Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, iplanethi ibihlotshaniswa nentshiseko nezothando. Izithandani zivame ukulinda ukuthi kuse ukuze zibone kucwebezela esibhakabhakeni. Sikufundisa konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana neplanethi i-Venus yesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga, funda ngezici zayo nokunye okuningi
Iyini iplanethi iVenus?
Eqenjini le Amaplanethi wesistimu yelanga, iVenus ikleliswe endaweni yesibili, ngakho-ke ingaphambi kweplanethi enguMhlaba. Ingaphezudlwana kwamakhilomitha ayizi-6000 ngosayizi.
Ukunyakaza okuzungezayo kweplanethi iVenus kuhamba kancane futhi kwenziwa ngendlela ephambene neyoMhlaba. Uma befuna ukubala isikhathi sokuzungeza, maqondana nezinsuku eziseMhlabeni, kwakuzothatha izinsuku ezingama-243 ukuze iqedele ukunyakaza kwayo eksisini yayo.
Ukwenza ukunyakaza kwawo kuzungeze iLanga, le planethi isebenzisa izinsuku ezingama-225, njengoba usuku lwayo lungamahora angama-5832. Elinye iqiniso elimangalisayo ukuthi njengoba lizungeza libheke kolunye uhlangothi noMhlaba, iLanga liphuma entshonalanga bese lishona empumalanga.
Nakuba iVenus ingeyona iplanethi etholakala endaweni yokuqala, ngaphakathi kwesimiso sonozungezilanga, izinga lokushisa layo liphezulu kakhulu, likwazi ukufinyelela ngaphezu kuka-480 ° C. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kokugxila okuphezulu kwe-Carbon Dioxide emkhathini wayo, nomphumela we-greenhouse.
Esinye isizathu sokushisa kwayo okuphezulu ukuthi kunenqwaba yeSulfuric Acid, esesimweni samafu anesibopho sokuvala ukushisa, akugcine ngaphakathi emkhathini.
Ukukhululeka kweVenus kucebile futhi kuhlukahlukene, ungabona ukuthi kuneziqongo eziphakeme, kanye nezinye izintaba-mlilo. Ayinawo amasathelayithi emvelo noma izinyanga eziyizungezayo.
YiNtaba iMaxwell, indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni iVenus futhi isendaweni yase-Ishatar. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amathafa e-Aphrodite anwebeka ngamaphesenti angama-50 ukusuka enkabazwe.
izici zeplanethi
Ngaphandle kokujula kakhulu encazelweni yeVenus, izici ezilandelayo zingashiwo:
- Ububanzi: 12104 km
- Isisindo: 4,869x
- Ivolumu: 9,28x
- Ukuminyana: 5,24g/
Ibalwa njengeplanethi ekleliswe endaweni yesibili ngokuminyana kwayo. Yilona eliseduze kakhulu noMhlaba, eliqhele ngamakhilomitha ayizigidi ezingu-38 kuphela.
Umnyombo wangaphandle owenziwe ngensimbi ne-nickel osesimweni esiwuketshezi ungamela u-30% wobubanzi beplanethi.
Iplanethi iVenus nesakhiwo sayo
Isakhiwo seplanethi iVenus siqukethe umongo wangaphakathi, igobolondo langaphandle, isihlangu, noqweqwe. Ngezansi uzothola ukukhuluma kafushane ngamunye wabo.
I-nucleus yangaphandle
Lesi sigaba seplanethi sakhiwe nge-Iron ne-Nickel esimweni esiwuketshezi. Imele ngaphezu kuka-30% wengqikithi yeplanethi.
Umnyombo wangaphakathi
Iphinde ibe nokuba khona kwamaminerali ensimbi kanye ne-nickel, kodwa esimweni esiqinile futhi ahlanganisa ngaphezu kwe-15% ye-radius yeplanethi iVenus. Nakuba eminye imibono iphakamisa ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi ayinawo amandla kazibuthe, umgogodla wayo wonke uwuketshezi.
Isihlangu
Yenziwe ngesamba esikhulu sezinto ezinamatshe, ngokugxila okukhulu kwama-silicates. Bangathola nokuba khona kwama-oxide ensimbi, okubalelwa ku-53% wayo yonke indawo.
ICortex
Amakhilomitha angama-20 noma ngaphansi kuka-1% weplanethi yonke. Ama-silicates afana kakhulu ne-granite, insimbi ne-magnesium kungenzeka kakhulu atholakale. Izinto ezivame kakhulu ongazithola ekuxoshweni kodaka lwentaba-mlilo eplanethini enguMhlaba.
I-Geology yeplanethi iVenus
Impumuzo yeplanethi iVenus imbozwe ngama-craters amakhulu okubangelwa imithelela yama-meteorite kuwo wonke umlando wayo. Izintaba-mlilo ziningi kakhulu endaweni yayo. Cishe u-90% wosizo uqukethe izinto ezinamatshe ezisuka kuntaba-mlilo.
Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo weplanethi iVenus, imifula isuka lapho kugeleza khona udaka olukhulu lwentaba-mlilo. Ukuhamba amakhulu amakhilomitha, kuze kufike ezindaweni eziyisicaba zeplanethi.
Umkhiqizo wezimo zentaba-mlilo, ekukhululekeni kweplanethi iVenus, kwadalwa ukuguqulwa kwendawo okufana nama-pancake amakhulu. Okwakhonjwa njengemiqhele nama-arachnoid.
Ososayensi banqume ukuthi imiqhele iwumkhiqizo we-lava ekhuphukayo ephusha uqweqwe phezulu, idale uhlobo lomqhele. I-Arthemisi, i-corona enkulu kunazo zonke futhi inobubanzi obungamakhilomitha angu-2100.
Kuzazi zesayensi yokwakheka komhlaba, ukubhekisela ekukhubazekeni kosizo lohlobo lwe-arachnoid kunzima kakhulu. Ngoba namanje abawazi kahle umsuka wokwakheka kwabo, kodwa bafana nje neplanethi iVenus. Zikweleta igama lazo ngokufana kwazo nolwembu lwesicabucabu futhi zinganwebeka ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-200 ukusuka endaweni yazo ewumgogodla.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo yeVenus
Impumuzo yeVenus yakhiwe izinkangala ezimbili, ezigqamayo kuwo wonke amanye amathafa ayo. Lawa amathafa e-Ishtar Terra, asenyakatho neplanethi. Ohlangothini oluseningizimu yeVenus, une-Aphrodite Terra ubukhulu bayo obudlula kakhulu obudlule.
Emathafeni aseVenus, ezinye izigodi zaqala endaweni futhi okungashiwo okulandelayo:
- Atalanta Planitia.
- I-Guinevere Planitia.
- Lavinia Planitia.
I-Atmosphere
Ukwakheka kweplanethi iVenus kukhona ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwe-carbon dioxide engaphezu kuka-90%, i-nitrogen ikhona ngephesenti eliphansi kakhulu, ifinyelela kancane ku-3%. I-7% esele ihlukaniswe phakathi kwe-sulphur dioxide, i-argon, i-carbon monoxide, i-helium kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi.
Imimoya esemkhathini idlula kude ama-sounds enziwa yiplanethi ku-eksisi yayo. Lesi yisizathu, ukuze benze ukubuya emhlabeni Venus ngezinsuku ezine nje Earth.
Ngenxa yemimoya, izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu kwalo lingagcinwa lingashintshi. Futhi okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi umehluko wezinga lokushisa ube mncane phakathi kwendawo yokukhanya nendawo emnyama.
Ngenxa yokuminyana okuphezulu komkhathi, uma kuqhathaniswa nowoMhlaba, umfutho womoya osemkhathini wawo mkhulu kunowaseMhlabeni. Ukucindezela okunjalo kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-90 futhi bangakwazi ukukuqhathanisa, njengokungathi bahlala emanzini, ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha angu-1000.
Izidumbu ezingangena emkhathini weplanethi iVenus zingahle zihlakazeke ngokuphelele futhi ngaso leso sikhathi, ngenxa yomphumela womfutho ophezulu womkhathi.
ukukhanya kwe-venus
Esinye isici somkhathi wawo ukucabangela. Lesi simo sidala ukuthi imisebe yeLanga engaphezu kuka-50% eshaya iplanethi ibonakale. Yingakho kungenzeka ukuthi ukukhanya kwawo kubonakale, phakathi nobusuku, kusukela eMhlabeni.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi lungatholakala, olubonisa ukuthi ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule, iplanethi iVenus yayinesimo sezulu esifana ncamashi nesoMhlaba. Kwakukhona nezilwandle ezinkulu, kodwa ngenxa ye-greenhouse effect zahwamuka.
Kuwo wonke amaplanethi akha isimiso sonozungezilanga, iVenus iyona enomkhathi osinda kakhulu. Lapho i-hydrogen ne-helium ebalulekile kwaqedwa ukusebenza komoya welanga, kanye nokungabi namandla adonsela phansi akwazi ukugcina lezi zakhi.
Ngenxa yomsebenzi ophakeme wokuma komhlaba phezu kweVenus, ngokuba khona kwezintaba-mlilo, ukunyakaza kwamapuleti e-tectonic kanye nomgogodla wawo we-liquid, amagesi akhona emkhathini wawo ahlala ekhiqizwa futhi exoshwa.
Imininingwane yomjikelezo wayo
Njengoba wazi, indlela yesibili eseduze kakhulu neLanga yileyo yeplanethi iVenus. Amanye amaplanethi akha isimiso sonozungezilanga achaza i-elliptical orbit, kodwa iVenus ihluke ngokuthi iyindilinga kakhulu.
Uma iseduze neLanga, iqhele ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-107. Ngenkathi indawo yayo ekude kakhulu ne-Star King isondele kumakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyi-110. Njengoba ubona, irediyasi echaza i-radius yakho I-Orbit kuhle njalo.
Ngenxa yokusondelana neSolezwe, kuzoba namathuba lapho izotholakala khona phambi kwalo. Umcimbi onjalo ubizwa ngokuthi i-Transit of Venus, okwenzeka ngezikhathi ezincane kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwesimo luyaziwa ukuthi lwenzeka ngo-2012 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi luphinde lwenzeke ngo-2117.
Njengawo wonke amanye amaplanethi, iVenus ihlangabezana nenani eliphakeme lezinkanyezi ze-orbital. Ngayinye yazo inesikhathi sayo esinqunyiwe sokwenzeka futhi yilezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Sidereal, noma isikhathi esilinganiselwe esisithathayo ukuze sizungeze iLanga.
- I-Synodic, ibhekwa njengesikhala sesikhathi lapho singabonakala khona endaweni ethile, maqondana neLanga.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kweVenus nomlando wesintu
Kusukela kudala, umuntu ubelokhu enentshisekelo yokwazi konke okwenzeka esibhakabhakeni. Futhi okwengeziwe kube isifiso sakhe sokuhlangana noVenus, ngokuba umakhelwane oseduze kakhulu, ngaphezu kokukwazi ukubukwa kalula, kokubili emini nasebusuku.
Ngezansi kukhona okuphawulwe ngeVenus, okwenziwe ngamaphuzu ahlukene eplanethi enguMhlaba nangezikhathi ezihlukene emlandweni wesintu.
Babekubona kanjani endulo?
Kuwo wonke umlando, umuntu ubelokhu efuna izindlela zokuchaza izenzakalo ezisesibhakabhakeni. Ngamunye, kusukela emasikweni nasezinkolelweni zawo, unikeza amaplanethi, futhi ikakhulukazi iVenus, incazelo yomlingo-yenkolo.
Afrika
NjengamaRoma namaGreki, izakhamuzi zaseGibhithe lasendulo zazibheka iVenus njengamaplanethi amabili ahlukene. Yayiba kanjalo-ke amahlelo uma ibonwa ngokucacelwa yiLanga noma ngokuphambene nayo uma ibonwa ebusuku.
Ukumelelwa kokuqala kweplanethi iVenus emasikweni aseGibhithe kungatholakala ethuneni likaSenenmut, owayengumqaphi weNdlovukazi uThutmose II, ngo-1473 BC. c.
América
Emasikweni angaphambi kwe-Columbian, yayinokubaluleka okukhulu emkhakheni wenkolo kanye nomphakathi uwonke. Ngakho-ke, isiko laseToltec lalinokuxhumana okukhulu noVenus, okubhekwa njengento ebaluleke kakhulu emizimbeni yasezulwini, lapho amaMeya ayenozwela kakhulu.
Phakathi kwezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngenhlonipho nokubuka iplanethi iVenus, kukhona:
- I-Caracol Observatory yaseChichen Itza.
- ithempeli le-venus
- Ithempeli lama-22, eCopan.
- Ukwakha ngokuhlonipha unkulunkulu uKukulkan waseChichen Itza
Ukutadisha ukunyakaza kweVenus namanye amaplanethi kwakubaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yesizinda se i-mayan astronomy, okwathonya ngokuqondile ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yabo yansuku zonke, kanye nasekuhleleni izimpi zabo nemikhosi yenkolo.
Kwabanjalo uthando lweplanethi iVenus, ukuthi ku-Dresden Codex yabo bayinikezela 100% ekubonweni kwayo. Bahlanganisa amaMayans, i-almanac lapho umjikelezo wabo wokunyakaza uboniswa ngokugcwele.
Lapho abaseSpain befika ezwenikazi laseMelika, bashiya ngokubhala ukubaluleka okukhulu uVenus ayenakho kumasiko akule ndawo. Lokhu kungaqinisekiswa ekulandiseni kukaBernardino de Sahagún kanye no-Diego de Landa.
Asia
Kulesi sifunda somhlaba, kunezindaba ezikhombisa ukuthi amaSumer kanye nabaseBabiloni babekuthanda kakhulu ukunyakaza kweVenus nokuthi lokhu kwayithinta kanjani impilo yansuku zonke yempucuko yabo.
Kakade kulesi siko, babenethuba lokukwazi ukunquma ukuthi ngempela, ukubonakala kweplanethi ngayinye, emini nasebusuku, kuhambelana nenkanyezi efanayo.
Europa
Impucuko yamaGreki yayinombono wokuthi ziyizinkanyezi ezimbili ezihlukene ezavela enye ekuntweleni kokusa enye ekushoneni kwelanga. AmaGreki akweleta uPythagoras inkolelo-mbono yokuthi kokubili ukubonakala kwakuhambisana neplanethi efanayo iVenus.
KumaRoma, nawo alondoloza umbono wamaplanethi amabili ahlukene, ayebhekisela enkanyezini ayeyibona ekuseni ngokuthi uLusifa nanjengeVesper, ayengayibona ekushoneni kwelanga.
Okubonwayo NgeNkathi Ephakathi
Umbono wokuqala wesayensi weVenus wawubonga uGalileo Galilei. Lokhu kwaqaphela izigaba zayo, ngaphezu kokuhlukahluka kobukhulu bayo ngokwesigaba lapho itholakala khona. Okusho ukuthi lapho wawuqhelelene kakhulu nomhlaba, wawugcwele futhi lapho ususeduze kakhulu neplanethi enguMhlaba, wawusesigabeni sokukhula.
U-Galileo uphinde wanquma ukuthi iVenus ikhanya kakhulu lapho u-25% wobuso bayo ukhanyisiwe.
Ngonyaka ka-1639, izazi zezinkanyezi uJeremiah Horrocks noWilliam Crabtree bakwazi ukubona nokwenza irekhodi lokuqala lezinkanyezi lokuhamba kweVenus. Okulandelayo kwaqoshwa ngonyaka ka-1761, isazi sokuma komhlaba uMijaíl Lomonosov, owanikeza imininingwane yokuthi uVenus wayenomoya.
Lezi zenzakalo azivamile kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile zenzeka ezinyangeni zikaJuni noma zikaDisemba. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kulezi zinyanga yilapho iplanethi iVenus inqamula umjikelezo womhlaba uzungeza iLanga.
Izazi zezinkanyezi eziningana zekhulu le-19 zabonisa ukuthi isikhathi sokujikeleza kweVenus sasingamahora angama-24. Kodwa lezi zilinganiso zaphikiswa isazi sezinkanyezi esingumNtaliyane uGiovanni Schiaparelli, owasilinganisela ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu.
Ukufana phakathi kokuphenduka kweVenus kanye nephuzu layo eliseduze kakhulu noMhlaba kubangele ukuba lesi sitatimende sisungulwe. Ngaphezu kokuthi kubonakala sengathi iplanethi ibonisa uhlangothi olufanayo, lapho unesimo esihle kakhulu sokubuka.
Ukubuka ukunyakaza kokujikeleza
Ngonyaka ka-1961 bakwazi ukubuka isikhathi sokuzungeza kweVenus, ngesikhathi sokuhlangana okwenzeka ngalowo nyaka. Ikwazile ukubhaliswa ngenxa yobuchwepheshe ababenabo ezindaweni zokuhlola izinkanyezi zomsakazo we-Goldstone e-United States, i-Jodrell Bank e-England kanye nasesikhungweni sezokuxhumana emkhathini esijulile eCrimea.
Ukuhamba kweVenus
Kwaziwa njengokuhamba kweVenus, isenzakalo sezinkanyezi esenzeka ngokudlula kwale nkanyezi phakathi kweLanga neplanethi enguMhlaba. Ngenxa yokuthi iVenus ikude kangakanani uma iqhathaniswa noMhlaba nangenxa yobukhulu bayo. Bangakwazi ukubona ichashazi elimnyama elima elangeni isikhathi esithile, kufika emahoreni angu-8.
Nakuba kuyisenzakalo esingavamile, ukuhamba kweVenus kungabikezelwa. Lokhu kwenzeka njalo ngemva kweminyaka engama-243, kuphelezelwa izindlela ezimbili zokuhamba ezishiyana ngeminyaka eyisishiyagalombili. Ngomehluko ongaphezudlwana kwekhulunyaka, kusukela ekuhambeni okulandelayo.
Ucwaningo lokuhamba kweVenus lubaluleke kakhulu kumarekhodi esayensi neminikelo, okusivumela ukuthi siguqule imibono, imibono kanye nezilinganiso zeLanga kanye nawo wonke amanye amaplanethi akha isimiso sonozungezilanga.
Iplanethi iVenus kanye nemvamisa yezokuthutha
Ngenxa yokwehla kokuzungeza kweplanethi iVenus uma kuqhathaniswa neyoMhlaba, ivamise ukuba ngaphezu noma ngaphansi kweLanga, lapho ukuqondana okuphansi kwenzeka.
Lokhu kudlula kwenzeka uma iVenus iqondaniswe ngokuphelele neLanga, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ime phakathi kweLanga neplanethi enguMhlaba, ngisho noma ihlukaniswa ukuthambekela kwayo kwe-orbital.
Imvamisa yokwenzeka kwalesi simo njalo eminyakeni engama-243. Isikhathi lapho iVenus noMhlaba; Ziqondaniswe ngokuphelele futhi futhi sekudlule izinsuku ezingaba ngu-89 eMhlabeni ukuze kwenzeke umcimbi onjalo.
Amaphethini okwenzeka kwezinto zokuhamba, naphezu kokuhlala njalo kweminyaka engama-243, anokwehluka ngokuhlobene nenombolo kanye nezikhathi zazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngezansi ungabona ezinye zezindlela zokuhamba ezenzeke nalezo ezizokwenzeka.
- 1396 ngoNovemba 23.
- 1518, phakathi kukaMeyi 25 no-26.
- 1526, kwenzeka ngoMeyi 23.
- 1631 bakwazi ukuyigcina ngoDisemba 7.
- 1639 okwenzeka ngoDisemba 4.
- 1761 kwenzeka ngoJuni 6.
- 1769, ebhaliswe phakathi kukaJuni 3 no-4.
- 1874 ngoDisemba 9.
- Umcimbi we-1882 wenzeka ngoDisemba 6..
- 2004 bakwazile ukuyigcina ngoJuni 8.
- I-2012 ibe nedethi yokwenzeka phakathi kukaJuni 5 no-6.
- 2117, ilinganisela ukwenzeka kwayo ngoDisemba 11..
- 2125 mhlawumbe ngoDisemba 8.
- 2247 ngoJuni 11..
- 2255 okuhlelwe ukuthi kwenzeke ngoJuni 9.
- 2360 ukuvela kwayo kuzoba ngoDisemba 12 noma 13.
- 2368 ngoDisemba 10..
- 2490 kungenzeka ngoJuni 12..
- 2498 izokwenzeka ngoJuni 10.
Ukuhamba kweVenus kwakubonwa kanjani ezikhathini zasendulo?
Kusukela ekuqaleni, impucuko enokuthambekela kolwazi lomkhathi, ibe nentshisekelo yokwazi amaplanethi ikakhulukazi iVenus. Yile ndlela amarekhodi okuqala okunyakaza kwawo enziwa ngayo, amaNdiya, amaGreki, amaBhabhiloni, amaMeya, amaGibhithe namaShayina.
Ekuqaleni babekholelwa ukuthi amaplanethi amabili ahlukene, lawo avela ekuseni nantambama. Lena yindlela enikezwa ngayo egameni le-Eósforo noma inkanyezi yasekuseni ne-Hesperus noma inkanyezi yakusihlwa.
Abukho ubufakazi obusekela ukuthi amarekhodi kanye nokubhekwa kokuhamba kweVenus kwenziwe kulawa masiko.
Futhi bekubaluleke kakhulu futhi kubaluleke kakhulu kumasiko angaphambi kwe-Columbian. Ikakhulukazi impucuko yamaMeya, akwazi ukuchaza wonke umjikelezo wokuhamba kweVenus. Nokho, akukho ukusekela okubonisa ulwazi lwezokuthutha.
Isizinda somlando sokuhamba kwe-Venus
- Ukubalwa kwezindawo ezahlukene zeVenus, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngaphezu kokuvela kwayo njalo eminyakeni eyi-130, sibonga isazi sezinkanyezi. UJohannes Kepler. Lo sosayensi wakwazi ukubikezela izenzakalo ezenzeka ngo-1631 no-1761.
- Kwakuyisazi sezinkanyezi esiyiNgisi nesazi sezibalo uJeremiah Horrocks owenza izinguquko ezithile ekubalweni kweVenus nomgudu wayo. Ngokusekelwe kudatha etholiwe, ukwazile ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi into yokuhamba eyayizokwenzeka ngoDisemba 4, 1639.
- U-Edmund Halley, owayeyisazi sezinkanyezi saseNgilandi, ngo-1716 wenza indlela yokulinganisa ukuze abale ibanga phakathi kweVenus noMhlaba, ababengasungula ngayo iyunithi yezinkanyezi yoMhlaba-Langa. Ukuthi kungaba yinzuzo enkulu ekuhambeni konyaka we-1761.
- Umnikelo wokugcina wocwaningo lokuhamba kweVenus, kwaba yilowo wamaplanethi angaphandle kwelanga. Kwakungenxa yokuqaphela kososayensi, kuyilapho benza izilinganiso ngokuhlukahluka kokukhanya okuvela eLangeni, lapho iVenus ime endleleni yayo.
Le ndlela yokuguquguquka yaqala ngo-2004 futhi yasetshenziswa ngokushesha ukuze kufundwe ezinye izinkanyezi endaweni yonke.
Okuphawulwe ngekhulu le-XNUMX
Ngokuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokulinganisa Umhlaba - ibanga leVenus ngesazi sezinkanyezi u-Edmund Halley nokusebenzisa ukuhamba kweVenus okwakuzokwenzeka ngo-1761. Amakhomishini okubuka adalwa ngokuba khona kwezazi zezinkanyezi ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni, ukuqopha kusuka ku-70 izindawo ezahlukene emhlabeni.
Lo mcimbi ube ngumsebenzi wokuqala wesayensi womhlaba wonke wokubheka. Izindawo lapho amarekhodi kanye nokubhekwa kokuhamba kwe-Venus kwenziwa:
- St. Helena
- yeSumatra
- eSiberia
- Vienna
- I-Rodrigues Islands (Mauritius)
- I-India
Ngaphandle kokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, imiphumela abayitholayo ayizange ihlangabezane nalokho obekulindelekile. Lokhu kwakungenxa yezimo zezulu ezazikhona ngaleso sikhathi, ezazingavumeli ukuthi indawo yeVenus ikhombe, kanye nobunzima bokusebenzisa indlela ye-Halley.
Omunye walabo ababa neqhaza elikhulu, ngocwaningo lweplanethi iVenus, kwakuyisazi sokuma komhlaba semvelaphi yaseRussia uMijaíl Lomonosov. Lo sosayensi wakwazi ukuqaphela indlela imisebe yelanga eshintsha ngayo lapho iqonde khona ngenxa yomphumela we-refraction.
Ngenxa yokuguquka kokukhanya kwelanga, ngakolunye uhlangothi lokuhamba kweVenus, banquma ukuthi le planethi inomoya.
Bese kulandela ukwakhiwa kwamaqembu okubuka ngoJuni 3, 1769, lapho ukunyakaza okulandelayo kweVenus kuzokwenzeka.
Ukuze kubhekwe futhi kuqoshwe lesi senzakalo esiyingqayizivele, ososayensi abakhethiwe nabahlonishwa kakhulu nababukele baphinde bahlangana, phakathi kwabo okwakukhona:
- UJames Cook, ukaputeni webutho lasolwandle lamaNgisi, kanye nomdwebi wamabalazwe owaziwayo. Kwalandela umcimbi weplanethi, kusukela e-Fort Venus esiqhingini saseTahiti.
Elinye iphuzu lokubhekwa lasungulwa enhlonhlweni yase-Baja California, lapho okulandelayo kwagqama khona:
- UJean Chappe d'Auteroche, isazi sezinkanyezi saseFrance esidumile.
- UVicente de Doz, isazi sezibalo esidumile saseSpain nesazi sezinkanyezi.
- U-Salvador de Medina, ukapteni we-frigate webutho lasolwandle laseSpain.
- U-Joaquín Velázquez Cárdenas de León, isazi sezinkanyezi saseSpain.
Isazi sezinkanyezi saseJalimane uJohann Franz Encke, okwathi ngo-1835 wayengumqondisi wendawo yokubuka izinto yaseBerlin. Esekelwa amarekhodi kanye nokubhekwa okwatholwa ekuhambeni kwe-1761 no-1769, wakwazi ukunquma inani le-solar parallax.
Iplanethi iVenus kanye nokubonwa kwakamuva
Njengoba iminyaka idlula kanye nokunyakaza kokuhamba kweVenus, kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu. Abanye ososayensi namazwe bajoyine ukubhekwa kwabo nokubhaliswa.
Ngokwenzeka phakathi neminyaka engu-1874 no-1882 ngokulandelana, izikhungo zesayensi zamazwe ahlukahlukene zagunyaza ochwepheshe bazo abavelele.
Isikhungo sezesayensi saseFrance sithumele ithimba laso lokubheka eNew Caledonia, eBeijing, eNew Zealand, phakathi kwezinye. Baphinde batholakala e-Argentina, isibonakude esibukisayo, esacelwa iParis Astronomical Observatory.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iLondon, ngeNhlangano yayo Yezinkanyezi, yakwazi ukuthola amarekhodi ezithombe angaphezu kuka-3000 XNUMX ayo yonke intuthuko yenhlangano.
Futhi ngesenzakalo esasizokwenzeka ngo-1874, Ikhomishana Yezinkanyezi yaseMexico ibamba iqhaza, inhloso yayo bekuwukubuka nokuqopha ukuhamba kweVenus ngediski yeLanga.
Imiphakathi yesayensi yaseSpain yajoyina uchungechunge lwababukeli okokuqala ngqa ngo-1882. Futhi yasungula imiyalo yabo yokubona evela eCuba nasePuerto Rico.
ukuxilongwa kwe-venus
Kuwo wonke amaplanethi akha uhlelo sonozungezilanga, ngemva kweNyanga. I-Venus kwakungenye inkanyezi eyayinenani elikhulu lokuhlola, ngokusebenzisa i-probe yasemkhathini. Impicabadala ngemuva kwayo idale izinkambo ezingenakubalwa.
Kokubili ososayensi baseRussia nabaseMelika, phakathi kweminyaka yawo-60 nawo-70, baklama futhi bathuthukisa uphenyo lwasemkhathini lokuhlola kwabo. Lokhu kuthunyelwa kokuhlolwa kweplanethi iVenus, kwancipha phakathi konyaka we-1980 no-1990.
Lapho ososayensi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba befuna ukuthumela izinto zokusebenza zasemkhathini namathuluzi ukuze bahlole iVenus, baye babona isidingo sokuklama izinto zasemkhathini ezikwazi ukuhamba amabanga angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40 zamakhilomitha. Lokhu kungenxa yesizathu esilula ukuthi ukuzungeza kwale planethi kuseduze kakhulu neLanga.
Ngenxa yolwazi oluncane ososayensi ababenalo ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka, mayelana nokuhlukahluka komkhathi weVenus, kwaba nzima ngabo ukuklama umkhumbi-mkhathi owawukwazi ukuhambahamba ukuze wehle ngendlela ephephile.
Imisebenzi yokuhlola ngeminyaka yawo-1960
Ngezansi uzothola okunye okushiwo ngohambo olwenziwa ososayensi abavela emazweni ahlukahlukene. Ekufuneni ukuqonda kangcono le planethi ethakazelisayo.
ohambweni lokuqala
Umsebenzi wokuqala wokuhlola wokubheka iplanethi iVenus kwakungomshini wasemkhathini weSputnik. Ukwethulwa kukabani ngenyanga kaNhlolanja ka-1961, kodwa akuzange kube yimpumelelo, ngoba yayingakwazi ukushiya umjikelezo woMhlaba.
Olunye uphenyo, kodwa olwenziwe eRussia, lwaqala ngawo lowo nyaka. Ososayensi baseRussia bayibhapathiza ngegama elithi Venera 1, yaba umshini wokuqala wasemkhathini ukwethulwa kwenye iplanethi futhi waphumelela.
Nakuba uphenyo lwe-Venera 1 luhlulekile ukufika lapho lwaluya khona ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kwemishini yalo yokuma, lunikeze idatha ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa izici ezilandelayo:
- Amaphaneli elanga.
- Imishini yokuxhumana kanye ne-telemetry.
- Izinza injini.
Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa kwase kuphele izinsuku eziyisikhombisa yethulwa futhi yahamba amakhilomitha angu-2.000.000. Ikwazile ukudlula eduze kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100 ukusuka kude neplanethi iVenus, kodwa leli qiniso alikwazanga ukuqinisekiswa, ngoba balahlekelwa ukuxhumana nedivayisi.
NgoJulayi 1962, enye imishini eya eVenus yethulwa yiNASA. I-artifact yasemkhathini bekuyi-Mariner 1 futhi nalokhu akufiki esiphethweni esijabulisayo, ngenxa yokuqhuma ngesikhathi isuka.
Emjahweni wokuthola imiphumela ngaphambi kwe-United States, iSoviet Union yahlela ukwethulwa kophenyo lweSputnik 19. Ukususwa kwayo kwakuhlelelwe u-August 1962, kodwa yabhekana nesiphetho esifanayo nesophenyo lwaseNyakatho Melika.
Iplanethi iVenus kanye nama-flybys avaliwe
Unyaka ka-1962 waphawula ingqopha-mlando emlandweni wokubhekwa kweplanethi iVenus. Umkhumbi-mkhathi i-Mariner 2 ukwazile ukundiza ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-30.000 XNUMX ukusuka eVenus.
Ukuhanjiswa okwakwazi ukwenziwa uphenyo kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola ukuthi iplanethi ayinayo indawo kazibuthe, futhi yakwazi nokusampula ukukhishwa kwezinga lokushisa.
Ngenxa yombango phakathi kweSoviet Union ne-United States, kwaphoqa iqembu lemifelandawonye yaseRussia ukuthi liklame futhi lenze izinto zobuciko ezintsha ukuze linqobe lokho abantu baseMelika ababekuzuzile.
Kodwa ukulandelana kwemishini ehlulekile kwavimbela iSoviet Union ekutholeni impumelelo. Eminye yale mishini ibalulwe ngezansi:
- Sputnik 20, ekuqaleni kuka-September 1962.
- I-Sputnik 21, le probe yethulwa phakathi no-September 1962.
- I-Cosmos 21, ngasekupheleni kuka-March 1964.
Ayikho kulezi mishini ekwazile ukuphuma ku-Earth orbit futhi yabhekana nokuqhuma okwababhubhisa ngokuphelele.
Amanye amadivaysi
I-Zond 1 eyenziwe eSoviet yayihlelelwe ukuthi isuke ngo-April 1964. Lomkhumbi-mkhathi wawuhlanganisa nemojuli eyayizonqamula umkhathi weVenus futhi yehlele phezu komhlaba.
Kodwa ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle ekudluliselweni kwayo, ososayensi baseRussia balahlekelwa ukuxhumana nophenyo ngoMeyi wawo lowo nyaka. Iqembu elibhekele le mishini likholelwa ukuthi lakwazi ukudlula amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-100 ukusuka eVenus ngoJulayi 14, 1964.
Ososayensi baseSoviet benqaba ukuyeka umgomo wokufika phezu kweplanethi iVenus. Ukuze bafinyelele lo mgomo, ekupheleni kuka-February 1966, bethula i-Venera 2 probe.
Idivayisi yasemkhathini iVenera 2, ikwazile ukudlula amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-24 ukusuka eVenus, kodwa ayikwazanga ukuthumela imininingwane ebaluleke kangaka eqenjini lososayensi.
Kulandelwa i-Venera 2 mission, i-Cosmos 96 probes kanye nenguqulo ethuthukisiwe ye-Venera yethulwa, abayibhapathiza nge-nomenclature 1965A. Kodwa babesabhekene nesiphetho esiyinhlekelele njengalabo ababengaphambi kwabo.
Imishini yokuqala yokuthinta ubuso beVenus
KwakungoMarch 1966, lapho ososayensi baseSoviet bekwazile ukubeka umkhumbi-mkhathi iVenera 3. Ngo-October 1967, indawo yokwehla yaseVenera 4 yangena emkhathini futhi yakwazi ukudlulisela ukwaziswa ngokuqondile.
I-Venera 4 probe yenza izilinganiso zamazinga okushisa, ukuminyana kanye nokucindezela komkhathi, futhi yakwazi nokuthatha amasampula ukuze ihlaziye izakhi ezikhona emkhathini.
Umshini wasemkhathini we-Venera 4 walandelwa i-Venera 5 no-6. Ngayinye yazo inesimiso sayo sokubheka esichazwe kahle, ukuze iqedele umsebenzi wokuhlola emkhathini wangaphambili.
ohambweni lokuhamba
Nakuba lo mbono wavusa isithakazelo esikhulu kososayensi bemibuso emikhulu yezobuchwepheshe. Le mibono ayizange ifezeke ngenxa yezizathu eziningi.
Inhloso yalezi mishini kwakuwukuthi umkhumbi ukwazi ukuzungeza iVenus bese ubuyela eplanethini enguMhlaba. Ngasohlangothini lwabantu baseNyakatho Melika, ngeNASA, bahlongoza umsebenzi wabo ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-Apollo Space Programme.
Ngenkathi labo ababhekele iphrojekthi ngasohlangothini lweSoviet bazosebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bomkhumbi we-rocket ophakathi kwamaplanethi i-N-1.
Ukuhlola ngeminyaka yama-70s
Njengaseminyakeni eyishumi edlule, iminyaka yawo-70 nayo yaphawulwa ngokwehluleka okuningi, kodwa futhi nangempumelelo enkulu. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ivumele ukweqa okukhulu ekuqoqweni kwedatha eyengeziwe evela kuplanethi iVenus.
Ngo-December 1970, ukuthintana nobuso beplanethi kwenziwa ngempumelelo, ngenxa yomkhumbi-mkhathi i-Venera 7. Ngalolu phenyo bakwazi ukuthola ukuthi izinga lokushisa lalingaphezu kuka-450 °C.
Okulandelayo esizukulwaneni se-Venera probe kwakuyi-Venera 8. Lo mshini wathintana ekupheleni kukaJulayi 72, unikeza idatha mayelana nokucindezela kanye nezinga lokushisa kweplanethi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bathola idatha emafwini eVenus, ngosizo lwe-photometer eyayiwuphethe.
Uphenyo lweCosmos 482 aluzange lube nenhlanhla efanayo, ehlelwe yingozi embi ngesikhathi belungiselela ukwethulwa.
Ukuhlaziywa komkhathi weVenus, ngamakhamera e-ultraviolet, kwenzeka ngo-February wonyaka wama-74. Isevisi ye-aerospace yaseNyakatho Melika yafaka umkhumbi-mkhathi i-Mariner 10 emzileni.
Amadivayisi Esikebhe
Kwakuyimikhumbi-mkhathi yokuqala eyethulwa ku-orbit ngosizo lwemikhumbi-mkhathi. Kuqala isiteji esisha emjahweni wasemkhathini, lapho ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwezingxenye kubaluleke kakhulu.
Abokuqala abasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kwakungososayensi baseSoviet, besebenzisa umshini wasemkhathini weVenera 9. Lesi senzakalo senzeka ekupheleni kuka-October 1975, saba isathelayithi yokuqala yokwenziwa yeplanethi iVenus.
Ithimba lasemkhathini libe nenani elikhulu lempahla yokuqoqa idatha, okuhlanganisa:
- Amakhamera
- Ama-Spectrometers
- Ama-Radar
Inhloso bekuwukuqoqa ulwazi ngezendlalelo zamafu, i-ionosphere yazo kanye nendawo kazibuthe. Ngaphezu kokwenza ukuhlaziya okuphelele kobuso beVenus, ngosizo lwama-spectrometer afakwe kumojula.
Leli qoqo lolwazi lasekelwa i-Venera 10 probe yasemkhathini.
I-Pioneer Venus Project
I-North American Aerospace Agency yahlela ukuthi iphrojekthi ye-Pioneer Venus isuke eMhlabeni ngo-1978.
Yakhiwe nge-orbiter kanye nedivayisi yesikhala eminingi. I-Pioneer Venus probe eminingi yayihlanganisa ama-atmospheric probes amane. Enkulu yethulwa emkhathini ngoNovemba 1978 kwathi ezintathu ezincane zethulwa izinsuku ezine nje zihlukene.
Endleleni eya eplanethini iVenus bahlanganiswa, bangena emkhathini weVenus ngoDisemba 78, behambisana nethimba lasemkhathini lapho bathuthwa khona. I-probe eyodwa kuphela ekwazile ukusebenza imizuzu lapho ithinta indawo engaphezulu.
I-Pioneer Venus orbiter yakwazi ukwenza olunye uhambo futhi yahlala isebenza kuze kube yiminyaka yawo-90.
Izimpumelelo zaseSoviet
Umjaho wokunqoba izimbangi zayo zaseNyakatho Melika, wawungakabiphi. Lena yindlela ososayensi baseSoviet abathuthuke ngayo futhi bethula emkhathini ngo-1978, imishini ye-Venera 11 kanye ne-12.
Bahamba baya eplanethini iVenus ngesikebhe, beqaqa emotweni ngo-December 21 no-25, 1978. Amaqembu okuhlola ayenemishini yokuthwebula izithombe ngemibala, amathuluzi okubhola, namathuluzi okuhlaziya.
Imishini yasemkhathini yakwazi ukuqoqa idatha ebalulekile ngosizo lwemishini yayo yokuhlaziya i-spectrum, ngaphezu kwama-X-ray anikeza ulwazi oluvelele ngokuba khona kwama-chloride nama-sulfide, ngobuningi emafwini.
ohambweni lwasemkhathini ngeminyaka yama-80s
Kwakungunyaka ka-1982 lapho kwethulwa umkhumbi-mkhathi iVenera 13 no-14. Izinyathelo ezinkulu zase zithathwe ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe obusha bokuqoqa ukwaziswa okuvela eplanethini iVenus.
Amaqembu abe namakhamera anokulungiswa okungcono kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu yombala, ngaphezu kokuba namathuluzi okubhoboza ubuso beplanethi ngokuthembeka okukhulu nokumelana.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, ososayensi babazi ubukhona bezinto ezinamatshe e-basaltic, ezinokugxila okuphezulu kwesici se-Potassium, ngenxa yemishini ye-X-ray eyayifakwe ama-probe.
Isizukulwane esilandelayo se-Venera probes satshalwa sisuka eMhlabeni futhi sangena emzileni weVenus ekuqaleni kuka-October 1983. Umkhumbi-mkhathi i-Venera 15 wawunikezwe umsebenzi wokudweba umkhathi we-Venus bese uwuhlaziya ngosizo lwethuluzi le-infrared spectrometry.
Ngenkathi iVenera 16 yayiphethe ukwenza imephu yengxenye esenyakatho yeVenus, ngosizo lwe-radar ebanzi. Ukunikeza imininingwane eqondile yezici zoqweqwe lweplanethi.
Ngokokuqala ngqá, ososayensi bakwazi ukubona ukwakheka kwentaba-mlilo yeplanethi iVenus futhi baqinise inkolelo-mbono yokungabikho kwamapuleti e-tectonic.
Iphrojekthi yeVega
Maphakathi nawo-80, umkhumbi-mkhathi waseSoviet i-Vega 1 no-2 wasebenza futhi wasuswa endaweni yawo ngo-June 1985, ngemva kwezinsuku ezine kuphela.
Ama-probe afakwe amathuluzi okulinganisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba khona kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe emafwini kanye nokwakheka kwazo ngayinye. Ngale njongo babene- I-Spectroscope ukumuncwa kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinhlayiya ze-aerosol.
Imiphumela eyathunyelwa endaweni esemhlabeni, ukuthi amafu ayenziwe nge-sulfuric ne-phosphoric acid.
Abakwazanga ukuthola izithombe ezingaphezulu, ngenxa yokungabi bikho kwamakhamera ezimotweni zokuthutha.
Iqembu lososayensi abavela eSoviet Union laklama amabhaluni omoya oshisayo, lawo ama-probe ayekwazi ukuntanta azungeze iplanethi iVenus futhi enze izilinganiso zesivinini somoya, umfutho womoya womoya kanye nezinga lokushisa.
Ngaphezu kokuqoqa imininingwane ngeVenus, laba baphenyayo ababili babenesibopho sokuqoqa imininingwane nge-Halley's Comet, ababezoxhumana nayo ezinsukwini ezingama-270 kamuva.
Umsebenzi we-Magellan
I-US Aerospace Agency, isebenzisa i-shuttle Atlantis, yethula ithimba elibhalisela umkhathi iMagellan emkhathini ngoMeyi 1989. Le probe izoba se-Earth orbit, kuze kube yilapho injini yayo iyivumela ukuba ithathe indlela eya eplanethini iVenus.
Amaphrojekthi omkhathi ngeminyaka yawo-1990
Ishumi leminyaka lama-90s ukuphela kwenkathi yokunqoba kanye nokuzalwa kolunye uhlobo lobuchwepheshe obungaba nomthelela kulokho okwakwaziwa kuze kube manje. Ezinye zazo zibalulwe ngezansi.
Iplanethi iVenus kanye nesizinda somsebenzi weMagellan
Umkhumbi-mkhathi iMagellan wafika eVenus ngo-August 1990 futhi wasebenzisa ama-radar awo ukuze uthwebule izithombe eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Nsuku zonke yayizungeza umzila weVenus izikhathi ezingu-7, iqoqa izithombe zayo yonke iplanethi.
Ukuze uphenyo lwe-Magellan lwenze imephu ngokugcwele iplanethi i-Venus, lusebenzise isamba sezingxenye zesithombe ezingu-1800 ukuhlanganisa isithombe esisodwa sendawo yonke.
Ososayensi basemkhathini bahlela idivayisi ukuze ukuqoqwa kwedatha kwenziwe ngemijikelezo yomsebenzi. Le mijikelezo izohamba ngokwesikhathi sokuzungezisa kweVenus, okungukuthi, izinsuku ezingama-243.
Phakathi nomjikelezo wokuqala wokuqoqwa kwezithombe, yasekelwa i-Pioneer probe yaze yaqeda amafutha ayo futhi ayizange isebenze ngo-August 1992 lapho ingena emkhathini weVenus.
Ngenxa yomjikelezo weplanethi we-imaging 2, ososayensi basemkhathini bakwazi ukubala ubude bezinto ezithile ezibunjwe kule mpumuzo. Lesi sikhathi seqoqo lesibili saphela ngo-January 1992.
Umjikelezo wesithathu wenzeka ngoSepthemba 1992 futhi waba nomsebenzi wokucacisa, ngosizo lwe-radar, ukubhaliswa kwendawo yonke yomhlaba.
Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, idivayisi yokubuka umkhathi ye-Magellan ikwazile ukuthola amasampula ezithombe acace kakhudlwana kunalawo atholwe ama-probe adlule.
Ukuqoqwa kolwazi lwamandla adonsela phansi
Umjikelezo olandelayo ekuqoqweni kolwazi ngophenyo lukaMagellan wawunenjongo yokuthola nokudlulisa idatha mayelana namandla adonsela phansi eplanethi iVenus futhi umsebenzi waqedwa ekupheleni kukaMeyi 1993.
Ukuze ufeze umgomo wawo, idivayisi yabekwa endaweni engamakhilomitha angu-200 ukusuka ebusweni beVenus futhi kungenxa yokudonswa kwamandla adonsela phansi eplanethi. Isigaba sokumisa saphetha ngo-Agasti 1993.
Ososayensi e-United States Aerospace Agency babehlele ukuba umkhumbi-mkhathi iMagellan ungene emkhathini weVenus ngo-October 1994. Kusukela ngalolo suku kuqhubeke, ochwepheshe be-NASA balahlekelwa ukuxhumana nedivayisi.
Imishini ngekhulu lama-XNUMX
Esinye isigaba, lapho inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe ihamba ngothelawayeka omkhulu futhi izici ezintsha zifakwe ukuze kufundwe indawo yonke. Akukho okuzofana nemishini yangaphambilini.
Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ziyathuthukiswa ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa izindleko, indawo kanye nesisindo semikhumbi yezikebhe. Namaqembu ophenyo, nansi eminye yaleyo mishini.
IVenus Express
Yisikhathi lapho amaMelika namaSoviet engasenakho ukulawula okuphelele. Ezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni nezizimele ziyawungenela lo mdlalo.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, i-European Space Agency izibophezele ekutholeni idatha entsha evela kuplanethi iVenus nomsebenzi wayo weVenus Express. Ochwepheshe baseYurophu bahlele ukwethulwa kwalesi sisetshenziswa sasemkhathini ukuze kufundwe umkhathi nobuso beVenus.
Umkhumbi-mkhathi iVenus Express wethulwa ku-orbit ngoNovemba 2005 futhi wakwazi ukuthumela emuva izithombe zawo zokuqala ezivela kwiplanethi iVenus ekuqaleni kuka-April 2006.
Iphrojekthi ye-European Venus Express yasemkhathini ikwazile ukuthola ukuthi iziphepho ezingapheli zakhiqizwa esifundeni esiseningizimu yeplanethi futhi umbani kagesi wakhiqizwa emafwini.
Idivayisi yesikhala sesilayezi
I-North American Aerospace Agency yathumela uphenyo lwasemkhathini abalubhaphathiza ngegama le-Messenger. Nakuba ekuqaleni kuhlelwe ukutadisha kwe Iplanethi iMercury, enziwe izimpukane zeplanethi iVenus.
Ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba 2006, yayiseduze neVenus ngamakhilomitha angu-3000 kuphela futhi ngoJuni 2007 yakwazi ukundiza phezu komhlaba ngamakhilomitha angaphansi kuka-350.
Ngokubambisana ne-European Aerospace Agency, bahlele ukuqaphela okuhlanganyelwe nomkhumbi-mkhathi we-Venus Express kanye nophenyo lwe-Messenger, ukuze benze izilinganiso ezithile namarekhodi ezithombe zomkhathi weVenus.
