphinda okunesigqi kwama-air pulses akhishwa abantu abadala abaphazamisekile nabanodlame.
- «Moan»: umsindo wokukhala kwezinsana, intsha kanye nabesifazane abadala lapho «bekhungathekile».
- «Eh»: Ukukhipha umoya okuphindaphindiwe njalo ngemva kwemizuzwana embalwa okwenziwa izinsana ukuze zigcine ukuthintana.
- «I-Cackle»: ukuququda okuphezulu nokuphindaphindiwe kwezinsana, abesifazane abasebasha nabadala lapho bezizwa besongelwa.
- «I-squawk»: ukulandelana kwamanothi amathathu okukhala ashiwo izinsana lapho ziduka noma zikude umama wakhe.
- «qwa ha»: sonority of 2-3 syllables kamama lapho ehlukaniswa nendodana yakhe.
- «Aullido»: njengokukhala kwe-canine, eshiwo izinsana, intsha kanye nabesifazane abadala lapho besaba kakhulu.
- «Shriek»: Ukugadla EEEeeee kwezinsana, intsha kanye nabesifazane abadala uma bethuke kakhulu.
- «ukukhonkotha komntwana»: ukukhonkotha okukhulu nokuqhumayo, okungavamile ukuboniswa izingane uma zicindezelekile.
- «Umhlwayi»: njenge-purr yekati, eshiwo izinsana lapho zisondelene nomzimba kamama.
Ukuqothula
Ophenyweni olwenziwa eBarro Colorado lapho kuhlolwa ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi usuku lonke, kwatholakala ukuthi basebenzisa u-65,54% ekuphumuleni kwabo, u-10,23% ekuhambeni, kanye no-16,24% ekudleni. Olunye ucwaningo luveze ukuthi izinkawu ezikhalayo zichithe u-58,42% wesikhathi ziphumule, u-15,35% zidla, u-14,68% zihambahamba, no-11,54% zinobudlelwane.
Inyakaza endaweni ye-quadrupedal 70% wesikhathi; zigxuma kuyaqabukela futhi zivame ukubambelela emisileni lapho zidla. Olunye ucwaningo lubonise ukufuduka kwabantu abaphindwe kane kuma-47% ezikhathi, balenga ku-37% wezikhathi, futhi kuxube u-10% wamathuba. Izikhundla ezithathwe yilezi zilwane yilezi: 53% zihlezi, 20% zime, 12% zilele phansi, kanye no-11% zibambe izinyawo nomsila wazo.
Ukuzala
Abesilisa bafinyelela ekuvuthweni kwezocansi ezinyangeni ezingama-42 nabesifazane kuma-36 futhi isikhathi sabo socansi siyizinsuku eziyi-16,3. Ama-pheromones kungenzeka abambe iqhaza kulo lonke umjikelezo wocansi, njengoba abesilisa behogela isitho sangasese futhi bakhothe umchamo kwabesifazane. Eyeduna ehamba phambili eqenjini inelungelo lokuhlangana nezinsikazi. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-186 kanti ukuzalwa kwenzeka unyaka wonke.
Ngokuvamile kukhiqizwa ithole elilodwa, elincike ngokuphelele kunina. Lapho nje izalwa, umsila wayo we-prehensile awusebenzi, uwusizo ezinyangeni ezi-2. Babambelela esibelethweni sikanina kuze kube amasonto amabili noma amathathu, lapho beqala ukunamathela emhlane wakhe. Ukunakekelwa komama kuqhubeka kuze kufike ezinyangeni eziyi-2.
Kulolu hlobo, ukunakekelwa kukababa kudume kabi njengoba omama basuke bengenzi lutho, noma kunjalo bayakwazi ukubalinda futhi babasekele lapho abancane bengakwazi ukunqoba izikhala phakathi kwezihlahla. Ngalokhu, bangathola nokusekelwa ngamanye amalungu amadala eqembu.
izilwane ezidla ezinye
Phakathi kwezilwane ezizidlayo ezingokwemvelo kukhona i-jaguar (i-Panthera onca), i-puma (Puma concolor), i-ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) nokhozi okuthiwa yi-harpy (Harpia harpyja), okunezelwa kuzo ama-weasel nezinyoka, ezidla kakhulu izinsana, okuholela ekutheni cishe u-30% wezingane ezikhalayo eziphila isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.
Njengoba ukufa kwazo kwezinsana kuphansi kakhulu, kungavezwa njengokunqoba okukhulu kokuzala okuzuzwa abesifazane abasezikhundleni ezimaphakathi, okuthi, ekubeni nesikhundla se-alpha sobuncane kakhulu, okungenzeka kubangelwe ukucindezela kokuncintisana, babuthane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa. . Uma esaphila ewusana, umzwilili ngokuvamile angaphila iminyaka engaba ngu-25.
I-Howler Monkey Conservation
Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ze-Howler monkeynoma ibhekwa ku-Red List ye-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) njengohlobo olunganaki kangako.Kuzo zonke izindawo lapho isatshalaliswa khona, ayikho ngaphansi usongo olukhulu, nokho ezindaweni ezithile abantu bakhona babhekana nokulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala kanye nokuzingela okungekho emthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, enhlonhlweni yase-Azuero kukhona ukucekelwa phansi okujulile kwendawo yayo yokuhlala futhi kwezinye izimo ukuhlukana kwayo.
Emnyangweni wase-Colombian we-Chocó, inkawu ekhalayo iye yabhekana nenqubo yokuzingela esabalele abantu base-Afro-Colombian kanye nabantu bomdabu. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ogwini lwase-Atlantic lwezwe okungenani amahlathi angama-90% acekelwe phansi ukuze kwandiswe izitshalo.
Kodwa-ke, i-Alouatta palliata iyinhlobonhlobo engakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuhlala emahlathini amancane ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-60 ubudala, futhi ingamelana nokuhlukaniswa kanye nomphumela onqenqemeni (ukulinganisa kwendawo yokuhlala ehlukile), uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indlela yabo yokuphila idinga ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi, ubuncane bendawo abayidingayo kanye nokudla kwabo okuhlukahlukene.
Ihlobene kakhulu nemvelo ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, ngokuyinhloko njengokusabalalisa imbewu kanye nanjengesihluzi, njengoba imbewu ehamba emgudwini wokugaya wenkawu e-Howler ingase iqhume. Amabhungane omndeni omkhulu we-Scarabaeoidea, nawo angabasakazi bembewu, abonakala encike ekubeni khona kwe-Alouatta palliata. Ukuvimbela ukuthengiswa kwazo kwamanye amazwe, lezi zinkawu zingaphansi kokuvikelwa kwezivumelwano ezihlukene emhlabeni wonke.
I-Ecology ye-Amazon Red Howler Monkey
Ngenxa yendawo yayo ebanzi yokusabalalisa, imvelo yenkawu ebomvu yase-Amazonianco ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwezindawo zokufunda. Ama-red howlers ikakhulukazi ama-herbivores ane-frugivorous and folivorous propensity, lapho afaka khona ukusetshenziswa kwezithelo, i-pulp yesithelo namaqabunga, futhi angeze ekudleni kwawo ngezimpande, izimbali, ama-epiphyte, imbewu, amajikijolo, ama-drupes, ama-petioles, ama-buds, amagxolo, izinkuni. , imivini, ama-liana nezinye izakhi zezitshalo.
Phakathi kokudla okuvamile kwalesi silwane senkawu yizitshalo zohlobo lweFicus, Clarisia, Xylopia, Cecropia, Ogcodeia, kanye ne-Inga. Ngokuvamile, ama-howler abomvu athambekele ekudleni izithelo ezinkulu noma ezinobukhulu obuphakathi ezinoketshezi olunamanzi nombala ogqamile. Ezinkawini ze-neotropical, kungenzeka ukuthi ziyi-folivorous kakhulu, zikhetha ukudla amaqabunga amasha kunalawo asekhulile.
Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezizidlayo zingaba phezulu kakhulu, ngisho nokubhalisaKunezinhlobo ezingu-195 ezivela emindenini engu-47 ekudleni kwazo, nokho leli nani alijwayelekile. Kungenzeka ukuthi le datha ihlukile futhi ibhekisela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuba khona kokudla okushiwo endaweni yocwaningo. Lolu hlobo lwenkawu luphinde lube yingxenye efanele ekusabalaleni kwezitshalo ngembewu ezidlayo bese zihlakazeka endaweni yazo.
Ukuba khona kwezithelo endaweni yemvelo yenkawu ye-Amazonian red howler kuvame ukuba ngokwesizini, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukubaluleka kwayo okuhlobene ngaphakathi kwe-dieta iyahluka kusukaNgokusho konyaka naphakathi kwezindawo zokufunda. Ngendlela yokuthi, ngezikhathi ezithile kuwo wonke umjikelezo waminyaka yonke, lolu hlobo lwezinkawu ludla kakhulu, kanti ngezinye izikhathi lungadla kakhulu.
E-Colombia e-Tinigua National Park, lokho okudliwa yi-Amazon howler kuyashintsha ngokuya ngokuba khona kokudla, kodwa ukudla okubili okubaluleke kakhulu izithelo namahlamvu ahlanganisa phakathi kuka-10-49% no-43-76% wokudla kwazo, ngokulandelana. unyaka. Esikhathini sokuntuleka kwezithelo, phakathi kukaSepthemba noNovemba, amahlamvu eze azothatha ingxenye enkulu ekudleni kunezithelo. Okunye ukudla unyaka wonke kwenziwa imbewu (2-8%), izimbali (3-6%) nokunye ukudla (1-2%).
Kuyaziwa ukuthi eTinigua, ukunotha kwezithelo kukhuphuka ekuqaleni kwenkathi yemvula (March-May) kanye nenkathi eyomile (December-February). EPeru, ePacaya-Samiria National Reserve, ukutholakala kwezithelo kuyafana nalokho okwenzeka eTinigua, ngaphandle nje kokuthi kukhona ukushoda okuvamile ngenkathi eyomile. Kule ndawo yocwaningo, isikhathi esinikezelwe ekudleni sasakazwa ngezithelo (72%), amaqabunga (25%) nezimbali (3%).
Izinkawu ezibomvu ze-Amazonian azidingi ukuphuza amanzi, ngakho-ke zingaphila ezindaweni ezikude namanzi emvelo. Lezi zinkawu zibuye zibonakale zidla phansi ezindaweni ezinqwabelene nosawoti, kanye nokudla okusesidlekeni somuhlwa, into ezivame ukuyiphinda izinsuku ezimbili noma ezintathu.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, inkawu yesilisa yabonwa ibamba futhi idla oxam abaluhlaza eFrench Guiana. Kodwa-ke, lesi ukuphela kwesibonelo esibhaliwe sokuziphatha kwezilwane ezifuywayo, ngakho-ke kungashiwo kuphela kulowo muntu.
Nakuba izinkawu zase-Amazonian red howler ziwuhlobo lwemikhuba yansuku zonke, zibonisa umehluko endleleni yazo yansuku zonke yokuziphatha phakathi kwezinkathi ezomile nezinemvula. E-Venezuela, phakathi nenkathi eyomile, imisebenzi yabo yansuku zonke yayihlukaniswa phakathi kokuphumula (37.9%), ukozela (24.0%), ukudla (19.8%) nokuhambahamba (18.4%). Kuyo yonke inkathi yezimvula, isilinganiso semisebenzi yansuku zonke sasihluka kusukela ekuphumuleni (43.2%), ukozela (18.2%), ukudla (23.8%), kanye nokunyakaza (14.8%).
Kwezinye izindawo, isilinganiso sesikhathi abasichitha emisebenzini enjalo siyefana, ngokuthambekela kokuchitha ingxenye yesikhathi bephumule futhi besondla, kuyilapho isikhathi esisele sichithwa sihamba. Kuye kwasikiselwa ukuthi ama-Amazonian abomvu ahlaba umkhosi aphumula isikhathi sawo esiningi ngenxa yokudla okwakhiwa ngokuyinhloko ngamahlamvu kanye nokuphazamiseka okuhlobene nokugayeka kokudla.
Kuyo yonke inkathi yezimvula, izinkawu ezibomvu zase-Amazonian zichitha isikhathi esiningi zidla futhi ziphumule isikhathi esincane kunenkathi eyomile. Kulo lonke usuku oluvamile lwenkathi eyomile, kunezikhathi ezimbili eziyinhloko ezidla ngazo, inkathi yomfutho omkhulu ekuseni nenye ntambama, iphethini efanayo neyabonwa esifundeni sase-Andean. Ngaphezu kwalokhu kudla okuqinile, kungase kube khona izikhathi ezintathu noma ezine zokuphakela ezinesizotha usuku lonke.
Iphethini evamile eye yaqashelwa ukudla ngezithelo eziningi ekuseni namaqabunga amaningi ntambama. Imisebenzi yansuku zonke, ikakhulukazi ukudla, ngokuvamile iqala ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa futhi ime nje ngaphambi kokuba kuhlwe. Abakhalayo ababomvu base-Amazon bachitha ubusuku bonke ku-canopy futhi bagcinwa besondeleneisenzo somzimba ngaphakathi kweqembu labo.
Indawo yasekhaya iyahlukahluka ukusuka ku-0,03 ukuya ku-1,82 square kilometers (0,1 kuya ku-0,7 square miles), kodwa ezifundweni eziningi, lezi zindawo zingaphakathi kwemingcele ephansi yalokho okungahluka . Kunezinkomba ezithile ezikhomba izindawo ezizinzile zemvelo yasekhaya.
Lezi zindawo zasekhaya zivame ukudlulana nalezo zamanye amaqembu, ngakho lolu hlobo lwezilwane alukwazi ukubhekwa njengendawo eqinile. Izihlahla ezisetshenziswa lezi zilwane ukuze zilale zitholakala ezindaweni ezithile ngaphakathi kwendawo eshiwo ngenhla yasekhaya kanye nasezindaweni ezidlulana nezindawo zamakhaya zamanye amaqembu.
Isilinganiso sobude bohambo lwansuku zonke olwenziwa yilezi zinkawu phakathi kwamamitha angu-980-1150 (3.215,2-3.773,0 amafidi) ngosuku, kodwa zingahamba phakathi kwamamitha angu-340 no-2.200 (1.115,5 kanye namafidi angu-7.217,8). Icala okungenzeka lokusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi noma ukukhohlisa ngamabomu kubonwe inkawu yasendle yesilisa yase-Amazonian ebomvu, ebonakale ishaya i-sloth (Choloepus didactylus) ngenduku ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Ngenxa yokusabalalisa kwawo kabanzi ezindaweni ezinkulu, i-Amazonian red howler ingahlala ngokuqhubekayo endaweni efanayo nezinye izinhlobo zezimfene. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amalungu omkhakha weCallithrix, Saguinus, Saimiri, Aotus, Callicebus, Pithecia, Cacajao, Cebus, Lagothrix, kanye ne-Ateles.
Izinkawu zesicabucabu (Ateles paniscus) zixoshwa ama-red holers ase-Amazon lapho zizithola zisesihlahleni esifanayo lapho zizinikeza khona izithelo zasendle. Ukwengezwa kulokhu, izinyamazane ezinomsila omhlophe (Odocoileus virginianus) zakha izinhlangano nezinkawu ezibomvu ze-Amazonian. Izinyamazane zihlala ngaphansi kwezihlahla lapho izinkawu zidla khona ukudla kwazo, okuzinikeza okunye ukudla lezi mfene ezingase zikuwise phansi ngephutha ehlathini.
Izinyoni ezidla inyama zisezingeni eliphezulu, izilwane ezidla ezinye zezinkawu zase-Amazonian red howler. Izinkozi (Harpia harpyja) zibonwe zihlasela, zibulala, futhi zidla izinkawu ezindala, ikakhulukazi endaweni ehlanzekile noma emngceleni wehlathi lapho lezi zilwane zingakwazi ukuzivikela ekuhlukunyezweni yilawa ma-raptors.
Kunobufakazi obusikisela ukuthi ama-jaguar (Panthera onca) nawo angazilwane ezidla izinkawu zase-Amazonia ezibomvu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lokhu akuzange kubonwe ngokuqondile. Ezinye izilwane ezingase zidle ezinye, nakuba zingaqinisekisiwe, zihlanganisa ama-cougars (Felis concolor), izimpungushe (Cerdocyon thous), ama-ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), izingwenya (izingwenya ze-Caiman), nama-boa constrictors.
Ukuzikhulula komphakathi kuyisimo sezinkawu ezibomvu ze-Amazonian, nakuba abantu abathile bengase bazikhulule bebodwa. Ngokuvamile, iqembu lizikhulula ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi lisuka esihlahleni esisodwa noma iqembu lezihlahla futhi lokhu kuziphatha kuvame ukwenzeka. ekuseni luevuka, emini nangemuva kwesikhathi sokuphumula.
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