Uma uthanda ama-thrillers angokwengqondo, kufanele ufunde iphepha lodonga eliphuzi, nguCharlotte Perkins Gilman, indaba esolisayo emayelana nokucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kodwa efundeka kalula. Iphinikhodi yokuphepha!
Ukubhekisisa Ukucindezeleka Kwangemva Kokubeletha
Iphephadonga Eliphuzi: Indaba Engemuva Kwencwadi
Iphephadonga Eliphuzi (Iphephadonga Eliphuzi), liyindaba emfushane esekelwe kulokho okwenzekayo komlobi waseMelika uCharlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935), owashicilela incwadi yakhe edume kakhulu ngo-1892.
UCharlotte Perkins washada noCharles Walter Stetson futhi baba nendodakazi, futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokubeletha waqala ukubonisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha.
Bekhathazekile ngempilo yombhali, baya ekuboniseni uDkt. Silas Weir Mitchell, udokotela wezinzwa odumile wangaleso sikhathi owathola ukuthi "unokukhathala okuvamile" futhi watusa ukwelashwa kokuphumula okwakusho ukuphumula okuphelele.
Ukuze anqobe ukuphazamiseka kwakhe kwezinzwa, kwakudingeka asuke emisebenzini yakhe evamile, abeke eceleni ukubhala, ukufunda futhi, ngokuvamile, enze imisebenzi embalwa ngangokunokwenzeka, ukuphumula ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.
UCharlotte walandela iziyalezo zikadokotela wakhe izinyanga, engabhalisanga ngcono isimo sakhe nempilo yakhe, futhi waba mubi kakhulu waze waba nemicabango yokuzibulala.
Ngolunye usuku ekuseni, umbhali wanquma ukuthi uphumule ngokwanele nokuthi uma engayinaki imisebenzi nezibopho zakhe uzosangana ngendlela engenakuthenjwa, ngakho waqala ukubhala futhi waqala inqubo yakhe yokululama.
Kungokubuyela emsebenzini kuphela lapho alulama khona ekucindezelekeni kwakhe, ngakho wenza isinqumo sokubhala phansi okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe, ukuze abesifazane abanezimpawu ezifanayo bangabekezeleli njengaye.
Yazalwa kanjalo indaba ka iphepha lodonga eliphuzi, indaba enzima futhi edabukisayo mayelana nokucindezeleka kwangemva kokubeletha kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela engalingani kwabesifazane ngaleso sikhathi, lapho umphakathi wezinzalamizi wawucabanga ukuthi abesifazane kufanele baqondiswe futhi baqondiswe ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kwezihlobo zabo zesilisa.
Iphephadonga eliphuzi: Isifinyezo sendaba
Umlando we iphepha lodonga eliphuzi ilandiswa ngomuntu wokuqala, itshelwe ngendlela yengxoxo nomfundi, ibhalwe ngomuzwa wokuthi kufundwa idayari yomuntu siqu, efihliwe nenqatshelwe.
Indaba ixoxwa ngowesifazane okwathi ngemva kokubonisa izimpawu zokuphazamiseka kwemizwa “elulekwa” umyeni wakhe, ongudokotela ngokomsebenzi, ukuba ahlale yedwa ekamelweni lakhe ekuphumuleni okuphelele ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo.
Uma ukungasebenzi kungasizi, umlingiswa wendaba uqala ukukhathazeka ngesithombe sangemuva esiphuzi esifiphele egumbini alilo phakathi "nokwelashwa."
Ezinyangeni ezintathu ezidlula evalelwe endlini eyisigodlo, lapho umyeni wakhe kanye nodadewabo kadadewabo (angamthembi) benakekela yonke into, umlingiswa oyinhloko ukhuluma nathi ngokungaqondile ngomyeni wakhe, ingane yakhe esanda kuzalwa kanye nengane yakhe. mayelana nokuphila komphakathi okungajwayelekile.
Isakhiwo sendaba sihlala sishintsha isigqi, kusishiya nomuzwa wokungaqhubeki osisondeza esiphithiphithini somqondo umlingiswa oyinhloko adlula kuso, okusiphoqa ukuthi sizwe ukudideka nokuphelelwa ithemba kwakhe.
Umfundi ubona imizwa yokuvalelwa nomlandi endaweni encane ne-claustrophobic "yokuhlukaniswa" kwalo wesifazane (ogama lakhe esingeke sazi), ezungezwe iphepha eliphuzi "lapho kunamehlo amabili aluhlaza akubheke phezulu".
Kancane kancane, umfundi ubona ukulahlekelwa kancane kancane kobunikazi bomxoxi, oqala ukuzwa imibono yabesifazane abavaleleke kusithombe sangemuva.
UCharlotte Perkins Gilman: Owesifazane ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe
Umbhali we iphepha lodonga eliphuzi, UCharlotte Perkins Gilman, wayengowesifazane ngaphambi kwesikhathi sakhe ngokungavamile, ezimele futhi ezithembayo, okwamsiza ukuba anqobe ukucindezeleka kwakhe futhi enze izinqumo ezingcono kakhulu zokuphila kwakhe.
Umlobi wayehlala engumvikeli oqinile wamalungelo abantu besifazane futhi emsebenzini wakhe ubonisa ukukholelwa kwakhe okuqinile ngokumelene nokubuswa kwabesilisa komphakathi wezinzalamizi owawudlangile e-United States.
Ngo-1888, uCharlotte wanquma ukudivosa umyeni wakhe futhi athuthele eCalifornia nendodakazi yakhe ukuze aqhubeke nokuphishekela umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala futhi azinikele ngokugcwele ekushisekeleni okukhulu kwempilo yakhe, ebhala.
UCharlotte wazalelwa eHartford, Connecticut, ngoJulayi 03, 1860 futhi umsebenzi wakhe unezindaba, amanoveli, izinkondlo, izindatshana, wagqama njengomfundisi kanye nomhleli wencwadi yamasonto onke ethi "The Impress".
Ngo-1934, ngemva kokushona komyeni wakhe wesibili, uHoughton Gilman, uCharlotte watholakala enomdlavuza webele ongelapheki, ngakho wanquma ukuthuthela ePasadena nendodakazi yakhe nabazukulu.
Njengommeli oqinile we-euthanasia kwabagulela ukufa, uCharlotte wanquma ukuqeda impilo yakhe ngokusebenzisa i-chloroform ngokweqile ngo-Agasti 17, 1935 futhi encwadini yakhe yokuzibulala washo okulandelayo:
"Lapho konke ukusizakala sekuphelile, lapho umuntu eqinisekile ngokufa okuseduze nokungenakugwenywa, kulula kakhulu kwamalungelo abantu ukukhetha ukufa okusheshayo nokulula, esikhundleni sokufa okunyantisayo nokuhamba kancane.".
Uma ukuthandile okuqukethwe kwalesi sihloko, ungase ube nentshisekelo yokwazi mayelana ne isifinyezo somdlalo we-ender, ngu-Orson Scott Card, ngakho sikumema ukuthi ufunde lokhu okuthunyelwe okuthakazelisayo.
Umsebenzi wokubhala ka-Charlotte Perkins Gilman kanye nesithombe sangemuva esiphuzi
Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, u-Charlotte Perkins Gilman ushiye ngemuva umsebenzi owandile ngezitayela ezahlukene zokubhala njengezinkondlo, ukulandisa, izindatshana, izindaba nezindaba ezimfushane, izincwadi, omagazini nokunye okuningi.
Isitayela sokubhala salo mbhali ngokuvamile siqhathaniswa nomsebenzi ka-Edgar Allan Poe, njengoba egibela imisebenzi yakhe phakathi kwezinhlobo zephupho nezesabekayo.
U-Utopia Herland (1915) uthathwa njengomanduleli wenganekwane yesayensi yabesifazane, lapho athole khona indawo yokuhlonishwa phakathi kwababhali besifazane baseNyakatho Melika abanomthelela emhlabeni jikelele.
Isitayela sakhe sokulandisa sisekelwe ekuhlukeni phakathi kwezinto zangempela nezingelona iqiniso, iphupho nokuhluzeka kwengqondo, okunengqondo nokungenangqondo, okunezinhlamvu eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kanye nomcabango ocacile kakhulu odonsa umfundi ezweni lakhe elithile.
Akunakwenzeka ukufinyelela umsebenzi ka-Charlotte Perkins Gilman ngaphandle kokwamukela "isimemo" sakhe sokuvakashela izindawo zakhe, ukuzwa imizwa yakhe nokuhamba imizila yakhe.
- Iphephadonga eliphuzi. Indaba (1892).
- Kulokhu, emhlabeni wethu. Izinkondlo (1893).
- Literary weekly The Impress. Umhleli nombhali wendatshana (194-1895).
- Abesifazane kanye nomnotho. Isivumelwano (1898).
- Ikhaya: Umsebenzi kanye nethonya. Isivumelwano (1903).
- I-Forerunner Magazine. Umhleli nombhali wendatshana (1909-1916).
- Izwe labo. Inoveli (1909).
- Okwenziwa nguDiyantha. Inoveli (1910).
- Isiphambano (Inoveli (1911).
- Indaba (1911).
- Enyakaza intaba Indaba (1911).
- Benigna Machiavelli. Inoveli (1912).
- Ukube bengiyindoda nezinye izindaba. Izindaba (1914).
- UDellas: Umhlaba wabesifazane. Indaba. (1915)
- I-Herland (i-Matriarchy). Utopia (1915).
- Inkolo yowesilisa nowesifazane. Isivumelwano (1922).
- Impilo kaCharlotte Perkins Gilman. I-Autobiography (1925).
- Asikho isijeziso. Inoveli eshicilelwe ngemuva kokushona (1997).
Uma ukuthandile okuqukethwe kwalesi sihloko, ungase ube nentshisekelo yokwazi mayelana ne isifinyezo sencwadi yasolwandle, nguCarlos Ruiz Zafón, ngakho sikumema ukuthi ufunde lokhu okuthunyelwe okuthakazelisayo.
Ifa likaCharlotte Perkins Gilman
Ngemva kokushicilelwa kwasekuqaleni kwe iphepha lodonga eliphuzi, kumagazini i-New England ngonyaka ka-1892, udokotela waseBoston wathi “lendaba bekungamele ibhalwe ngoba ukuyifunda nje kungahlanyisa noma ngubani".
Umthelela wezenhlalo owabangelwa indaba emfushane ka-Charlotte Perkins Gilman wabangela umnyakazo phakathi kochwepheshe bezokwelapha owashintsha indlela yokwelapha izimo zezifo zemvelaphi yezinzwa.
Iphephadonga eliphuzi Seliyitshe eliyigugu elimfishane eliye lamelana novivinyo lwesikhathi nesimanje, elilokhu likhona emashumini eminyaka adlule selokhu lashicilelwa.
Lo msebenzi, ngendlela elula kakhulu, usinikeza ukubheka okubukhali kwesikhungo somshado kanye ne-patriarchy eyayidlangile ngesikhathi lapho abesifazane bengakabi nalo ilungelo lokuvota futhi bejabulela amalungelo omphakathi ambalwa kakhulu.
Ezigabeni zayo sithola imishwana ehlanganiswe ngobuhlakani, kodwa edabukisayo engqikithini yayo ngenxa yamaqiniso abuhlungu awabonisayo:
- "UJohn uyangihleka, kodwa into oyilindele uma usushadile."
- “UJohane akazi ukuthi ngihlupheka kanjani; uyazi kuphela ukuthi asikho isizathu sokuthi ahlupheke, futhi uyaneliseka ngalokho”.
- “Angazi ukuthi kungani ngibhala lokhu. Angifuni. Angizizwa nginekhono. Futhi ngiyazi ukuthi uJohane wayezothola lokho kungenangqondo. Kodwa ngandlela-thile kuyodingeka ngisho lokho engikuzwayo nalokho engikucabangayo; Kuyimpumuzo enjalo!"
Iphephadonga Eliphuzi kanye Nempilo Eyihlazo ka-Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Nakuba kwaziwa kahle ukuthi uCharlotte Perkins Gilman wayengowesifazane owayenemibono ethuthuke kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe, kwaziwa kahle ngokulinganayo ukuthi indlela yakhe yokuphila kanye nezinye zezinqumo zakhe zabangela uthuthuva nehlazo emphakathini waseMelika ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX futhi. ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. XX.
ubuntwana obungajwayelekile
Ngemva kokulahlwa ubaba, uCharlotte, unina nomfowabo babehlala njengemihambima edolobheni nedolobha, kuyilapho umama ephuma emsebenzini nomsebenzi ukuze ondle izingane kuyilapho elwa namademoni akhe.
Ezikhathini eziningi kwakudingeka bahlale isikhashana ezindlini zezihlobo ngenxa yokuthi babengenandawo yokuhlala, okwabangela uCharlotte ukuba aphendukele emkhubeni wokufunda futhi ahlakulele ukwazi kwakhe ukuhlola.
ubusha obungenakuphumula
Phakathi neminyaka yakhe yobusha, uCharlotte wagxekwa kakhulu ngokugcina ubungane cishe besifazane kuphela futhi kuthiwa unobudlelwano obuqinile bezothando noMarta Luther.
Emlandweni wakhe wokuphila, ubhekisele ebuhlotsheni babo ngala magama alandelayo: “…sasisondelene kakhulu, siya ngokuya sijabula ndawonye, kuyo yonke leyo minyaka emine yobusha obuqinile. Wayengumuntu oseduze nothandeka kunabo bonke ake aba naye. Kwakuwuthando, kodwa hhayi ubulili. Ngino-Martha ngangiyazi intokozo ephelele… Asizange nje sazisana kakhulu, kodwa futhi saba nokuzijabulisa okumnandi ndawonye…”
Isehlukaniso
Ngo-1894, uCharlotte wanquma ukuhlukanisa nomyeni wakhe wokuqala, uCharles Walter Stetson, umdwebi ayeshade naye ngo-1884 futhi anendodakazi yakhe okuwukuphela kwayo, uKatherine, ngo-1885.
Isehlukaniso kwakuyisinyathelo esingacabangeki kwabesifazane bangaleso sikhathi, kodwa uCharlotte wayegomela ngokuthi ukuhlala ehlukene unomphela nomyeni wakhe kwakubalulekile ekulondolozeni impilo yakhe engokwengqondo.
UCharlotte akazange azizwe ethambekele ngokwemvelo emshadweni, ekubeni ngumama, emndenini, noma ekuphileni kwasekhaya, futhi ukudumala kwakhe ngomshado kaMartha ongafikanga ngo-1881 kwasheshisa isinqumo sakhe sokushada.
Umndeni omkhulu
Ngo-1894, uCharlotte wathumela indodakazi yakhe uKatherine ukuba ayohlala noyise kanye nomkakhe omusha (uGrace Channing), naye owayengumngane wakhe, wamtholela ilebula elithi "umama ongekho ngokwemvelo nowesifazane ohlukanisile," okwabangela ukuba avale. "I-Impress" (1894-1895).
Emikhumbuzweni yakhe, uCharlotte uzophawula ukuthi "umama wesibili kaKatherine wayemuhle njengowokuqala, engcono ngezindlela eziningi kuneyodwa", futhi wayehlala esondelene kakhulu nombhangqwana nendodakazi yabo, bakha umndeni ongajwayelekile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. .
I-Social Activism Yakho
Ngesikhathi lapho labo ababebizwa ngokuthi "ama-suffragettes" bexoshwa emphakathini waseMelika ohloniphekile, u-Charlotte Perkins Gilman wahlala ekhuthele unomphela amalungelo abesifazane kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe.
Ubebambe iqhaza ezinhlanganweni ezehlukene ezilwela amalungelo abesifazane kanye nezinguquko, okuhlanganisa iPacific Coast Woman's Association, iWoman's Alliance, i-Economic Club, i-Ebell Society, i-Parents Association, kanye noMkhandlu Wezwe Wabesifazane. Uma ufuna ukwazi kabanzi mayelana iphepha lodonga eliphuzi, ungayeki ukubuka le vidiyo elandelayo.
