Kulesi sihloko sikulethela ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana ne- Inkolo yaseGibhithe, enye yezinkolo eziyinkimbinkimbi kunazo zonke eziye zaba khona kuwo wonke umlando womhlaba, njengoba yayingomunye wemiphakathi enamandla futhi ekholelwayo eyake yaba khona, ekubeni inkolo yonkulunkulu abaningi izinsiza zayo eziningi zazihloselwe ukwenza iminikelo konkulunkulu abahlukene khipha konke!
inkolo yaseGibhithe
Kwakuyimpucuko eyakhiwa cishe ngonyaka wezi-4000 BC. Ngemuva kokubhala kuvele. Impucuko yase-Egypt yayingomunye wemiphakathi enamandla kakhulu futhi enezimpawu zesikhathi sonke. Le mpucuko yasungulwa osebeni loMfula iNayile, osenyakatho yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Lo mfula ububaluleke kakhulu empucukweni yaseGibhithe ngoba uma ukhuphuka. AbaseGibhithe babekwazi ukuzitholela amanzi amaningi futhi bawasebenzise kwezolimo nasekuniseleni amasimu.
Nakuba impucuko yaseGibhithe yayizinikele kuyo yonke imisebenzi yayo yansuku zonke, futhi yayinempilo enkulu yenkolo egcwele izinkolelo eziningi. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inkolo yaseGibhithe yayiqhutshwa isikhathi eside, kulinganiselwa ukuthi yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu.
Ngale ndlela, impucuko yaseGibhithe yayisithathe uhlelo lwenkolelo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, izimfundiso zenkolo zase zihlanganisiwe emsebenzini wazo wansuku zonke, zinikeza inkolo yaseGibhithe egcwele onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene. Lapho abaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi lezi zidalwa zaphezulu zingabusa izenzakalo zemvelo ngamandla azo.
Yingakho kwakwenziwa kabanzi enkolweni yaseGibhithe, njengoba laba bantu babengathola umusa wabo ngokunikeza ukudla neminikelo konkulunkulu. Yingakho abaseGibhithe bagxila enkolweni yaseGibhithe bekanye noFaro, owayesondelene kakhulu nonkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Lona kwakungumuntu owaziwa ngokuthi inkosi yaseGibhithe.
Abantu abaningi baseGibhithe bakholelwa, ngenxa yenkolo yaseGibhithe, ukuthi ofaro babenamandla aphezulu ngenxa yesikhundla ababekuso emphakathini. Yingakho naye ekhonzwa futhi ehlonishwa ngalokho ayekumele. Ngokulandelayo, uFaro wayekwazi ukwenza iminikelo nokwenza amasiko kunkulunkulu ngamunye waseGibhithe ukuze agcine impucuko yaseGibhithe ingenayo noma iyiphi inhlekelele noma inhlekelele eyayingase yenzeke. Ngokungabahloniphi onkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe, kungase kwenzeke izinhlekelele zemvelo.
Kungakho uhlelo lombuso olwasetshenziswa abaseGibhithe lwafika luzothatha inkokhiso nezinsiza eziningi zokwakha nokwakha amathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele zonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene baseGibhithe ababemiselwe ukubahlonipha, njengoba abaseGibhithe babethembeke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe.
Abantu abaningi baseGibhithe bazama ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu abahlukahlukene ukuze banelise izidingo zabo. Bakwenza ngomthandazo, noma ngokusebenzisa umlingo, owawuvele usetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi. Nakuba kwakunemikhuba eminingi ehlukahlukene eyayisetshenziselwa ukuxoxa nonkulunkulu baseGibhithe, isici esibaluleke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi inkolo yaseGibhithe yakhula ngokushesha futhi ngokuphawulekayo phakathi nomlando waseGibhithe. Ngenkathi isibalo sikaFaro sasincipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Esinye isici okufanele siphawulwe ngenkolo yaseGibhithe kwakuyimikhuba yomngcwabo ababeyenza.
Njengoba abaseGibhithe benza imizamo emikhulu yokuqinisekisa umphefumulo wabo ngemva kokufa, ngemva kokufa, baklama amathuna, ifenisha kanye neminikelo ehlukahlukene ukuze balondoloze umzimba ongaphili. Ukuze ukwazi ukuyisebenzisa kanye nomphefumulo.
Okuqukethwe yi- inkolo yaseGibhithe ishiye uphawu olubalulekile emlandweni, futhi kuyathakazelisa ukuhlola izici zayo.
Umlando Wenkolo YaseGibhithe
Phakathi nenkolo yaseGibhithe eyazibonakalisa esikhathini sangaphambi kombuso waseGibhithe, impucuko yaseGibhithe yazinikela ekwenzeni unkulunkulu zonke izenzakalo zemvelo ezazenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba lezi zigigaba zaziphazamisa abaseGibhithe futhi zifaka ukwesaba kubantu. Ngoba abasitholanga isizathu sokwenzeka kwalokhu.
Yingakho impucuko yayidala inkolo yayo yaseGibhithe ihlobanisa onkulunkulu abathile nezimpawu zezilwane ezehlukene futhi babemele onkulunkulu baseGibhithe abanomzimba we-amorphous ngoba wawuhlanganisa umzimba womuntu onekhanda lesilwane ababekholelwa ukuthi ngesaseGibhithe. unkulunkulu..
Ngokwesibonelo, uNkulunkulu waseGibithe okwakwenzelwa kuye iminikelo nemikhuba eminingi kwakunguNkulunkulu uHorus, owakhiwa umzimba womuntu onekhanda likasheshe futhi owaziwa enkolweni yaseGibhithe ngokuthi inkosi yesibhakabhaka noma ephakeme.
Omunye unkulunkulu waseGibhithe owadalwa enkolweni yaseGibhithe ngalempucuko kwakungunkulunkulu u-Anubis, noma lowo obizwa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu weNgwenya, unkulunkulu owayesatshwa kakhulu njengoba wayehlale eyingozi eseduze kuwo wonke umuntu ongena emanzini oMfula iNayile ngaphandle kokuqapha. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo lo nkulunkulu u-Anubis wayehlonishwa kakhulu impucuko yaseGibhithe. Ngokufanayo, kwadalelwa unkulunkulu onguziqu-zintathu, owakhiwa umkakhe nendodana yakhe.
Onkulunkulu abaningi bagxiliswa izinkanuko zabantu, okwaholela ekubeni benze imicikilisho eminingi neminikelo kubo ezindaweni ezingcwele namathempeli ahlukahlukene abakhelwe wona ngenxa yomusa abaseGibhithe ababewuthola.
Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi abantu baseGibhithe babehlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Upper and Lower Egypt. Ngayinye yalezi zifunda yalondoloza inkolo yaso yaseGibhithe ngokudala onkulunkulu bayo, amasiko, nezinkolo. Okwaphumela ekukhulekeleni onkulunkulu abaningi baseGibhithe ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Lab' onkulunkulu babesebenza ngokubalulekile ngokwedolobha ababekhulekelwa kulo. Ngokwesibonelo, edolobheni laseThebes unkulunkulu waseGibhithe owayekhulekelwa kakhulu kwakungu-Amun. Ngenkathi ngiseHeliopolis kwakungunkulunkulu uRa. Kodwa edolobheni laseMemfisi kwakukhona onkulunkulu ababili okwakunikelwa kubo, okwakungunkulunkulukazi uHathor noNkulunkulu uPtah. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana unkulunkulukazi Hathor ungakwazi uthintane lapha.
Ukuze kumiswe ukuhleleka phakathi konkulunkulu baseGibhithe nokwenza inkolo yaseGibhithe iqondakale kakhudlwana empucukweni, abapristi, ababeyizinhloko eziyinhloko zamathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele, baqala ukuhlela inani elikhulu lonkulunkulu baseGibhithe futhi bachaza ngayinye yezici zabo, kanye nobuhlobo ababenabo komunye nomunye.
Izici eziningi ezacatshangelwa enhlanganweni kwaba ukudalwa komhlaba kanye nokukhukhula koMfula iNayile Zonke izici zenkolo yaseGibhithe zaklanywa futhi zahlelwa ngezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene abaseGibhithe ababenazo. Emadolobheni ahlukene njengeHeliopolis neThebes. Yonke le mibhalo yabonakala emiBhalweni eyaziwa kakhulu ye-Pyramid and the Book of the Dead, kanye nemibhalo eminingi efanayo eyayikhona.
Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, kwakusekelwe kubapristi ababenikeza abantu ukuthi iGibhithe laliyizwe elinomhlaba omningi ovundile njengoba laliseduze nomfula iNayile futhi lizungezwe ugwadule olukhulu. Ngakho-ke, ezinkolelweni zabo zenkolo, bahlukanisa umhlaba waba izingxenye ezintathu okwakuthi:
Izulu: eyaziwa ngokuthi iNum futhi kwakuyindawo lapho onkulunkulu babehlala khona kusukela okwakuthiwa unkulunkulukazi waseZulwini uNut. "Unkulunkulukazi omkhulu owazala abanye onkulunkulu baseGibhithe" abaseGibhithe bammelela ngomzimba wesifazane futhi lokhu kwamboza umhlaba wonke.
Umhlaba: Kwakuyikhaya elalihloselwe abesilisa nabesifazane, lakwaziwa ngokuthi yindlu kaGeb owayengumdali uNkulunkulu futhi wayemelwe njengendoda eyayingaphansi kweNtikazikazikazi.
Okulandelayo: Yayaziwa nangokuthi i-Duat noma umbuso wabafileyo; Okokuqala wawubuswa uNkulunkulu u-Osiris kwase kuba uNkulunkulu uHorus ethatha izintambo kulo mbuso. Kodwa owawujikeleza ebusuku ngomkhumbi wakhe welanga kwakunguNkulunkulu uRa. Imimoya yabafileyo yazulazula lapho, igwema zonke izingozi ukuze iphinde ibuyele ekuphileni kwasemhlabeni.
Onkulunkulu baseGibhithe
Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, abaseGibhithe babekholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi izenzakalo zemvelo ezenzeka kwakungamandla kaNkulunkulu onkulunkulu. Yingakho abaseGibhithe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baklama isixuku sonkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababebanika unkulunkulu ngamunye amandla namandla kanye nokumhlobanisa nesilwane.
Ngale ndlela, imikhuba yenkolo eyenziwa abaseGibhithe yayihloselwe ukushweleza izenzakalo zemvelo ezaletha amashwa emiphakathini yabo. Kodwa iminikelo nemikhosi kwakubuye kwenziwe konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene ukuze kubongwe umusa abawutholile.
Yingakho inkolo yaseGibhithe yayisekelwe esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi sokukholelwa ebukhoneni bukankulunkulu abaningi, njengoba abaseGibhithe babeqiniseka kakhulu ukuthi onkulunkulu bangazibonakalisa ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo babenezindima eziningana zezinganekwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ilanga enkolweni yaseGibhithe lalihlobene nonkulunkulu abaningi, njengoba liqukethe amandla amaningi emvelo.
Kungakho onkulunkulu baseGibhithe babehleleke kakhulu ngoba onkulunkulu baseGibhithe babenezindima ezihlukahlukene enkolweni yaseGibhithe. Njengoba zazisukela konkulunkulu ababefeza imisebenzi ebalulekile endaweni yonke kuye kulokho okwakuthiwa onkulunkulu abancane ababeqashelwa kahle emadolobheni nasezifundeni ezithile ezafeza izinjongo ezithile zabantu baseGibhithe.
AbaseGibhithe nabo bamukela onkulunkulu bezinye izizwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi banezela enkolweni yaseGibhithe abantu ababengofaro abafa futhi ababebhekwa njengabaphezulu yimpucuko yaseGibhithe. Kodwa kwakukhona abantu abavamile ababebizwa ngokuthi inkolo yaseGibhithe, njengoba kwenzeka Imhotep, owake wasebenza ekuphileni njengesazi, umsunguli, udokotela, isazi sezinkanyezi, kanye nomdwebi wezakhiwo nonjiniyela wokuqala owaziwa emlandweni waseGibhithe.
Enkolweni yaseGibithe, onkulunkulu abahlukahlukene abakha izithixo zaseGibhithe babengamelelwe ngokoqobo ngokubukeka, njengoba kwakukholelwa ukuthi kwakungekho noyedwa ummeleli wonkulunkulu baseGibhithe, njengoba ubunjalo babo babungaqondakali. Yingakho abaseGibhithe benza izinhlobo eziningana ukuze bakwazi ukubona onkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe. Ngaphezu kwezibalo ezingabonakali ezibonisa indima unkulunkulu ngamunye ayenayo enkolweni yaseGibhithe.
Singasho isibonelo esicace bha salokho abaseGibithe abakwenza ngonkulunkulu u-Anubis, owayemmelela onomzimba womuntu onekhanda lempungushe. Njengoba lesi silwane sinemikhuba yokuphanga futhi sibhubhisa umzimba ongaphili. Kodwa ukuze balwisane nalolu songo balusebenzise ukuze bagcine isidumbu sikamufi.
Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi isikhumba esimnyama sesilwane sasihlobene nombala wenyama efile uma isingcwatshiwe. Ngokufanayo, abaseGibhithe bavuma ukuthi inhlabathi emnyama iwuphawu lovuko. Kungakho lapho kwenziwa i-iconographies yonkulunkulu babemelwe ngezindlela ezahlukene.
AbaseGibhithe bahlobanisa onkulunkulu nemizi nezifunda ezithile futhi babakhonza, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bathuthela ezindaweni ezahlukene futhi uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe owayekhonzwa edolobheni kwakungadingeki ukuthi asuke kuleyondawo noma inkolo yakhe iqale kulowo muzi. Isibonelo salokhu kwakunguNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uMonthu, owayaziwa njengoNkulunkulu omkhulu wedolobha laseThebes.
Kodwa lokho kwakuphakathi nenkathi yoMbuso Omdala waseGibhithe, kodwa njengoba iminyaka idlula, loNkulunkulu waseGibhithe wathathelwa indawo uNkulunkulu u-Amun, okungenzeka ukuthi wavela kwelinye idolobha kodwa waduma kakhulu kwabaseGibhithe kangangokuthi iminikelo nemikhosi yaqala ukwenziwa kuye edolobheni laseThebes. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwalezi zinkolelo kugqamisa ukubaluleka kokuqonda kwabo isiko nenkolo.
Izinhlangano Zonkulunkulu baseGibhithe
Empucukweni yaseGibhithe, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, onkulunkulu abahlukene babehlobene ngalokho ababekumela enkolweni yaseGibhithe kanye namandla namandla ababewathola ngale ndlela, abaseGibhithe babeka onkulunkulu abahlukene ngamaqembu ukuze babonise ubuhlobo.
Okuthi amanye amaqembu onkulunkulu ayenobukhulu obunganqunyelwe bonkulunkulu futhi ayebanquma ngemisebenzi ayeyifeza enkolweni yaseGibhithe. Amaningi ala maqembu ayebunjwe onkulunkulu abancane baseGibhithe ababenobuntu obuncane.
Nakuba inhlanganisela yonkulunkulu baseGibhithe yenziwa ngokusekelwe ezinganekwaneni zabo kanye nomfanekiso wezinombolo zabo. Ngakho-ke bahlanganisa ababili bonkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababehlala bemelela ububili bezenzakalo eziphikisanayo. Inhlanganisela yonkulunkulu esetshenziswa kabanzi enkolweni yaseGibhithe iwumthathu womndeni owaziwayo.
Kulo mthathu womndeni, onkulunkulu baseGibhithe babehlangene emndenini owakhiwe ubaba, umama nendodana. Lapho impucuko yaseGibhithe ikhokha intela nemikhosi kubo bonke abathathu emathempelini nasezindaweni ezingcwele zaseGibhithe. Amaqembu amaningi onkulunkulu ayebaluleke kakhulu empucukweni yaseGibhithe, phakathi kwayo i-Ennead eyaziwayo igqama, okwakuyiqembu lonkulunkulu baseGibhithe abayisishiyagalolunye.
Leli qembu lonkulunkulu baseGibhithe lakhiwa onkulunkulu u-Atum, Shu, Tefnut, Nut, Geb, Isis, Osiris, Nephthys noSeth. Izipho neminikelo zazikhokhwa kubo edolobheni laseHeliopolis. Lolu hlelo lonkulunkulu abayisishiyagalolunye lwaziwa ngokuthi uhlelo lwezenkolo lapho izindawo eziningi zenkolo yaseGibhithe zazihilelekile, okwakuwukudalwa komhlaba, zibusa emhlabeni nokuphila ngemva kokufa.
Ubudlelwano phakathi konkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe baphinde bavezwa ngenqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-syncretism, lapho onkulunkulu ababili noma ngaphezulu baseGibhithe babehlobene ukuze bakhe uNkulunkulu omusha oyinhlanganisela. Le nqubo yenzeka izikhathi eziningana enkolweni yaseGibhithe futhi yayisekelwe ekuboneni uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe ngaphakathi komzimba womunye uNkulunkulu.
Nakuba lezi zixhumanisi phakathi konkulunkulu baseGibhithe zaziwa ngokuthi izixhumanisi eziwuketshezi, azihloselwe ukuthi zihlale, njengoba ukuhlanganiswa konkulunkulu ababili baseGibhithe babe munye kwakungathuthukisa ukuxhumana okuningi kwe-syncretic.
Ngakho-ke, i-syncretism, esetshenziswe ngendlela engcono kakhulu, yayihlanganisa onkulunkulu abaningi baseGibhithe ababenezici ezifanayo. Ngenkathi kwezinye izenzakalo onkulunkulu baseGibhithe babehlobene ngemvelo yabo ehlukene. Isibonelo salobu budlelwano yileso sikaNkulunkulu u-Amun, owaziwa enkolweni yaseGibhithe njengoNkulunkulu wamandla afihliwe, futhi wayehlobene noNkulunkulu waseGibhithe u-Ra. Lapho lokhu kwenza ukuthi amandla ayengemuva kwazo zonke izinto abe amandla amakhulu abonakalayo emvelweni.
UGenesise Enkolweni YaseGibhithe
Njengoba amaqembu onkulunkulu akhiwa abaseGibhithe, ayelahlekelwa ithonya empucukweni, njengoba izinkolelo abantu ababenazo mayelana nonkulunkulu zazinamandla kakhulu futhi emaqenjini onkulunkulu lezo zinkolelo zaguqulwa, zahlanganiswa futhi zahlanganiswa. Isibonelo, iqembu lonkulunkulu elakhiwe uNkulunkulu u-Ra kanye noNkulunkulu u-Aten laqanjwa kabusha ngokuthi i-Aten-Ra, futhi izici zikaNkulunkulu u-Ra zazivelele kakhulu.
Kwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uNkulunkulu uRa wathathwa uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uHorus futhi leli qembu laziwa ngokuthi uRa-Horajti. Kwenzeka okufanayo nakuNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uPtah, owaba nguPtah-Sekeri, njengoba wathathwa uNkulunkulu u-Osiris. Leli qembu lonkulunkulu lalaziwa ngokuthi uPtah-Seker-Osiris.
Kuyadingeka ukugqamisa ukuthi omunye wonkulunkulukazi abakhonzwa kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe uHathor. Lo nkulunkulukazi, ngenxa yodumo lwakhe enkolweni nasempucukweni yaseGibhithe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wanikwa amandla avela kwabanye onkulunkulu. Kodwa ekugcineni wathathwa unkulunkulukazi waseGibhithe u-Isis.
Empucukweni yaseGibhithe kwakunonkulunkulu abaningi, abahle nababi, kodwa labonkulunkulu ababenedumela lokuba babi babehlanganiswa nabanye onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababenedumela elifanayo. Njengoba kwenziwa ngoNkulunkulu uSeti, owayaziwa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu weqhawe. Lokhu kwamnika izici eziningi zonkulunkulu ababi.
Ngokomlando, wathola lokhu kuqashelwa empucukweni yaseGibhithe ngoba impucuko ye-Hisco yathatha lo Nkulunkulu njengomvikeli wayo futhi abaseGibhithe balahla uNkulunkulu uSeth njengoNkulunkulu omubi ngokumelene nempucuko yaseGibhithe.
Lapho ithonya lamaGreki lisempucukweni yaseGibhithe, ngaphezu kokuba nokubaluleka okukhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe, kwakuyiqembu Lonkulunkulu elalaziwa ngokuthi uziqu-zintathu, elakhiwa uNkulunkulu uHorus, uNkulunkulu u-Osiris nomkakhe unkulunkulukazi u-Isis. Ngenkathi isitha sakhe esikhulu kwakunguNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uSeti.
Konke lokhu kwaziwa kahle enkolweni yaseGibhithe ngezindaba ezahlukene eziye zatshelwa ngaso sonke isikhathi, njengenganekwane ethi "Legend of Osiris and Isis." Leli qembu lonkulunkulu lalaziwa nangokuthi uziqu-zintathu, njengoba lalihlanganisa ihlelo elikhulu lonkulunkulu nezici eziningi zonkulunkulu ababengaphambi kwalo.
Nakuba unkulunkulu ngamunye woziqu-zintathu wayekhulekelwa ethempelini lakhe laseGibhithe noma endlini engcwele, njengoba uNkulunkulu uHorus ayekhulekelwa edolobheni lase-Edfu, unkulunkulukazi u-Isis wayekhokhwa intela edolobheni laseDendera futhi ekugcineni uNkulunkulu u-Osiris wanikezwa iminikelo edolobheni lase-Abydos. Nakuba kwakunezigaba eziningi enkolweni yaseGibhithe zokukhulekela laba nkulunkulu, njengoba ngesinye isikhathi uNkulunkulu u-Osiris wayenesimo esifana ncamashí nesikaNkulunkulu uHorus.
Lezi zindlela zokwenza onkulunkulu balingane zazihloselwe ukuqondisa inkolo yaseGibhithe ekukholelweni kuNkulunkulu oyedwa. Kodwa lolu hlobo lwenkolo yaseGibhithe lwaluvele lunezandulela, nakuba zincane kakhulu, ngekhulu le-14 BC. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sikaFaro Akhenaten, owayefuna kuphela ukukhulekela unkulunkulu waseGibhithe u-Aten.
Yingakho uFaro Akhenaten aguqula uNkulunkulu u-Aten waba i-solar disk, kodwa lokhu kwakuyisici esijabulisayo senkolo yaseGibhithe, eyanqatshwa ngobudlova ngabapristi futhi kamuva yibo bonke abantu baseGibhithe.
Kodwa kunemibhalo engokomlando efana neRoyal Canon yaseTurin lapho kubhalwe khona ngemibhalo ebhaliwe ukuthi onkulunkulu abaningana baseGibhithe ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene babengababusi baseGibhithe, okugqama phakathi kwabo uPtah, Ra, Shu, Geb, Osiris, Seth, Thot, Maat noHorus; UNkulunkulu ngamunye waba nesikhathi esihle njengombusi.
Ngemva kwaleso sigaba, baba nababizwa ngokuthi uShemsu Hor, ababaziwa njengabalandeli bakaNkulunkulu uHorus. Lesi sikhathi sathatha okungenani iminyaka engu-13.420 36.620 ngaphambi kokuba kuzalwe ubukhosi bokuqala boFaro. Khona-ke labo ababebizwa ngokuthi amaMenes bathatha isihlalo sobukhosi saseGibhithe, futhi bahlala emandleni okungenani iminyaka engu-XNUMX.
Inkolo yaseGibhithe kanye neMaat
Inkolo yaseGibhithe yayigxile emqondweni wegama elithi Ma'at, elihunyushwe olimini lwesiSpanishi lisho ukuthi lalihlobene nobulungiswa, ukuhleleka kanye neqiniso. Njengoba lena kwakuyimithetho yendawo yonke futhi kufanele ibuswe umphakathi wesintu. Leli gama belikhona kusukela ekudalweni kwendawo yonke futhi ngaphandle kwala mazwi umhlaba ubungeke ube nokuhleleka noma ukuhlangana.
Kodwa-ke, enkolweni yaseGibhithe kwakukholelwa ukuthi i-Ma'at yayihlale ingaphansi kosongo oluseduze, okubangela ukuthi ingasasebenzi. Ngakho-ke, wayedinga umphakathi waseGibhithe ukuze uwugcine usesimweni sokuhleleka nobulungiswa. Ezingeni lomuntu, lokhu kusho ukuthi bonke abantu abayingxenye yomphakathi kufanele basize futhi bahlalisane.
Ngokwenza lokhu, izinga le-cosmic laphakanyiswa futhi wonke amandla emvelo, okungukuthi, amandla onkulunkulu baseGibhithe, ahlangene ukuze anikeze ibhalansi emhlabeni. Yingakho kwakuyinjongo eyinhloko enkolweni yaseGibhithe.
Yingakho impucuko yaseGibhithe yayihlose ukugcina i-Ma'at endaweni yonke futhi uchungechunge lweminikelo nemikhosi kwakudingeka yenziwe konkulunkulu ukuze kususwe amanga nokuphazamiseka kubantu baseGibhithe futhi njalo balandele indlela yeqiniso.
Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe ukuthi impucuko yayinomqondo wesikhathi owawugxile kakhulu ekugcineni i-Ma'at isebenza. Yingakho noma nini lapho inkolo yaseGibhithe ifundwa ngomugqa wesikhathi, iphethini yomjikelezo ihlale iziphindaphinda, njengoba i-Ma'at yavuselelwa ngezikhathi ezithile ekudalweni kwasekuqaleni, esinye salezi zenzakalo saziwa ngokuthi yizikhukhula zoMfula iNayile, ezenzeka minyaka yonke.
Esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile kwaba ukukwazi ukuvuselela i-Ma'at enkolweni yaseGibhithe, kwaba lapho kukhethwe uFaro omusha. Kodwa isenzakalo esasibaluleke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe ukuvuselela i-Ma'at kwakuwuhambo uNkulunkulu uRa ayelwenza nsuku zonke ngokusebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amasango ayishumi nambili.
Njengoba inombono wendawo yonke, impucuko yaseGibhithe yayinombono oyisicaba womhlaba. Lapho benza samuntu uNkulunkulu uGeb kanye nonkulunkulukazi uNut bagoqa phezu kwalo Nkulunkulu. Kodwa bobabili onkulunkulu baseGibhithe bahlukaniswa uNkulunkulu uShu, owayaziwa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu womoya futhi ngaphansi komhlaba wonke kwakukhona indawo yangaphansi futhi phezulu esibhakabhakeni kwakunezulu elingaphansi njengezandiso ezihambisanayo futhi kude kakhulu kwaba ukunwetshwa okungapheli kweNu, okwakwaziwa ngokuthi isiphithiphithi esasikhona ngaphambi kokudalwa komhlaba.
Nakuba abantu abaningi baseGibhithe nabo babekholelwa endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Duat, indawo engaqondakali eyayihlobene nokufa nokuzalwa kabusha kwabantu. Ngokusho kwabapristi abaningi baseGibhithe, yayisendaweni ethile yesibhakabhaka, kuyilapho abanye bethi yayisendaweni ethile ngaphansi komhlaba.
Abaningi baqinisekisa le nkolelo-mbono njengoba uNkulunkulu u-Ra kwadingeka athathe uhambo emhlabeni wonke nsuku zonke adlule esibhakabhakeni futhi lapho sekuhwalala, uNkulunkulu u-Ra kwadingeka ahambe anqamule yonke i-Duat ukuze azalwe kabusha ekuseni.
Ngenxa yenkolelo ephethwe yimpucuko yaseGibhithe, indawo yonke abaseGibhithe ababekholelwa kuyo yayihlala izinhlobo ezintathu zonkulunkulu abazwela kakhulu. Abokuqala babaziwa ngokuthi onkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Abanye kwakuyimiphefumulo yabangasekho ababenendawo kwabafileyo futhi abaningi babo babenezici zonkulunkulu abathile. Owokugcina futhi obaluleke kakhulu kwakungofaro ababenenhloso yokuba ibhuloho phakathi kombuso wonkulunkulu nowomuntu.
Ukubaluleka kukaFaro Enkolweni YaseGibhithe
Ochwepheshe abaningi nabacwaningi bempucuko yaseGibhithe baye baphikisana ngezinga uFaro ayebhekwa ngalo njengoNkulunkulu waseGibhithe enkolweni yaseGibhithe. Nakuba abaningi beye baphikisa ngokuthi kwakungenakwenzeka ukuthi abaseGibhithe baqaphele uFaro njengegunya lobukhosi namandla kaNkulunkulu.
Ngakho-ke abaseGibhithe babona uFaro njengomuntu owayengaphansi kobuthakathaka babantu. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bambheka njengokungathi ungunkulunkulu. Ngoba amandla obunkulunkulu nobukhosi ayephezu kwamahlombe akhe. Ngale ndlela uFaro kwadingeka asebenze njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwempucuko yaseGibhithe kanye nonkulunkulu abahlukene ababemhlonipha eGibhithe.
Leli bekuyiphuzu elibalulekile lokulawula i-Ma'at. Njengoba yayisetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela imithetho nobulungisa njengokuvumelana phakathi kwawo wonke umphakathi waseGibhithe owawukhona ukuze kugcinwe ukuhleleka kanye nenani labantu ukuze balondoloze iminikelo yabo nemikhuba konkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe.
Ngenxa yalezi zimo, uFaro wayenesidingo nenjongo yokwengamela yonke imisebenzi ehlobene nenkolo yaseGibhithe. Kodwa ukuphila kukaFaro, okwakuwudumo nje kuphela, kwakungase kuphazamise lokho okwakulotshwe emithethweni esemthethweni, futhi esigabeni sokugcina soMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe, isibalo sikaFaro sancipha kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe.
Ngakho-ke, impucuko yaseGibhithe yayihlobene eduze nezici eziningi zonkulunkulu baseGibhithe futhi abantu abaningi bahlonza uFaro noNkulunkulu uHorus, owayephethe ukumelela ubukhosi baseGibhithe. Izakhamizi zaseGibhithe nazo zabona uFaro njengendodana kaNkulunkulu uRa, njengoba uNkulunkulu uRa wayezobusa futhi alawule amandla emvelo, kuyilapho uFaro kwakufanele alawule imithetho emphakathini.
Lapho uMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe uqala, impucuko yaqala ukuhlobanisa uFaro noNkulunkulu u-Amun, njengoba uNkulunkulu u-Amun wayengummeleli wamandla aphakeme wendawo yonke. Ngakho-ke, lapho kufika isikhathi sokufa kukafaro, enkolweni yaseGibhithe isidumbu sakhe sacwiliswa futhi saphenduka uhlobo oluthile lukankulunkulu wasemhlabeni kwabaseGibhithe.
Lapho esephenduke unkulunkulu wasemhlabeni, wafaniswa nonkulunkulu waseGibhithe uRa, kanti kwezinye izifunda zaseGibhithe walinganiswa nonkulunkulu u-Osiris, owayemelela ukuphila nokuzalwa kabusha. Ngenkathi abanye beyihlanganisa nezici zikankulunkulu omkhulu weLanga uHorus. Kwakhiwa kanjalo-ke lawo mathempeli okuthiwa agcina izidumbu, yingakho inkolo yaseGibhithe yawasebenzisela ukuhlonipha oFaro abehlukene asebeshonile njengoba kwenzeka kuShafer.
ukuphila ngemva kokufa
Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zenkolo yaseGibhithe ukuthi impucuko yayisemukele inkolelo yokufa nokuphila ngemva kokufa. Yingakho bathi wonke umuntu unamandla aziwa ngokuthi i-Ká, ayechazwa njengamandla abalulekile ayeyophuma emzimbeni ngemva kokufa.
Ngesikhathi umuntu esaphila, i-ka yayidliswa ukudla neziphuzo ayezidla nsuku zonke, ukuze aphile endaweni yabafileyo. U-Ka womuntu ngamunye kwadingeka aqhubeke nokuthola ukudla okuhlukene, yingakho enkolweni yaseGibhithe, iminikelo nemikhuba yenziwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokunikeza ama-Ka ukudla okuhlukene.
Ngoba uma lokhu kungenziwanga i-Ka yayingase idliwe futhi iqedwe, kuyilapho kwakukhona nalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Ba, eyayichazwa njengesethi yezici umuntu ngamunye anazo ngokomoya ezazihlukile kumuntu ngamunye.
Yingakho kwakunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kuka-Ba kanye noKa, ngakho u-Ba wayehlale enamathele emzimbeni ngisho noma umuntu efile. Ngakho-ke, amasiko omngcwabo ayegujwa ayenomsebenzi wawo omkhulu wokukwazi ukukhulula isidumbu sikamufi kwa-Ba ukuze sihambe ngokukhululeka endaweni yabafileyo.
Kodwa zombili izici, i-Ka ne-Ba, kwadingeka zihlanganiswe ukuze umphefumulo kamufi ubuyele ekuphileni ngemva kokufa futhi lokho kwakwaziwa ngokuthi i-AKN. Kodwa ukuze kufinyelelwe lokhu, umzimba womuntu wawungenakonakala futhi kwakudingeka ugcinwe ngendlela engcono kakhulu, njengoba abaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi amaBa ahlala ebuyela emzimbeni kamufi.
Ama-Ba ayebuyela emzimbeni njalo ebusuku ukuze athole impilo entsha, ukuze avele ekuqaleni kosuku njenge-AKN. Kodwa kudingekile ukucacisa ukuthi enkolweni yaseGibhithe abantu kuphela ababenoBa babengoFaro ngenxa yokuxhumana ababenakho nonkulunkulu baseGibhithe futhi yingakho kwakungase kuhlanganiswe nonkulunkulu.
Nakuba impucuko evamile yaseGibhithe noma labo okuthiwa abantu abavamile, ngesikhathi sokufa umphefumulo wabo waya endaweni eyayimnyama kakhulu futhi ingenamuntu ngokuphelele futhi lokhu kwakuphambene nokuphila. Abanye abantu abadla izambane likapondo, ababedume ngezicukuthwane, babenelungelo lokuthola amathuna nezinsiza zokuwanakekela, njengoba lesi kwakungesinye sezipho zikaFaro.
Lezi zipho zazinikezwa izicukuthwane ngoba zenze umusa kuFaro futhi kunenkolelo yokuthi uma ziningi umusa owenzelwa uFaro, zikwazi ukuzidela embusweni wabafileyo futhi zizalwe kabusha.
Ezinsukwini zokuqala zenkolo yaseGibhithe, enye yezinkolelo ezivame kakhulu ukuthi ngemva kokufa kukaFaro, umphefumulo wakhe waya ezulwini futhi wathola indawo phakathi kobuningi bezinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni. Kodwa phakathi nenkathi yoMbuso WaseGibhithe Elidala, owasungulwa phakathi neminyaka (c. 2686-2181 BC), kwatholakala ukuthi isibalo sikaFaro ofile sihambisana nonkulunkulu uRa ohambweni lwakhe lwansuku zonke.
Inkolo YaseGibhithe Nokwahlulela
Ekupheleni koMbuso Omdala (2686-2181 BC) kanye nokuqala kweNkathi Yokuqala Ephakathi (c. 2181-2055 BC), abantu empucukweni yaseGibhithe kancane kancane baqala ukukholelwa ukuthi bonke abantu babeno-Ba, nokuthi bonke abantu bayakwazi ukuphila ngemva kokufa. Ngemva kokuba abantu abaningi beqale ukufaka le nkolelo embusweni omusha waseGibhithe, umphefumulo womuntu ngamunye kwadingeka ugweme yonke ingozi engaphezu kwemvelo evela eDuat.
Njengoba ngesikhathi sokufa, umphefumulo wawuyonikezwa isahlulelo sokugcina, lesi sahlulelo saziwa enkolweni yaseGibhithe ngokuthi "Isisindo Senhliziyo"Ngokwenkolelo evamile yaseGibhithe, bonke onkulunkulu bonkulunkulu baseGibhithe babeyonquma ukuthi yiziphi izenzo umufi ayezenzile, ezinhle noma ezimbi nokuthi wayeziphathe kanjani phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, ngokwalokho okwakulotshwe kuyi-Ma'at.
Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi bonke abashonile baphelela ezweni labafileyo, elalibuswa uNkulunkulu u-Osiris, lalichazwa njengezwe eliluhlaza nelimnandi elaliphakathi komhlaba nomhlaba. Abanye abantu baseGibhithe bafunda ukuphila ngemva kokufa ngokombono kankulunkulu waseGibhithe uRa, owayehamba endleleni yakhe yansuku zonke nayo yonke imiphefumulo yalabo ababefile.
Nakuba le ndlela abaseGibhithe ababekholelwa ngayo ngoNkulunkulu uRa yayisetshenziswa kakhulu yizikhulu zempucuko yaseGibhithe, yadlulela nakubantu abavamile ababekholelwa okufanayo nezicukuthwane. Phakathi nesikhathi esiphakathi koMbuso Ophakathi noMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe, umbono owawubanjelwe nge-AKH, umphefumulo kamufi wawukwazi ukuhamba futhi ube sezweni labaphilayo futhi ngendlela ethile ungase ube nomthelela omubi ezenzakalweni ezenzeka emhlabeni.
Okubhalwe ngama-hieroglyphs
Nakuba yayingeminingi imibhalo yenkolo ebumbene empucukweni yaseGibhithe, imibhalo eminingi yenkolo ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene yakhiqizwa. Ngokuba nolwazi ngezihloko ezahlukene okwadingidwa ngazo enkolweni yaseGibhithe, umuntu angaba nokuqonda ngenkolo yakhe, kodwa kumele kwenziwe nocwaningo ngemikhuba yenkolo eyahlukene ababeyisebenzisa, okuzokwenziwa uhlaziyo ngayo ezihlokweni ezehlukene zenkolo zaseGibhithe kususelwa kulezi zinto ezilandelayo:
I-Mythology yaseGibhithe: Izinganekwane zaseGibhithe zisekelwe ochungechungeni lwezinganekwane nezingathekiso ezazihloselwe ukuchaza futhi zifanekise izindima nezenzo ezenziwa nguNkulunkulu waseGibhithe ngamunye ngokwesimo sazo. Kuye ngokuthi indaba yaxoxwa kanjani nokuthi imininingwane yomcimbi ngamunye yagcizelelwa kanjani, bangadlulisela imibono ehlukene ngesimo ababhekene naso.
Njengoba wonke umlando waseGibhithe wawugcwele izimpawu kanye nemfihlakalo mayelana nezenzakalo ezihlukahlukene zaphezulu ezethulwa emlandweni. Ngakho-ke, izindaba eziningi zaseGibhithe kanye nezinganekwane zazinezinguqulo ezingenakubalwa namaqiniso.
Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke izindaba zaseGibhithe azizange zibhalwe ngokuphelele, njengoba zishiya okuningi ekwakhiweni komlobi noma i-accountant yomsebenzi futhi le misebenzi iqukethe imisebenzi eminingi eyanikeza inganekwane indawo ethakazelisayo kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, lapho nginolwazi lwezinganekwane zaseGibhithe, ngabhekiselwa eculweni elalicacisa izimfanelo nezici zonkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Kuma-hieroglyphics ahlukahlukene atholwe abacwaningi, kuye kwatholakala idatha mayelana nemikhuba yomngcwabo neminikelo echaza indima edlalwa onkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe.
Ngokufanayo, ukwaziswa okuningi ngenkolo yaseGibhithe kwatholakala ezincwadini zenkolo zezwe. Kwaze kwaba yilapho amaRoma namaGreki elandisa ezinye zezinganekwane ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wakamuva waseGibhithe.
Phakathi kwalezo zinganekwane ezivame ukuxoxwa yilezo zokudalwa komhlaba, njengoba ziyiqoqo lezindaba ezixoxa ngokuthi umhlaba wavela entweni engekho, lapho kwakukhona indawo eyomile phakathi nolwandle futhi yonke into yayiyizinxushunxushu, nokuthi ilanga liyingxenye ebalulekile kanjani yokukwazi ukudala ukuphila eMhlabeni.
Kungaleso sizathu ukuvuka kukaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe uRa kubuye kutshelwe. Ukuze ukwazi ukudala ukuhleleka, ubulungisa nokuzwana Emhlabeni. Kusukela kulokho kukhuphuka kokuqala, izinkulungwane zezindaba zaseGibhithe ziye zatshelwa ngokudalwa komhlaba, kodwa njalo zinencazelo efanayo kanye nokuziphatha okufanayo.
Umlando waseGibhithe usekelwe ekuguqulweni kukaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe u-Atum nazo zonke izakhi ezitholakala emhlabeni Iphinde isebenzisa inkulumo ecatshangelwayo kaNkulunkulu ohlakaniphile uPtah kanye nesenzo samandla saphezulu uNkulunkulu u-Amun, kodwa uwenza ngendlela ecashile.
Kodwa ngaphandle kokunaka kakhulu izindaba ezahlukene ezixoxwayo, isenzo sokudala umhlaba siqondiswe ukufeza izinkambiso nemithetho ye-Egypt Ma'at kanye ne-canon esemjikelezweni wesikhathi.
Ngokufanayo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi enye yezinganekwane ezibaluleke kakhulu nezisabalele zenkolo yaseGibhithe iyinganekwane kaNkulunkulu u-Osiris kanye nekaNkulunkulukazi u-Isis. Inganekwane isekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe u-Osiris ungumbusi wayo yonke indawo yaseGibhithe. Kodwa uJehova uNkulunkulu wakhohliswa wabulawa umfowabo uSeti uNkulunkulu waseGibhithe.
Lo Nkulunkulu uhambisana nezinxushunxushu namashwa. Kodwa unkulunkulukazi u-Isis, owayengudadewabo nonkosikazi kaNkulunkulu u-Osiris, wakwazi ukumvuselela ukuze uNkulunkulu u-Osiris ashiye izindlalifa ezweni laseGibhithe. Ngale ndlela waba nguyise kaNkulunkulu uHorus.
Lapho-ke uNkulunkulu u-Osiris wangena endaweni engaphansi komhlaba futhi waba uNkulunkulu omusha nombusi wendawo engaphansi. Lapho indodana yakhe, uNkulunkulu uHorus, ikhula, wanquma ukulwa nomalume wakhe, uNkulunkulu we-Chaos Seth, ukuze abe inkosi yazo zonke izindawo zaseGibhithe.
Lokhu kwanikeza inkolo yaseGibhithe ukukhonjwa, njengoba babehlobanisa uNkulunkulu uSeti nesiphithiphithi, kuyilapho uNkulunkulu uHorus noNkulunkulu u-Osiris njengababusi beqiniso abasemthethweni kulo lonke elaseGibhithe.
Ngalokhu, impucuko yaseGibhithe yayinesisekelo esinengqondo sokukwazi ukufeza ukulandelana koFaro futhi ngendlela efanayo babe noFaro njengesisekelo sokugcina ukuhleleka nobulungiswa eGibhithe.
Ngale ndlela, oFaro bahlobanisa unkulunkulu u-Osiris nokufa nokuphindukuzalwa, kanye nemijikelezo yezolimo zaseGibhithe, njengoba izitshalo zakhula njengoba uMfula iNayile ukhukhula Lokhu kwakwaziwa enkolweni yaseGibhithe njengesibonelo sokunikeza ukuphila emiphefumulweni yabantu ngemva kokubhubha.
Iphuzu elibalulekile enkolweni yaseGibhithe kwakuwuhambo uNkulunkulu uRa ayelwenza nsuku zonke ngeDuat. Kulolu hambo oluyinganekwane, uNkulunkulu uRa ufika ekwazini uNkulunkulu we-underworld u-Osiris. Lapho behlangana, lokhu kwakwaziwa njengesenzo sokuvuselelwa kabusha kwaseGibhithe, lapho ukuphila kwavuselelwa khona. Ngokufanayo, uNkulunkulu uRa waba nezimpi eziningi noNkulunkulu u-Apophis, owayenguNkulunkulu wamandla amabi.
Lokhu kunqotshwa kukaNkulunkulu u-Apophis kanye nomhlangano uNkulunkulu u-Ra aba nawo noNkulunkulu we-Underworld u-Osiris wanikeza uNkulunkulu u-Ra ukukhuphukela ngaseLangeni, lapho kwakufanele alandele indlela efanayo nsuku zonke. Lesi kwakuyisenzakalo esenzeka njalo ekuseni, ukuzalwa kabusha kokuhle phezu kokubi.
Imibhalo nemilingo nemicikilisho: Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, izinqubo ezingokwenkolo ezibhalwe kuyi-papyrus ziyagqama. Yonke imininingwane yayisetshenziswa njengemiyalelo yabanye abantu ababezokwenza isiko noma umcimbi. Imibhalo echaza isiko ngalinye yayigcinwa emitatsheni yezincwadi emathempelini noma ezindaweni ezingcwele lapho imicikilisho eyahlukene yayisenziwa khona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zincwadi zazihambisana nemidwebo eminingi nemifanekiso echaza yonke inqubo yomkhosi noma isiko. Nakuba kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi, ngokungafani nezinye izincwadi, le mifanekiso yayihloselwe ukuqhubekisela phambili imicikilisho engokomfanekiso ngendlela efanayo ukuze impucuko yaseGibhithe ingayishintshi indlela yayo noma iyeke ukuyenza.
Ngale ndlela efanayo, imibhalo eyayibhekwa njengomlingo enkolweni yaseGibhithe yachaza izinyathelo zesiko ngalinye. Nakuba iziphonso zazisetshenziselwa izinjongo ezithile ekuphileni kwabaseGibhithe. Nakuba kwakuyizinjongo zezwe, lezi futhi zazigcinwa ziphephile emitatsheni yezincwadi ehlukahlukene yamathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele.
Imithandazo yaseGibhithe kanye namaculo: Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, impucuko yayinikezelwe ekubhaleni nasekucabangeni inani elingenamkhawulo lemithandazo namahubo ayebhalwe ngendlela yezinkondlo. Nakuba amahubo nemithandazo eminingi yayibhalwe ngendlela efana nsé, yayihluka ngenhloso yayo.
Ngokwesibonelo, amaculo ayehloselwe ukudumisa onkulunkulu baseGibhithe futhi eziningi zalezi zihlabelelo zatholakala zilotshwe ezindongeni zamathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele. Eziningi zalezi zihlabelelo zazakhiwe ngendlela yokubhala ezakhelwe ukuveza izici ezithile zemvelo nezenganekwane nemisebenzi yenkolo yaseGibhithe.
Ngokufanayo, ayebabaza amakhono nemisebenzi kankulunkulu waseGibhithe, nakuba ayebonakalisa kakhulu inkolo yaseGibhithe kunanoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yempucuko yaseGibhithe, yingakho athakazelisa kakhulu phakathi noMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe, inkathi lapho izinkulumo zenkolo ezishiseka kakhulu zenzeka khona.
Imithandazo yayingesinye isici esibaluleke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe, kodwa yayibhalwe ngendlela efanayo namahubo. Futhi zabhalelwa ukubhekana nezici nemisebenzi kankulunkulu othile waseGibhithe, kodwa ngendlela efanele, njengoba babecela izibusiso, intethelelo, noma usizo ngenxa yokuba nomugqa omubi noma ukugula okuthile.
Kodwa imithandazo yayisetshenziswa eMbusweni Omusha WaseGibhithe, njengoba ngaphambi kwalokho yayingasetshenziswa kakhulu, njengoba kwakungakholelwa ukuthi ukukwazi ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu waseGibhithe kwakungenzeka ngesikhulu saseGibhithe noma umuntu ovamile, oFaro kuphela ababenalolu khono. Futhi ayemancane nakakhulu amathuba okuba bakwazi ukuxhumana nonkulunkulu baseGibhithe ngokubhala.
Phakathi nophenyo olwenziwa ngochwepheshe kanye ne-Egyptologists, imithandazo itholakala ibhalwe ezifanekisweni ezihlukahlukene zonkulunkulu, kanye nasemathempelini lapho izintela nemikhosi zazikhokhwa khona.
Imibhalo yomngcwabo: Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngaphakathi kwenkolo yaseGibhithe, imibhalo ebaluleke kakhulu nebalulekile ekhona futhi enakekelwa abaseGibhithe ngalokho ababekumelela kwakuyimibhalo yomngcwabo, injongo yayo eyinhloko kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphefumulo yabashonile ifinyelela ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa ngendlela engcono kakhulu.
Imibhalo egcinwe ngokucophelela kakhulu kwakuyimibhalo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Pyramid Texts, equkethe ingcebo yolwazi mayelana nenani elikhulu lezinhlamvu ezibhalwe ngaphakathi kwemibhoshongo yasendulo yasebukhosini kusukela eMbusweni Omdala.
Le mibhalo yayihloselwe ukunikeza ngomlingo oFaro baseGibhithe indlela yokugcina inkampani yonkulunkulu baseGibhithe emhlabeni wabafileyo noma emva kokufa. Kodwa kudingekile ukugqamisa ukuthi iziphonso zomngcwabo zitholakala zibhalwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene nezinhlanganisela, futhi eziningi zazo zitholakala zibhalwe ezindongeni zamapiramidi ahlukene.
Lapho uMbuso WaseGibhithe Elidala uphela, kwaqala ukwenziwa iqembu elisha leziphonso zomngcwabo, elaliqukethe izinto ezitholakala ezindongeni zemibhoshongo. Kamuva, abaseGibhithe baqala ukubhala imingcwabo emathuneni, kodwa babenemininingwane eminingi nge-sarcophagi. Leli qoqo leziphonso ezibhalwe ku-sarcophagi nasemathuneni laziwa ngokuthi Imibhalo Yebhokisi.
Nakuba imibhalo yayingatholakali ku-sarcophagi yasebukhosini, kodwa emathuneni ahlukahlukene ezikhulu ezazingezona zasebukhosini. Kungakho imibhalo eminingana yomngcwabo yavela eMbusweni Omusha WaseGibhithe, owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi yiNcwadi Yabafileyo.
Le ncwadi iqukethe uchungechunge lweziphonso ezisetshenziselwa ukusiza umphefumulo kamufi ukuba unqobe lokho okubizwa ngokuthi Ukwahlulela kuka-Osiris futhi iwusize ohambweni lwawo olunqamula iDuat, izwe elingaphansi komhlaba, uze ukwazi ukufinyelela e-Aaru futhi uthole ukuphila kwangemva kokufa. Ngokungafani nezinye izincwadi zemingcwabo, iNcwadi Yabafileyo iyona enemifanekiso eminingi namavignette, yingakho le ncwadi yakopishwa ku-papyrus ukuze izicukuthwane nabantu abavamile bakwazi ukuyifinyelela futhi ibekwe emathuneni lapho sebefile.
Imibhalo eminingi yomngcwabo nemibhalo yamabhokisi yayiqukethe ingcebo yokwaziswa nezincazelo eziningiliziwe ngezwe elingaphansi komhlaba neziqondiso zemiphefumulo ukuze inqobe izingozi ezihlukahlukene ezazilapho. Kodwa lapho uMbuso Omusha uqala, ukwaziswa nokwaziswa okusencwadini ethi Incwadi Yabafileyo kwaholela ekuhleleni nasekukopishweni kwezincwadi ezimbalwa zomhlaba ongaphansi.
Enye yezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu zenkolo yaseGibhithe kanye noMbuso Omusha yiNcwadi yamaGates, eyaziwa nangokuthi iNcwadi Yemigede. Lezi kwakuyizincwadi ezazibonisa ukuthi umhlaba wangaphansi unjani nokuthi unkulunkulu waseGibhithe uRa kwadingeka adlule kukho ohambweni lwakhe lokunqamula iDuat.
Ngakho-ke, uhambo lomphefumulo wawo wonke umuntu oshonile futhi kufanele adlule endaweni yabafileyo. Nakuba lezi zincwadi zazivinjelwe ukusetshenziswa emathuneni amapharaonic. Kodwa lapho kuzalwa inkathi yesithathu yaseGibhithe, ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zincwadi kwandiswa ekusetshenzisweni kwenkolo yaseGibhithe.
Njengoba iGibhithe lithuthuka, imikhuba yasendulo yenkolo yaseGibhithe yathathelwa indawo imikhuba emisha kanye namasu angcono, esayensi. Ngoba abaseGibhithe bazinikele ekwenzeni izifundo zesayensi nentuthuko ehlobene nokulondolozwa kwesidumbu somufi.
Njengoba bethuthuka emkhubeni wabo wokugqwalisa izidumbu, bathola ulwazi olukhulu futhi badlulela ezingeni eliphakeme lolwazi kanye nokwenza kahle ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa.
Imikhuba yenkolo yaseGibhithe
AbaseGibhithe, bekholelwa kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe, babeqhuba imikhuba yenkolo ukuze bakwazi ukuhambisana nonkulunkulu futhi bahlale bebonga kubo ngokwenza amasiko nemikhosi ehlukene, ngenxa yalezi zizathu sizokutshela kancane ngemikhuba yenkolo abaseGibhithe ababeyenza ezindaweni ezingcwele ezihlukene ezifana nalezi:
Amathempeli aseGibhithe: Empucukweni yaseGibhithe, ngenxa yenkolo kakhulu, amathempeli akhiwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko nenkolo yaseGibhithe. Kodwa base bebaningi abantu baseGibhithe abanamasiko nezinkolelo zabo, futhi amathempeli agcina izidumbu asetshenziselwa ukuhlonipha imimoya ehlukene yoFaro ababevele befile.
Kwakukhona nezinye izinhlobo zamathempeli anikezelwe ekwenzeni iminikelo nokwenza amasiko konkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe, nakuba kunzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa, njengoba ubukhosi baseGibhithe nonkulunkulu babehlobene futhi behlangene. Nakuba amathempeli amaningi aseGibhithe ayengahloselwe ukukhulekelwa konkulunkulu baseGibhithe noFaro ngabantu abaningi. Ngakho umphakathi ovamile wawunemikhuba yawo yenkolo.
Kungakho amathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele ezazixhaswe nguhulumeni noma ababusi zazisetshenziswa njengezindlu zonkulunkulu baseGibhithe, futhi izithombe ezihlukahlukene ezingokomfanekiso zabonkulunkulu zazisetshenziswa njengabaxhumanisi beminikelo eyahlukahlukene ababeyinikwa amakholwa enkolo yaseGibhithe.
OFaro abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi le nkonzo yayidingeka ukuze kugcinwe onkulunkulu baseGibhithe bejabule futhi ngaleyo ndlela kugcinwe ukuthula endaweni yonke nasemkhathini. Kungakho amathempeli nezindawo ezingcwele zaseGibhithe zaziyisizinda somphakathi waseGibhithe, futhi uhulumeni waseGibhithe, owawuholwa uFaro, wasebenzisa izinsiza eziningi ukugcina ithempeli lisesimweni esihle kakhulu.
Ngokufanayo, oFaro banikela isikhathi esiningi njengengxenye yesibopho sabo sokuhlonipha onkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Njengoba nje izicukuthwane zanikela ngeminikelo yokugcina ukuthula ngemva kokufa. Ngale ndlela kwakunamathempeli amakhulu. Nokho, onkulunkulu abaningi baseGibhithe babengenalo ithempeli labo noma indawo engcwele, bakha amathempeli onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababaluleke kakhulu benkolo yaseGibhithe.
Nakuba kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi onkulunkulu abaningi ngokwenkolo yaseGibhithe babengakhonzwa kakhulu uFaro nabantu baseGibhithe. Kwakukhona abanye onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababekhonzwa kakhulu impucuko ethandwayo ezindlini ezihlukahlukene, kodwa babengenalo ithempeli elithile.
Amathempeli okuqala akhelwe inkolo yaseGibhithe kwakuyizindlu ezincane, futhi izakhiwo zazilula kakhulu futhi zingapheli. Nakuba zenzelwe eMbusweni WaseGibhithe Elidala, njengaseMbusweni Ophakathi waseGibhithe. Amanye amathempeli enziwe ngamatshe, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi aba nemininingwane eminingi.
Kodwa amatshe amakhulu ayesetshenziswa njalo ukwakha amathempeli ahlukene aseGibhithe. Phakathi nenkathi yoMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe, umklamo omusha wamathempeli waqala ukwakhiwa, kodwa ngendlela eyisisekelo, eyayisebenzisa izinto ezivamile ezazivele zisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwamathempeli eMibusweni YaseGibhithe Lasendulo Naphakathi.
Kodwa eMbusweni Omusha WaseGibhithe kwakukhona ukuhlukahluka okukhulu, ipulani elasetshenziswa lakwazi ukwakha amathempeli amaningi futhi iningi lamathempeli aye asinda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yingoba akhiwe ngale ndlela.
Isu noma uhlelo olusetshenziswa ukwakha amathempeli ahlukene aseGibhithe lusekelwe ekudaleni indlela emaphakathi kuyo yonke ingqalasizinda eyayaziwa ngokuthi indlela yodwendwe. Khona-ke kwenziwa uchungechunge lwamakamelo ukuze kufinyelelwe endaweni engcwele yokugcina, lapho kwakungatholakala khona isithombe esikhulu sikaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe, okwakusenziwa kuye ukukhulekelwa neminikelo.
Nakuba ukungena ehholo elimaphakathi lethempeli kwakuhloselwe kuphela oFaro nezikhulu zikahulumeni eziphezulu, kanye nabapristi ababemelela inkolo yaseGibhithe, njengoba uwonke wonke waseGibhithe wawunqatshelwe ukufinyelela kuleli gumbi.
Uhambo abantu okwakudingeka baluthathe besuka emnyango omkhulu wethempeli beya ehholo elikhulu noma endaweni engcwele belwaziwa ngokuthi wukusuka emhlabeni ukuya endaweni yonkulunkulu baseGibhithe noma indawo yobunkulunkulu. Lokhu kwatholwa yiqoqo lezimpawu zezinganekwane ezazenziwa ezindongeni ezihlukene zethempeli, kanye nezakhiwo zalo. Ngemva kwethempeli, kwakungatholakala udonga olungaphandle. Kuleso sikhala umuntu wayengathola izakhiwo eziningi, kanye nezindawo zokusebenzela kanye nezindawo zokugcina izimpahla eziningana ukuze kunikezwe izinto ezidingekayo zethempeli.
Uma ithempeli lalilikhulu, umuntu wayengathola nomtapo wezincwadi lapho kwakunezincwadi eziningana ezazinolwazi ngenkolo yaseGibhithe, kanye nezinye izincwadi ezinikelwe ezintweni ezivamile. Lemitapo yolwazi yayisetshenziswa njengezikhungo ukuze abaseGibhithe bafunde ngazo zonke izifundo okwakudingeka bazifunde.
Umthwalo wemfanelo wokufeza le mikhuba ehlukahlukene wawusesithombeni sikaFaro, njengoba wayengummeleli ongokomthetho waseGibhithe phambi konkulunkulu abahlukahlukene baseGibhithe. Kodwa imicikilisho yayenziwa abapristi baseGibithe esikhundleni soFaro, ababenomthwalo wemfanelo weminye imithwalo yemfanelo emikhulu.
EMbusweni Omdala Naphakathi, abapristi babengenalo isigaba esihlukile; esikhundleni salokho, izikhulu eziningi zikaFaro zazinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imikhosi izinyanga ezimbalwa, futhi ezinye zenza kanjalo unyaka wonke lapho zenza imisebenzi yezwe.
Kodwa lapho uMbuso Omusha WaseGibhithe uqala, umsebenzi owenziwa abapristi waba uchwepheshe futhi wanda ngesikhathi esisodwa. Nakuba abapristi abaningi ababevela edolobheni babesebenza itoho futhi abaningi babeyizisebenzi zikahulumeni. UFaro nguye yedwa owayengamela impahla futhi anikeze imvume yakhe ngethempeli.
Njengoba inkolo yaseGibhithe iqala ukusungulwa phakathi kwabantu, bonke ngokuyinhloko babeyizisebenzi zikaFaro. Kodwa njengoba udumo lwabapristi lukhula, ingcebo yasethempelini yakhula, kwaze kwafika isikhathi lapho bafuna ukuphikisana noFaro.
Lapho kuba nokuhlukana kwezombusazwe okwenzeka ngeNkathi Yesithathu Emaphakathi eGibhithe, phakathi neminyaka c. 1070-664 BC C., abapristi bakaNkulunkulu u-Amun, edolobheni elibizwa ngokuthi iKarnak, baqala ukuba ababusi bezifunda ezithile zaseGibhithe Esenhla.
Emathempelini ahlukene aseGibhithe kwakunenani elikhulu labantu ababesebenza ukulungisa ithempeli, njengoba lalinabapristi, abahlabeleli nabahlabeleli bayo yonke imikhosi nemikhuba. Ngaphandle kwethempeli laseGibhithe kwakukhona abantu ababezinikele emsebenzini, njengezingcweti nabalimi ababesebenza emapulazini ahlukene.
Bonke laba bantu ababenikela ngezinkonzo zabo ekulungiseni amathempeli babethola iholo elithile, elalivela emihlatshelweni efanayo eyayilethwa abantu ukuze bajabulise onkulunkulu baseGibhithe. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi amathempeli ayeyizikhungo ezakha imisebenzi yezomnotho kaFaro.
Namuhla, amathempeli amaningi aseGibhithe asele njengezakhiwo kanti amanye aseyincithakalo ngenxa yokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nakuba abaningi sebecekelwe phansi ukuguguleka kwezindonga nezindonga kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwempahla ababhekane nakho. UFaro owayengumgqugquzeli omkhulu wokubuyiselwa kwamathempeli aseGibhithe kwakunguRamses II, kodwa futhi wayengumgangi wamathempeli ahlukene. Phakathi kwamathempeli abaluleke kakhulu enkolo yaseGibhithe kukhona okulandelayo:
- U-Deir el-Bahari: iqembu lamathempeli ka-Mentuhotep II (ubukhosi be-XNUMX), u-Hatshepsut no-Thutmose III (ubukhosi be-XNUMX). Isakhiwo somngcwabo saseHatshepsut, esinamagceke abanzi abanzi kanye nesakhiwo esinekholomu sokuzwana okukhulu (esakhiwe cishe iminyaka eyinkulungwane ngaphambi kweParthenon edumile e-Athene, omunye wemisebenzi emihle yezakhiwo)
- I-Karnak - inkimbinkimbi yamathempeli, anwetshwa ngaphezu kweminyaka engamakhulu amahlanu, eThebes, inhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe lasendulo kusukela eMbusweni Ophakathi.
- I-Luxor: Iqalwe ngu-Amenhotep III futhi yanwetshwa ngu-Ramses II, bekuyisikhungo somkhosi sefestivali ye-Opet.
- U-Abu Simbel: amathempeli amabili amakhulu (speos) aseRamses II, eningizimu yeGibhithe, osebeni olusentshonalanga yoMfula iNayile.
- I-Abydos: amathempeli kaSethy I noRamses II. Indawo yokuhlonishwa koFaro bokuqala, enesakhiwo esikhulu somngcwabo.
- IRamesseum, ithempeli eliyisikhumbuzo likaRamses II, eduze kweTheban necropolis; ibhilidi elikhulu lalinikezelwe enkolweni yomngcwabo.
- I-Medinet Habu: Ithempeli lesikhumbuzo likaRamses III. Isakhiwo sethempeli esivela e-New Kingdom.
- I-Edfu: Ithempeli lePtolemaic eliphakathi kwe-Aswan neLuxor.
- I-Dendera: isakhiwo sethempeli. Isakhiwo esikhulu yithempeli likaHathor.
- I-Kom Ombo: ithempeli lesifunda elalilawula imizila yokuhweba esuka eNubia iya e-Upper Egypt.
- I-File Island: ithempeli lika-Isis (Ast), elakhiwe ngenkathi yePtolemaic.
Amasiko Nemikhosi YaseGibhithe Esemthethweni: Empucukweni yaseGibhithe, ngenxa yezinkolelo zayo zenkolo yaseGibhithe, umbuso ubophekile ukwenza amasiko nemikhosi ehlukahlukene eyenziwa emathempelini enkolo ehlukene aseGibhithe, njengoba ukukhulekela neminikelo kufanele kunikezwe onkulunkulu abahlukene baseGibhithe. Imikhosi iphinde yenzelwe oFaro abangasekho, abahlotshaniswa nonkulunkulu nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi umbuso waphezulu waseGibhithe.
Phakathi kwemikhosi nemikhuba ebaluleke kakhulu kukhona umcimbi wokubekwa esihlalweni kanye noMkhosi we-Sed, umkhosi wombuso osemthethweni owenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile phakathi nokubusa kwakhe ukuvuselela amandla kafaro.
Amasiko ahlukahlukene ayenziwa unyaka wonke, njengoba inkolo yaseGibhithe yenza amasiko asemthethweni ezweni lonke, futhi imicikilisho eminingana yayisenziwa ethempelini elilodwa elalinikelwe kunkulunkulu oyedwa waseGibhithe, kuyilapho kwakunemikhuba eyayiqhutshwa nsuku zonke. Kodwa kunemikhosi eyayikhethekile kangangokuthi yenziwa kanye ngonyaka noma ngesenzakalo esikhethekile.
Umkhuba okwakumelwe wenziwe ekuqaleni kosuku kwakuwumkhosi owaziwa kakhulu wokunikela nokubonga. Lo mkhosi wenziwa kuyo yonke indawo yaseGibhithe. Lapho umpristi ophakeme noma uFaro kwakudingeka ageze umfanekiso wonkulunkulu othile waseGibhithe futhi awugcobe ngokhilimu othize, kanye nokubeka ingubo ewubuciko kakhulu kuwo bese ewunikeza isethi yeminikelo.
Lapho isiko lansuku zonke seliphelile futhi unkulunkulu waseGibhithe esewuqedile umnikelo wakhe womoya, zonke izinto ezisele zathathwa ukuze zabiwe phakathi kwabapristi abehlukene bethempeli.
Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, imicikilisho yayimbalwa ngenani, kuyilapho imikhosi yayiminingi, inamaningi enziwa unyaka wonke. Imikhosi yayivamile futhi kwakudingeka kwenziwe uchungechunge lwezenzo ezedlula ukunikeza iminikelo elula yokubonga kunoma yimuphi unkulunkulu waseGibhithe. Njengoba imikhosi eminingi kwakudingeka ivuselele indawo yenganekwane yaseGibhithe noma inganekwane.
Ngokufanayo, kwakudingeka bathathe isinyathelo esithile ukuze baqede amandla amabi ayebhebhethekisa isiphithiphithi nesiphithiphithi endaweni yaseGibhithe. Eminingi yale mikhosi yayiholwa abapristi abasezikhundleni eziphakeme futhi yenziwa ngaphakathi kwethempeli ngokwalo. Kodwa imikhosi ebaluleke kakhulu engokwenkolo, njengaleyo ebizwa ngokuthi umkhosi we-Opet, owawusedolobheni laseKarnak, yayigujwa ngodwendwe nokuthwala isithombe sikaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe.
Abanye abantukazana ababekholelwa ngokuqinile enkolweni yaseGibithe baphelezela udwendwe lokubuza unkulunkulu ababekholelwa ukuthi wayezoxazulula isimo sabo samanje futhi kanjalo bathole izingxenye ezithile zeminikelo emikhulu eyayinikelwa konkulunkulu baseGibithe ngalezi zenzakalo ezikhethekile.
Izilwane ezazimkhulekela: Ezingxenyeni eziningi zaseGibhithe, izilwane zaqala ukukhulekelwa, njengoba abaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi ziwukubonakaliswa konkulunkulu baseGibhithe, inkolelo ekhetheke kakhulu enkolweni yaseGibhithe. Lezi zilwane zazikhethelwa izinjongo ezithile kanye nezimpawu ezingcwele ezazibonisa ukubaluleka kwendima yazo emphakathini waseGibhithe.
Eziningi zalezi zilwane zayigcina le ndima kuyo yonke impucuko yaseGibhithe. Isibonelo esicacile salokhu kwakuyinkunzi ye-Apis eyaziwa kakhulu eyayikhulekelwa kakhulu edolobheni laseMemphis. Lesi silwane sasiwukubonakaliswa kukaNkulunkulu uPtah.
Ngenkathi ezinye izilwane zakhulekelwa isikhathi esifushane. Kodwa lenkolelo yokukhulekela izilwane ezihlukahlukene yanda ezikhathini zamuva futhi abapristi abaningi ababephethe amathempeli baqala ukwandisa ukuba khona kwezilwane ezazikhulekelwa njengomkhuba waphezulu.
Umkhuba owaqala ukukhula wawungoBukhosi Bama-26, lapho abaseGibhithe beqala ukucwilisa noma yiliphi ilungu lohlobo lwesilwane, ukuze benze umnikelo omkhulu kunkulunkulu othile waseGibhithe. Yingakho kwatholakala izigidi zamakati, izinyoni nezinye izilwane ezingcwatshwe emathempelini enkolo ahlukahlukene eGibhithe ukuze kuhlonishwe onkulunkulu.
I-Oracles: Enkolweni yaseGibhithe, oFaro kanye namalungu athile omphakathi waseGibhithe baya kuma-Oracles ukuze bacele onkulunkulu abahlukene ngolwazi oluthe xaxa kanye nesiqondiso sokwenza izinqumo ezingcono kakhulu. Nakuba ama-Oracles aqala ukwaziwa kusukela eMbusweni Omusha WaseGibhithe, nakuba ayengase avele ngaphambili kakhulu ngokusho kocwaningo oluthile.
Abaningi baseGibhithe, kuhlanganise noFaro, babeya kubakhulumeli beyobuza uchungechunge lwemibuzo, futhi lezi zimpendulo zazisetshenziselwa ukuxazulula inkinga yezomthetho noma ingxabano ngesimo esithile. Isenzo esivame kakhulu sokusebenzisa izibikezelo zaseGibhithe kwakuwukubuza umbuzo obalulekile emfanekisweni kaNkulunkulu waseGibhithe bese uchaza impendulo.
Enye indlela yokuchaza izimpendulo ze-Oracles kwakuwukuchaza ukuhamba kwezilwane ezikhonzwayo noma ukuhlola isithombe sikaNkulunkulu bese ulinda impendulo kumpristi owayekhulumela unkulunkulu waseGibhithe. Lomkhuba waba nethonya elikhulu kubapristi benkolo yaseGibithe, njengoba babekwazi ukuchaza isigijimi sonkulunkulu baseGibhithe.
Inkolo YaseGibhithe Edumile: Amahlelo amaningi aseGibhithe ayegxile ekulondolozeni ukuzinza kwempucuko yaseGibhithe, ngakho abanye abantu babenemikhuba yabo yenkolo eyayihlobene nokuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke. Nakuba lendlela yokwenza inkolo yaseGibhithe yashiya ubufakazi obuncane kakhulu kunenkolo yaseGibhithe engokomthetho, ngoba inkolo yaseGibhithe eyashiya ubufakazi obuningi kwakuyinkolo yaseGibhithe ecebe kakhulu endaweni yaseGibhithe.
Imikhuba yabo yenkolo yansuku zonke yayihlanganisa nemikhosi eyayigcizelela izinguquko zokuphila. Lawa kwakungamadodana okuzalwa, njengoba inqubo yokuzalwa yayiyingozi kakhulu. Nokuqanjwa kwegama, njengoba igama liyingxenye ebalulekile yobuntu bomuntu.
Enye yemikhuba yenkolo ebaluleke kakhulu enkolweni yabantu baseGibhithe kwakuyileyo ezungezile ukufa, noma lokho okubizwa ngokuthi imikhuba yomngcwabo, ngoba yayibaluleke kakhulu ngoba yayizoqinisekisa ukusinda komphefumulo womufi nokuphila kwakhe ngemva kokuwelela ekuphileni kwangemva kokufa.
Omunye umkhuba osetshenziswa abantu abahola kancane uwukufuna ukubona intando yonkulunkulu kubantu, ukuze bafune ukuzazi. Kulo mkhuba, amaphupho ayedinga ukuchazwa, njengoba ayebhekwa njengemiyalezo ethunyelwa onkulunkulu evela endaweni yaphezulu.
Abantu abaningi, bengenalo ithuba lokungena emathempelini ahlukene onkulunkulu baseGibhithe, babethandaza futhi banikele iminikelo yangasese konkulunkulu. Kodwa lokhu kwabonakala kuphela njengohlobo lokuzinikela akwenza eMbusweni Omusha WaseGibhithe.
Yingakho abaseGibhithe baqala ukusebenzisa ukuhlonipha uNkulunkulu, lapho bekholelwa ukuthi onkulunkulu bangenela ngokuqondile emithandazweni yabo nasezimpilweni zabo ukuze bafeze lokho abakudingayo. Ngale ndlela, onkulunkulu baseGibhithe babethanda abantu abenza okuhle, kodwa babejezisa abantu abenza okubi futhi basindise abantu abaqotho kwabanye.
Amathempeli amaningi aseGibhithe ayebaluleke kakhulu emithandazweni yangasese neminikelo, nakuba imisebenzi enenjongo yayingabafaki abantu abavamile. Imikhuba eminingi eyayenziwa abaseGibhithe yayiwukuthi banikela ngempahla yabo konkulunkulu baseGibhithe ukuze bagcwalise imithandazo yabaseGibhithe.
Lapho abantu bengakwazi ukungena emathempelini ahlukahlukene ukuze bafeze izibopho zabo ezingokwenkolo, baqala ukwakha izindlu zokuthandaza ezincane ukuze abantu bakwazi ukuthandaza futhi babonge izipho ababezitholile.
Umlingo enkolweni yaseGibhithe: Umlingo enkolweni yaseGibhithe wayaziwa ngegama elithi Heka, elisho "ikhono lokwenza izinto zenzeke ngezindlela ezingaqondile." Kwakukholelwa ukuthi umlingo wawuyinto engokwemvelo yomhlaba, njengoba kwakungamandla afanayo ayesetshenziselwa ukudalwa komhlaba kanye nendawo yonke.
Umlingo wawungamandla onkulunkulu baseGibhithe ababewasebenzisa ukuze benze intando yabo futhi abaseGibhithe babekholelwa ukuthi bangawasebenzisa, kodwa le mikhuba yayihlobene eduze nenkolo yaseGibhithe. Nakuba amasiko avamile ayenziwa nsuku zonke ayeyaziwa ngokuthi imilingo.
Abaningi baseGibhithe nabo babesebenzisa umlingo ngezinjongo zabo siqu, noma ngabe wawulimaza abantu besithathu. Yingakho umlingo wawubhekwa njengento enobutha ngokwawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo ngokumelene nabanye abantu.
Kodwa kwabaseGibhithe abaningi, umlingo