Un into encane ebandayo ngale kweNeptune Kuphoqa ukuthi kubuyekezwe ezinye izincwadi zezinkanyezi. Amaqembu amaningana ocwaningo athole ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi umzimba we-trans-Neptunian (612533) 2002 XV93, umhlaba omncane we-Kuiper Belt, umbozwe umoya omncane ophonsela inselelo lokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambilini ngalezi zingcezu ezikude zeqhwa namadwala.
Lokhu okutholakele, okushicilelwe kumagazini wesayensi Nature AstronomyLokhu kubeka le nto njengomzimba omncane kakhulu owaziwayo ohlelweni lwelanga okwazi ukugcina ungqimba lwegesi ngamandla adonsela phansi. Kuze kube muva nje, umphakathi wesayensi ubucabanga ukuthi into encane kangaka futhi ebandayo ayikwazi ukugcina amagesi isikhathi eside, kanye I-Pluto njengesibonelo esicacile kuphela womkhathi kuleso sifunda. Manje, i-2002 XV93 ijoyina ikilabhu futhi ivula ithuba lokuba kube khona imihlaba eminingi eyimfihlo kodwa esebenzayo ezindaweni ezingaphandle kweLanga.
Iyini i-XV93 ka-2002 futhi kungani ikhetheke kangaka?
Umlingiswa oyinhloko walolu cwaningo, oqokwe ngokusemthethweni njengo (612533) 2002 XV93Ingowomndeni wezinto ze-trans-Neptunian, imizimba emincane ebandayo ehamba ngemizila ngale kweNeptune. Iyi-plutino, okungukuthi, into eku- I-resonance ye-orbital engu-2:3 ene-Neptune: uqeda ukujikeleza okubili okuzungeze iLanga kuzo zonke ezintathu ezenziwa yiplanethi enkulu.
Izilinganiso zosayizi zibeka ububanzi obungamakhilomitha angu-500 (cishe amamayela angu-300), okuyisibalo esincane kakhulu uma siqhathaniswa nePluto, efinyelela cishe amakhilomitha angu-2.370. Lowo mehluko ngobukhulu ubalulekile, ngoba ngokwezibonelo zakudala, into encane kangaka akufanele ikwazi ukugcina umoya obonakalayo kulawo mabanga.
Ngesikhathi sokubuka, i-2002 XV93 yayitholakala ngaphezu kwe- Amakhilomitha ayizigidigidi ezingu-5.500 ukusuka eLangeniItholakala ebangeni elingamayunithi ezinkanyezi angaba ngu-37-39, elilingana noma elikhulu kancane kunelePluto. Ihamba esifundeni esaziwa ngokuthi I-Kuiper Belt, indandatho enkulu yezinkulungwane zezidumbu ezibandayo emaphethelweni eSistimu Yelanga.
Ngokuphathelene nokwakheka kwayo, idatha ikhomba ingxube evamile ye iqhwa lamanzi, idwala, kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezimnyamaKwakufana nezinye izinto eziseKuiper Belt. Akukho lutho, ekuqaleni, olwaluhlukanisa kakhulu kwezinye izinto, okwenza ukutholakala komkhathi kuphawuleke nakakhulu.
Kuye kwatholakala kanjani isimo esinjalo esincane kangaka?
Isihluthulelo sokuthola lokhu asisikho esithombeni esimangalisayo, kodwa sisesimeni esingabonakali kahle: a ukubhujiswa kwezinkanyeziNgomhlaka-10 Januwari 2024, njengoba kubonakala eJapane, inkanyezi i-2002 XV93 yadlula ngqo phambi kwenkanyezi ekude, ivala ukukhanya kwayo okwesikhashana. Isebenzisa lokhu kuhlangana okudlulayo, ithimba eliholwa yisazi sezinkanyezi uKo Arimatsu lahlela umkhankaso wokubuka ohlangene ovela ezindaweni eziningana zokubuka zaseJapane.
Kulezi zinhlobo zemicimbi, indlela ukukhanya kwenkanyezi okufiphazwa ngayo ibalulekile. Uma into ingenawo umoya, ukukhanya kwenkanyezi Iyanyamalala ngokuzumayo futhi ivele ngokusheshaKodwa-ke, uma kukhona amagesi azungezile, ukujiya kanye nokuhlakazeka kokukhanya kubangela ukwehla nokululama okuthambile. Yilokho kanye okwaqoshwa amateleskopu, kokubili ekufakweni kobungcweti kanye neminikelo evela kososayensi bezinkanyezi abasafufusa abahlanganyele kulo mkhankaso.
Ithimba lihlaziye ngokuningiliziwe amajika okukhanya atholiwe futhi lawaqhathanisa namamodeli amaningana alula okwakheka komkhathi okungenzeka. Ngemva kokuqhathanisa idatha, incazelo efaneleka kakhulu kwakuwukuba khona kwe- isimo esincane kakhulu kodwa sangempela Cishe ngo-2002, i-XV93. Abacwaningi basebenzise amathuluzi afana ne-Subaru Telescope kanye neminye imishini eJapane ukuze bathuthukise izilinganiso zokukhanya kwezinkanyezi.
Le ndlela, esivele isetshenziswa ukutadisha umoya wePluto, isibe ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu locwaningo imihlaba emincane kakhulu futhi ikude kakhulu Zicashile kangangokuthi azinakuxazululwa ngokuningiliziwe ngisho nangezibonakude ezinkulu noma imisebenzi yasemkhathini. Ngandlela thile, ushintsho oluncane ekukhanyeni kwenkanyezi ekude luye lwasebenza njengengilazi ekhulisayo, lwembula izinqubo ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama.
Isimo esicishe singabi khona, kodwa esinqumayo
Izibalo ezethulwe ocwaningweni zibonisa ukuthi imvilophu yegesi ka-2002 XV93 ukucasuka okungavamileUkucindezela kwayo kungaba phakathi kwezikhathi ezi-5 kuya kweziyi-10 ngaphansi kunomkhathi woMhlaba osezingeni lolwandle, futhi kube phakathi kwezikhathi ezi-50 kuya kweziyi-100 ngaphansi kunomkhathi wePluto osuvele ubuthakathaka. Naphezu kobuncane bawo obukhulu, iqiniso lokuthi ikhona lishintsha ukuqonda kwethu ngalezi zidalwa ezikude.
Ngokuphathelene nokwakheka kwayo, amamodeli akhomba kumagesi aguquguqukayo ajwayelekile eSistimu Yelanga yangaphandle, njengokuthi i-methane (CH₄), i-nitrogen (N₂) noma i-carbon monoxide (CO)Noma yiziphi zalezi zingxenye, noma inhlanganisela yazo, zingaphinda zikhiqize indlela ukukhanya kwenkanyezi okwafiphala futhi kwabuya ngayo ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwezinkanyezi.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuzinza kwalesi simo. Ngokwezibalo zethimba, ngaphandle komthombo oqhubekayo wokugcwalisa kabusha, amagesi angaphuma aye emkhathini ngaphansi iminyaka 1.000isikhathi esifushane kakhulu ngokwezinkanyezi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umkhathi kumelwe ube yinto yamuva nje noma, okungenani, wondliwe yinqubo ethile esebenzayo eqhubeka nokunikeza izinto.
Okunye okubonwe nge- James webb space telescope Abakatholi ama-deposit amakhulu angaphezulu eqhwa eliguquguqukayo ngo-2002 XV93 angase anciphe kancane kancane, njengoba kunjalo ku-Pluto. ukungabikho kwemithombo ebonakalayo yobuso Kusikisela ukuthi umsuka womkhathi uhlobene nesenzakalo esithile, esinamandla noma izinqubo zangaphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Imvelaphi emibili engaba khona: izintaba-mlilo zeqhwa noma umthelela wamuva nje
Izazi zezinkanyezi zicabangela kakhulu izimo ezimbili ukuchaza ukuthi umzimba omncane kangaka, obandayo ukwazile kanjani ukuzizungeza ngomkhathi, noma ngabe mncane kangakanani. Umbono wokuqala ukhomba uhlobo oluthile umsebenzi wangaphakathi we-cryovolcanicKulesi simo, ingaphakathi lento lingaqukatha amaqhwa aguquguqukayo noma uketshezi oluvalelekile, okuthi uma lukhishwa ngemifantu noma ukuqhekeka ebusweni, ludlulele ngqo esimweni segesi futhi londle umoya.
Le ndlela ngeke ifane nezintaba-mlilo zasendulo zomhlaba, ezine-magma yamadwala ancibilikisiwe, kodwa kunalokho i- inguqulo ebandayo neqandisiwelapho "uketshezi" kungaba yingxube yamanzi, i-ammonia, nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo. Izigameko ezinjalo sezivele zibonwe ezinyangeni ezibandayo zegesi ezinkulu, futhi manje zibonakala ziyinto engenzeka kuleli zwe elincane elidlula iNeptunian.
Inketho yesibili abacwaningi abayicabangelayo ukuthi umkhathi uwumphumela we- umthelela wakamuva kakhulu kusuka ku-comet noma kwenye into encane ye-Kuiper Belt. Ukushayisana okunjalo kungakhipha ngokuzumayo inani elikhulu legesi nezinto ezishintshashintshayo, kudale i-gaseous envelope yesikhashana cishe ngo-2002 XV93 eyayizonyamalala kancane kancane iye emkhathini.
Uma lo mbono wokugcina ulungile, umkhathi kufanele unyamalale eminyakeni noma amashumi eminyaka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma amagesi ehlala eqinile noma engazinzile, noma ekhombisa ukuhlukahluka kwesizini okuhlobene nomjikelezoLokhu kuzoqinisa umqondo wokutholakala okuqhubekayo okuvela ngaphakathi ngokusebenzisa i-cryovolcanism noma ezinye izinqubo ze-geological ezisebenzayo. Okwamanje, zombili izincazelo zisavulekile.
Ukuze bahlukanise phakathi kwalezi zimo, izazi zezinkanyezi zihlela imikhankaso emisha yokuvubukulwa kwezinkanyezi kanye nokubuka ezindaweni ezahlukene zamaza, okuhlanganisa nokulandelela nge James webb space telescopeUkuziphatha kwesikhathi esizayo kwalesi simo esincane kuzoba yinkomba ebalulekile yokuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela kule ndawo encane eneqhwa.
Inselelo emibonweni yakudala mayelana namazwe akude
Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka, umbono ovelele weSistimu Yelanga yangaphandle wawulula kakhulu: iqoqo elikhulu lezinto imihlaba eqandisiwe futhi cishe engaguqukingemisebenzi emincane noma engekho nhlobo. I-Pluto yayibhekwa njengehlukile kakhulu, inesimo esincane kodwa esiphawuleka kahle ngenxa yomsebenzi we-NASA we-New Horizons.
Icala lika-2002 XV93 liyayiphikisa ingxenye yalowo mfanekiso. Uma umzimba ongamakhilomitha angu-500 kuphela ububanzi, ongaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-5.000 ukusuka eLangeni, ungagcina umoya—ngisho noma umncane kakhulu—khona-ke kungenzeka ukuthi unayo. izinto ezifanayo kakhulu ezinokuziphatha okuguquguqukayo lokho bekungakatholakali kuze kube manje.
UKo Arimatsu ngokwakhe ugcizelela ukuthi lokhu kutholwa “kushintsha umbono wethu ngezwe elincane leSistimu Yelanga,” hhayi nje kuphela lawo aseduze neNeptune. Kuze kube muva nje, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi imimoya yayigcinelwe amaplanethi amakhulu, amaplanethi amafushane, kanye nezinyanga ezinkuluLe nto ye-trans-Neptunian yephula lowo mngcele futhi iphoqa ukucabanga kabusha ngamamodeli ngokugcinwa kwegesi ezindaweni eziphansi zamandla adonsela phansi kanye nezimo zokushisa eziphakeme.
Abanye ochwepheshe, njengomcwaningi u-Alan Stern, usosayensi oholayo we-New Horizons mission, babheka umphumela "njengentuthuko emangalisayo," yize begcizelela isidingo se- ukuqinisekiswa okuzimele ngokubuka okusha. Uma kuqinisekiswa ngokugcwele, imiphumela yokwakheka kanye nokuvela kweKuiper Belt ingaba nzulu, kokubili ngokwemfundiso kanye nasekuhleleni imisebenzi yasemkhathini yesikhathi esizayo kulezi zifunda.
Kusho ukuthini lokhu ngeKuiper Belt kanye nokuhlola kwesikhathi esizayo?
I-Kuiper Belt iyikhaya lezinkulungwane zezinto, kuze kube manje, ezazibhekwa kakhulu njenge- izingobo zomlando eziqandisiwe zomlando wokuqala weSistimu YelangaAkukashintshi kangako selokhu kwasungulwa. Isimo sezulu sika-2002 XV93 sibonisa ukuthi, okungenani kwezinye izimo, lezi zidumbu azizona nje izinsalela, kodwa ziyimihlaba enezinqubo ezisebenzayo ezikwazi ukuguqula ubuso bazo kanye nendawo ezikuyo.
Uma into encane kangaka ingagcina umsebenzi womkhathi, umuntu uzibuza ukuthi zingaki ezinye ezingabonisa izenzakalo ezifanayo. Ku-astronomy yaseYurophu naseSpain, lapho kunamaqembu asebenzayo kakhulu agxile kule ndawo, lo mbuzo ubalulekile. ukuvubukulwa kwezinkanyezi kanye nokutadisha imizimba emincaneLolu hlobo lokuthola ulwazi luvula insimu yomsebenzi ekhangayo kakhulu. Amanethiwekhi ezibonakude eziphakathi nezincane ezisakazeke kulo lonke elaseYurophu angadlala indima ebalulekile emikhankasweni ehlelekile yesikhathi esizayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba khona komkhathi, noma ngabe kuncane kangakanani, kuthinta izinqubo ezifana nokuthi ukuthuthwa kokushisa, ukuhwamuka noma ukuqandisa iqhwa phezu komhlaba kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezinto emkhathini. Lezi yizici ezibalulekile zokwakha kabusha ukuvela kwesikhathi eside kwalezi zindawo ezikude kanye nokuqonda ukuthi ama-compounds aguquguqukayo—i-methane, i-nitrogen, i-carbon monoxide—aphinde asatshalaliswa kanjani endaweni ezungezile ye-trans-Neptunian.
Uma sibheka phambili, ososayensi bahlela ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa inqubo ye-occultation, beyihlanganisa nokubuka kwe-infrared futhi, lapho kungenzeka, nezinsimbi ezibucayi kakhulu njenge-Webb telescope noma ama-optical telescope amakhulu atholakala eChile naseziQhingini zaseCanary. Isenzakalo ngasinye esisha esibonwa ngokunemba okwanele singaveza imimoya emincane, amasongo, noma ngisho nama-geyser eqhwa kwezinye imizimba esizibheka nje njengezici zokukhanya namuhla.
Uma sibheka konke, i-2002 XV93 isibe yisikhumbuzo sokuthi ngisho nento encane enomoya wayo, elahlekile emaphethelweni eSistimu Yelanga, ingaphonsela inselelo imibono eseyivele ikhona futhi ivule imigqa emisha ngokuphelele yocwaningo mayelana nokuthi imihlaba ebandayo nekude isebenza kanjani.