Intwasahlobo Bekuyingoma yokuqala enkulu ka-Ayn Rand eMelika kanye nenoveli eyaqinisa isithunzi sakhe njengomama we-Objectivism. Masithole isakhiwo sawo ndawonye futhi sihlaziye ukuhlaziya.
Wayengubani u-Ayn Rand, umbhali we "The Spring"?
Ukuze uhlole kahle lo msebenzi ongavamile kakhulu wenganekwane yefilosofi ebizwa ngokuthi Intwasahlobo, kufanele siveze ubukhona, umlingiswa kanye nemibono yomdali wayo waseRussia-American u-Ayn Rand. Kuzodingeka sithuthele kancane eRussia yeminyaka yokuqala yekhulu lama-XNUMX, indawo eshisayo yezenzakalo zoguquko ezakha izimpilo zezizukulwane ezalandela zamaSlavic.
Ayn Rand kwakungeyona into engaphezu kwegama-mbumbulu elakhiwe ngenhlanganisela yamagama esiHeberu nezipelingi eziwuphawu lwesimiso sesiCyrillic. Igama lakhe langempela kwakungu-Alisa Zinovevna Rosenbaum, ovela emndenini wamaJuda, ngokusobala. Eseneminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye ubudala, wabona ukuphakama kweNguquko yamaBolshevik futhi ngokuqhubekayo kwafika ukudliwa komhlaba, indlala nokuhlanzwa.
Ngokushesha umbuso waseSoviet wathatha izintambo zokulawula ibhizinisi likayise lemithi, walahla umndeni ukuba uzulazule ungenakuzisiza eCrimea. Futhi u-Alisa osemncane naye washeshe wasuswa enyuvesi yakhe, lapho ingqondo yakhe ekhaliphile yaphumelela kakhulu kuSocial Pedagogy and History. Ukudingiselwa eNyakatho Melika kwakungenakugwenywa, kushiya wonke umkhaya wenuzi ngemuva.
Kungenxa yalesi sizinda lapho ubuntu bukaRand obuhlukanisayo empilweni yakhe yomuntu siqu kanye nempilo yezepolitiki yaseMelika bungaqondwa. Isisulu sombuso wobushiqela, u-Marxist kanye neqembu eligxile ekuhlanganyeleni, iRandi lingaphakamisa isimo somuntu siqu esiqinile, esizidlayo ngokuziqhenya futhi esiphakamisa imakethe ekhululekile eyeqisayo.
Ngemuva kokusebenza njengombhali wesikrini waseHollywood iminyaka embalwa, umbhali waseRussia wayezinikele ekushumayeleni imibono yakhe ngamanoveli, izindatshana kanye nobushoshovu bezepolitiki, okubangela umthelela omkhulu esikweni elidumile lase-US. Umcabango wakhe wahunyushwa njengomjovo wempilo ku-conservatism yendabuko ye-elite, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho isibalo sakhe sasihlangene ne-McCarthyite paranoia.
Lapho eshona ngo-1982, ibhokisi lakhe lalihambisana nokuhlelwa kwezimbali ezinkulu ezimise kophawu lwedola. Mhlawumbe kungenye yezimpawu ezinhle ezikwazi ukufingqa okuningi kwalokho okwakushiwo yimpilo yakhe eMelika. Ngisho nanamuhla usalokhu eyisibalo esihlukanisa kakhulu, ngisho naphakathi kwama-conservatives ngokwawo.
ukucabanga kwenhloso
Kusukela kumanoveli akhe amabili amakhulu, iThe Fountainhead (Intwasahlobo) kanye ne-Atlas Shrugged (ehunyushwa ngokuthi i-Atlas Shrugged ngesi-Spanish) I-Rand isebenzelana ngaphezu kwakho konke nokudalula ifilosofi yakhe yomuntu siqu ngendlela yokulandisa, kuzofaneleka ukuchaza kafushane ukuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Objectivism iqukethe ini.
I-Objectivism iwuhlelo lwefilosofi olubeka ngokuyinhloko indlela enengqondo neyomuntu ngamunye ekuziphatheni kokuziphatha. Kubantu abaphikisayo, ubunjalo beqiniso buyinto ekhona ngokungangabazeki futhi ekwazi ukubonwa ngokugcwele yimizwa.
Eqinisweni, ukwazi komuntu kungavunyelwa kuphela maqondana nalokho akwaziyo. Awekho ama-subjective relativisms kulo mbono, ukumane nje ukwamukelwa kwalokho okukhona futhi okwandulela umcabango.
Kulokhu kulandela ukuthi indlela yokuhlangana naleli qiniso lenhloso kufanele kube isizathu, siqondwe njengekhono lokuhlonza nokuhlanganisa ngendlela ecacile nengenamdlandla into ehlinzekwa yizinzwa. Lokhu kuvimbela izindlela zomlando zokubona okungenangqondo okufana nomuzwa onqunu, umuzwa ozenziwayo ongenasimo noma ukukholwa.
Ukulahlwa kwayo yonke imiyalo evela ezindleleni ezingenangqondo ezifana nenkolo noma imizwelo kuholela emfundisweni yokuziphatha esekelwe ekuzithandeni wena. Nakuba lokhu kungase kungqubuzane nesiko lesisa emazweni aseNtshonalanga, ukuzazisa kokuziphatha nokuhluzekile kutshalwa ekuqashelweni komuntu ngamunye njengeyunithi engcwele, engenakunqotshwa ukubuswa abanye.
Umuntu ngamunye emhlabeni unomgomo wakhe wokuthola inhlalakahle nokugcwala kwawo, ngaphandle kokubukela phansi noma ukuphikisana nenjabulo yabanye abantu. Ngokwemvelo, ukuzidela kuyangabazeka, njengoba umuntu ngamunye kumelwe abhekane nezinjongo zakhe zokuziphatha, ngaphandle kokunikeza abanye ukuphila kwakhe konke noma ukulindela lokho kuzinikezela kwabanye.
Ukukhathazeka ngomuntu ngamunye okusongelwa kucishe kuthatheke emsebenzini olandisayo omfushane ka-Ayn Rand. Kwenye yamanoveli akhe abizwa ngokuthi i-Anthem, kuhlongozwa i-dystopia enegazi lapho isihloko sesiNgisi I (I) siwele ekusetshenzisweni okuphoqelelwe, sithathelwa indawo ngaso sonke isikhathi sithi We (thina). Kulokho okubhekwa njengobuciko bakhe bobuciko, i-Atlas Shrugged, ikusasa le-dystopian lidwetshwa kabusha ngezinhlelo zengcindezelo kanye neqoqo.
Kungaba yini ukuvezwa kwezepolitiki nezomnotho kwale miqondo yokuhluzeka komuntu ngamunye kanye nenhloso? Hhayi-ke, i-free market capitalism ngaphandle kwemithetho yezomnotho. Iwukuphela kohlelo, ngokweRandi, olusungula uhlelo lokuhwebelana ngaphansi kwemibandela yokulingana, ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa ngempoqo kanye nokuzuzisana.
Isazi sefilosofi sibeka, ngokusukela esikhathini saso nesimo, ukugcizelelwa ezizatho zokuziphatha zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa konxiwankulu ngaphezu kwezizathu zezinto ezibonakalayo: okuhle kakhulu kwemakethe ekhululekile ukuvikela inkululeko yabantu, abafinyelela ukuvumelana futhi ukubambisana okunesithunzi.
Uhlelo lombuso lugodla izinsiza zalo ukuze lungenelele kuphela ezimeni lapho kudingekile ukuvikela ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ekusongeleni okuthile okubalulekile ekusindeni kwayo, njengobugebengu noma ingxabano yangaphakathi engenakulawuleka okufanele ixazululwe ngokuthula, ngokusebenzisa izinhlangano zezokuphepha eziphakeme, amasosha. nezinkantolo, ukuze kuzuze bonke.
Ividiyo elandelayo kafushane futhi ichaza amaphuzu amaphakathi emibono yeRand. Isifinyezo mhlawumbe silula, kodwa kuyasiza ukuzimisa ngokunethezeka ngaphakathi kwethiyori ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo yalesi sihloko.
Buka ividiyo mayelana nemibono kaRand
Nakuba ongqondongqondo bomhlaba wonke bengazange bathambekele ngokukhethekile ekwamukeleni izinhloso ze-Randian, umbono ube namandla ezingeni elidumile futhi uyaqhubeka nokuthola abalandeli phakathi kwemikhakha yebhizinisi, i-conservative kanye ne-libertarian, ikakhulukazi e-United States.
Akunzima ukucabanga ukuthi kungani. Isazi sefilosofi sayazi ukuthi singawubumba kanjani umcabango waso, sinesikweletu kubo bobabili u-Aristotle no-Nietzsche, ngendlela ekhangayo emele inhloso yobuhle benhloso, iqiniso lezothando. I-oxymoron evulekile eyazama ukubuyisela umoya wobuqhawe ngamunye eqinisweni eliphathekayo lansuku zonke.
El Manantial, umakhi oyisihlubuki
ukufunda ngokujulile Intwasahlobo (1943) iye yasitshekelwa yinoveli elandelayo kaRand, eyedlula yonke indawo, eyisakhiwo sodumo futhi eyimpumelelo, i-Atlas Shrugged (1957). Kodwa-ke, abaphikisayo bangakhomba itshe elimhlophe ngosuku lokushicilelwa kwayo. Kwakuyimpumelelo yokuqala enkulu yokubhala yomholi wayo, eyokuqala eyamlethela udumo lwangempela kanye nenhlanhla ethile yokucabangela umsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele emhlabeni wefilosofi eqanjiwe.
Izimo zazihluke kakhulu eRandi ekusondeleni ezigabeni zokuqala zenoveli. Umbhali ushintshane phakathi komsebenzi njengomdidiyeli wesikrini nomklami wezingubo zomdidiyeli omkhulu u-Cecil B. DeMille, ubushoshovu bezepolitiki phakathi kwama-conservatives nomsebenzi wedrama onemiphumela embalwa yezohwebo, okusinde ngokulambisa.
Kulesi simo, wanquma ukuzifaka engozini ngephrojekthi yakhe siqu, eshiya izihloko ayebhekane nazo kuze kube manje, ephefumulelwe impilo yakhe yangaphambili enzima njengo-Alisa eRussia. Futhi waqala umhlaba ongaziwa wezakhiwo zesimanje ukuze Intwasahlobo. Ukuze enze lokhu, walungiselela ukucwaninga lesi sihloko, wafunda nge-biography yothisha bakhe abakhulu futhi waze wathatha umsebenzi ongakhokhelwa njengomshini wokuthayipha ehhovisi lomdwebi wezakhiwo odumile waseNew York.
Ngemva kweminyaka eminingana, ukufuna abamemezeli kwakumatasa ngendlela efanayo nomsebenzi wokudala. Abashicileli abayishumi nambili bayenqaba le noveli, kwaze kwaba yilapho omunye wabo ephoqa inkampani yakhe ukuba iyamukele ngokusabisa ngokuyiyeka. URand, ekugcineni ekhululekile ukuba aphishekele lencwadi isikhathi esigcwele ngomholo ongashintshi, wasebenza amahora amade ethenga ama-amphetamine ukuze afinyelele umnqamulajuqu. Imiphumela yomuthi, ukuqwasha kanye nokushintshashintsha kwemizwelo okukhulu, kwaba unomphela ekuphileni kwakamuva.
Umphumela waba muhle naphezu kwakho konke ukubambezeleka nezithiyo. Intwasahlobo yavela ohlwini lwabadayiswa kakhulu ngonyaka ka-1944 futhi nakulokhu okulandelayo. Ngokushesha yaguqulelwa ifilimu noGary Cooper endimeni yesihloko. Kubangele ukwakheka kweqembu lokuqala elikhulu labalandeli bakaRand, Ikilasi lika-'43, okwakuzoba abagqugquzeli abakhulu be-Objectivism. Futhi le noveli yagcina isingeyomlando wokufunda kwentsha, futhi yanqoba izizukulwane ezimbalwa zomjikelezo wabadwebi bezakhiwo, abayibheka njengogqozi.
Kodwa imayelana nani ngempela? Intwasahlobo ukuheha izethameli ezingaka ezithunjiwe? Empeleni, ukuphikiswa okuphakathi kobuntu bomuntu siqu kanye nokuvumelana kweqoqo, phakathi komzamo wokubusa uquqaba ngokusebenzisa imiqondo yokwenziwa yokulingana kanye nesifiso sokwandisa imikhiqizo yomuntu siqu ngobuqotho nangethalente ukuze kuzuze okufanayo. Sizombona ebuyekeza kafushane ingxabano yakhe.
Isiqephu se-"The Spring"
Le noveli, eyasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-20s, iyindaba yabaphathi abamnyama, ukuboniswa kwamandla, ukukhohlisa kanye nokungezwani okuvusa inkanuko okunzima ukukuxazulula. Ifomethi ebingase iholele endabeni yenoveli yobugebengu evamile isasele, nokho, ingaphansi kwemibono ekhanyayo nobuqhawe besimanje obuphethwe uRand.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwe Intwasahlobo sinikezwa ukuphikiswa okubalulekile phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zabalingisi: ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Peter Keating ongenamuntu, othanda uthando futhi othatheka kalula, umdwebi okhungathekile nomakhi wezakhiwo ophoqelelwe ongenathalente, omatasatasa kuphela nokukhuphuka enkundleni yezokuxhumana ngokusebenza kanzima.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqhawe elikhulu kunawo wonke lefilosofi yamaRandi yalokhu kulandisa, umlingiswa oyinhloko u-Howard Roark, umakhi ongayekethisi, onobungqabavu, onesiphiwo futhi ongagodli, onemibono emihle yasekuqaleni kanye nokuma okuphawulekayo komuntu ngamunye.
Bobabili abalingiswa bangabafundi afunda nabo e-Stanton Institute of Technology, kodwa ngokumangazayo, u-Roark uyaxoshwa ngenxa yesimo sakhe esiqinile esiphikisana nosiko lwezokwakha, kuyilapho u-Keating ethweswa iziqu ngezindondo eziphezulu, elungele ukujoyina amafemu ahlonishwayo enhlanganweni yakhe eNew York.
Ukufana phakathi kwalokhu okubili kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka edolobheni elikhulu. Nakuba u-Keating ezibandakanya ngokugcwele emidlalweni kaMachiavellian ukuze avikele isikhundla sakhe ngaphakathi kwefemu yeFrancon & Heyer, ehlanza inhlangano yabangase babe izimbangi futhi kuholele ekufeni kukaHeyer, uRoark uzihlanganisa noHenry Cameron, omunye umakhi wezakhiwo onekhono kodwa obekwe eceleni. , ukukhiqiza imisebenzi emihle kakhulu, kodwa phakathi kwezinkinga ezinkulu zezimali.
U-Keating akakhohlwanga umlingani wakhe wakudala u-Roark, owamsiza ngokukhululeka ezinhlelweni zakhe zokuqala, ngakho unquma ukumbiza ngokushesha nje lapho uCameron ememezela umhlalaphansi wakhe. Kwaculwa ukungqubuzana kweqhawe noFrancon. U-Roark uvele wenqabe futhi ukusebenza ngokwezimiso zasendulo futhi uxoshwe enkampanini, ephoqeleka ukuthi asebenze endaweni yokugubha igwagwa ephethwe nguFrancon.
Kukhona uthando oluyinqaba, olushubile noluyimpikiswano. Indodakazi kaFrancon, u-Dominique, umlobi omuhle nozimele we-New York Banner, ukhangwa ngokushesha umakhi ongaziwa. Bendawonye baqala uthando kungazelelwe, bengqubuzana futhi benonya kangangokuthi sekwenze imikhakha ethile yezobufazi isole le noveli ngokuvumela ukudlwengula.
Kunoma yikuphi, imizwa kaDominique iphikisana ngokujulile. Ngenkathi isithandwa sakhe sizama ukuqalisa kabusha umsebenzi waso nekhasimende elisha, umbhali wengosi wenza umzamo wokugxeka umsebenzi wakhe onzima esidlangalaleni, esiya njalo emihlanganweni eyimfihlo nomakhi wezakhiwo, wemvelo yocansi.
Yomibili imihlaba, ochwepheshe kanye nabasondelene, izoqhuma ngesiphithiphithi sezilinganiso ezinkulu. Kukhomishana enkulu ehlongozwa u-Roark, iThempeli elingavamile Lomoya Womuntu, umakhi wezakhiwo uhlanganisa nesifanekiso esifanekiselwa izilinganiso eziqondile zomzimba ka-Dominique.
Usonkontileka u-Hopton Stoddard kanye no-Ellsworth M. Toohey, omunye umbhali wengosi onolaka we-New York Banner, isigelekeqe esigxile kwezendabuko kwezobuhle kanye nezenhlalakahle ezinqubweni zaso, bahlangana ngokumelene no-Roark ecaleni lokungakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi ngendlela engafanele.
Naphezu kokuthi u-Dominique uzama ukuvikela isithandwa sakhe esidlangalaleni okokuqala ngqa, umakhi wezakhiwo ulahlekelwa icala futhi lokhu kudala ukudumazeka nokuwohloka kokuziphatha kowesifazane. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi unquma ukudlala ngemithetho yezwe elincane obekumele aphile kulo, ashade noKeating, imbuka likaRoark ngesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala, futhi esebenza njengomgqugquzeli wakhe ongathembekile.
Umbhangqwana owakhiwe nguDominique noKeating awunamingcele. Edinga ikhomishini enikezwa umnikazi kanye nomhleli oyinhloko we-New York Banner, uGail Wynand, uyavuma ukuthi umkakhe uyenga umphathi wakhe ukuze amthambisa ukuze avumelane nesiphakamiso. Kodwa ukuthintana okuvusa inkanuko akugcini lapho. UWynand uhlatshwe umxhwele uDominique kangangokuthi uzomthenga ku-Keating, okubangela isehlukaniso okwavunyelwana ngaso futhi kamuva wamshada.
Ezimweni ezixakayo, u-Wynand uqasha u-Roark kuphela ukuthi aklame indlu azohlala kuyo nonkosikazi wakhe omusha, anganaki ubudlelwano bakhe bangaphambili. Futhi u-Keating ohlulekile uphinda axhumane nomthetho, efuna usizo ukuze kufezwe iphrojekthi yezindlu yaseCortlandt, aqashwa ukwakha kwayo ngoTooney.
U-Roark wamukela umsebenzi ngaphansi kwesimo sokungaziwa okungenakwephulwa kanye nokulondolozwa kombono wangempela wephrojekthi. Ngeshwa, ulaka luka-Keating olubuthakathaka luyazibonakalisa futhi, luvumela izinguquko ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kuka-Roark ngenxa yengcindezi yomphakathi. Njengamanje, umakhi wenza isinqumo lapho inoveli yonke iqondiswe khona: uguqula izisekelo zomsebenzi wakhe e-Cortlandt. Ukhetha ukuba libhujiswe ngaphambi kokuba umbono wakhe siqu uhlanekezelwe.
U-Roark uquliswa icala lesibili, njengesigebengu. Kodwa kulokhu uyawina ngokusebenzisa inkulumo ecophelelayo ye- objectivist. Ngaphambi kwejaji, umakhi wenza ukuzivikela okude kobuntu, ubuqiniso nobuqotho. Ngemva kokumenyezelwa kobumsulwa, uWynand, owakhaphela uRoark ngenxa yobuthakathaka ngokumlahla ephephandabeni lakhe, uzithola engenankosikazi noma abangane futhi uvala iphephandaba lakhe.
Unikeza uRoark umsebenzi wokugcina kuphela: ibhilidi elikhulu elifanekisela ukunqoba okukhulu kobuntu bomuntu. Le noveli iphetha ngokuthi u-Dominique no-Roark bahlangane ngemva konyaka nesigamu, phezulu kwesakhiwo sensimbi esikhulukazi setshe lesikhumbuzo. Ukusuka lapho, bacabanga ngokuthula ngedolobha laseNew York, njengendoda nomfazi.
U-El Manantial uphakamisa umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwendoda evikela umbono wayo oyingqayizivele emiphumeleni yokugcina kanye nalowo ozilimazayo, ekhothamela ukunambitheka kokujwayelekile okwamukelwe yiqoqo. Umbono wakhe oyinkinga kodwa othinta inhliziyo uyaqhubeka nokujabulisa izigidi zabafundi.
Kuze kube manje indatshana yethu nge Intwasahlobongu-Ayn Rand. Njengoba lo mbhali encamela ukuveza imibono yakhe ngenganekwane ye-dystopian, ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo yokufunda lo omunye umbhalo, onikezelwe Umhlaba Omusha Onesibindi ngu-Aldous Huxley. Incwadi ebuye ichaze ikusasa elesabekayo kumuntu. Landela isixhumanisi!
