Isifinyezo se-Big Bang Theory
Phakathi nomlando, umuntu ubelokhu ezibuza ukuthi indawo yonke yakhiwa kanjani, futhi izimpendulo ziye zehluke kakhulu, ngokombono wenkolo, unkulunkulu kuphela owayengakwenza, kodwa ngokombono wesayensi, impendulo okuzanyiwe kuye kwaba kaningi.
Ososayensi bazamile ukuthola incazelo efanele yazo zonke izinto ezikhona. Kusukela kulesi sidingo sokuchaza konke okukhona kwavela Ithiyori enkulu yeBang. Kodwa ithini inkolelo-mbono yokuqhuma okukhulu? Ngokusho kuka-a isifinyezo se-Big Bang Theory, Lo mbono awuchazi nje kuphela ukuba khona kwendawo yonke, kodwa futhi nemithala, amaplanethi nezinkanyezi, futhi kulesi sihloko sizozama ukuchaza ukuthi yiziphi izimangalo zayo nezisekelo zesayensi. Ukwengeza, uma ufuna ukujula, ungabheka izindatshana ezihlobene esigabeni sethu. i-cosmology.
Ukuqhuma (Big Bang) okudale indawo yonke
Ngenxa yeziphetho nemithelela yayo, iye yaziwa nangokuthi i-Big Bang theory. Sizozama ukwenza a isifinyezo sethiyori yokuqhuma okukhulu Ngokwalo mbono, indawo yonke njengoba siyazi yazalwa ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka edlule ngenxa yokuqhuma okukhulu. Ngalokho kuqhuma, zonke izinto ezikhona neziqoqwe endaweni eyodwa zakwazi ukunwebeka emkhathini.
Ngakho kusukela ngawo kanye umzuzu wokuqhuma, izinto zaqala ukuhlakazeka futhi zisaqhubeka zenza kanjalo kuze kube namuhla. Ososayensi abakhulu bethiyori bayaphikelela ekuboniseni ukuthi indawo yonke iqhubeka nokwanda. Yingakho iphinde ifakwe embonweni okhulayo wendawo yonke.
Yonke indaba eyayigcinwe endaweni eyodwa ayizange iqale ukuhlakazeka, kodwa futhi yaqala ukuhlanganisa ukwakha izinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi. Sibhekisela kuma-athomu nama- molecule, isinyathelo ngesinyathelo, ayebumba ngisho nezinto eziphilayo.
Ososayensi bakwazile kuze kube manje ukuqala kweBig Bang. Ngokusobala umsuka wayo wawucishe ube yiminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-13.810 edlule. Kulesi sigaba indawo yonke isanda kuzalwa, iye yabizwa ngokuthi indawo yonke yokuqala. Kuyo, kucatshangwa ukuthi izinhlayiya zinenani elikhulu lamandla.
Ngokuqhuma ama-electron okuqala, ama-neutron nama-proton akhiwe. I-neutron nama-proton ahlelwe ku-nuclei yama-athomu. Ngenxa yokushajwa kwawo okungekuhle kagesi, ama-electron azihlela azungeze isikhungo futhi ngale ndlela kwazalwa yonke into ebonakalayo.
Ukwakhiwa kwezinkanyezi nemithala
I-Solar System esaziyo itholakala phakathi komthala onegama le-Milky Way. Zonke izinkanyezi esazi ukuthi zikhona namuhla zaqala ukwakheka esikhathini eside ngemva kokuqhuma okukhulu. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izinkanyezi zokuqala zaqala ukwakha eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.250 edlule, futhi zaqala ukubonakala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-550 ngemva kokuqhuma.
Kodwa sakha kanjani isimiso sonozungezilanga?, okungukuthi, amaplanethi kanye ukwakheka kwelanga. Njengoba sizazi, zakha eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.600 edlule, kodwa imithala emidala kakhulu yaqala eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.200 edlule. Ungase futhi ufunde kabanzi mayelana big crunch theory, okusikisela umbono ohlukile ngesiphetho sendawo yonke.
Ukunweba indawo yonke
Ukuze sifakazele ukuthi i-Big Bang ithiyori inembile, kufanele siqoqe ubufakazi bokuthi indawo yonke isakhula. Ngezansi kukhona a isifinyezo sethiyori yokuqhuma okukhulu kanye nobufakazi esinabo ngakho:
- I-Olbers Paradox: Ichaza ubumnyama besibhakabhaka ebusuku.
- Umthetho kaHubble: Lo mthetho ungaqinisekiswa ngokubheka ukuthi imithala iyaqhela komunye nomunye.
- Ukufana kokusatshalaliswa kwendaba.
- I-Tolman Effect: Kubhekiselwa ekunyakazeni kokukhanya kwendawo.
- I-supernovae ekude: Kungabonakala ukuthi ukunwetshwa kwesikhathi kuqinisekiswa kumajika awo okukhanya.
Izici ze-Big Bang Theory
Ngemva komzuzwana ukuqhuma, inhlayiya ngayinye yayihlakazeka futhi ihlukana kwenye. Okwaqinisekiswa ngaleso sikhathi kufana nalokho okwenzeka lapho siqhumisa ibhaluni. Njengoba umoya owengeziwe wethulwa, izinhlayiya zomoya ziqhubekela phambili futhi ziye kude zize zifike ezindongeni.
Izazi zefiziksi zetiyetha zikwazile ukuphinda zidale idethi yokuzalwa kwendawo yonke kusukela ku-1/100 wesekhondi ngemuva kwe-Big Bang. Zonke izinto ezahluma emkhathini zakhiwa izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo ezaziwa namuhla. Lezi zihlanganisa ama-electron, ama-positron, ama-mesons, ama-baryon, ama-neutrino, nama-photon.
Izibalo zakamuva ziphakamisa ukuthi i-hydrogen ne-helium kwakuyimikhiqizo eyinhloko yokuqhuma. Izakhi ezisinda kakhulu zahlanganiswa kamuva phakathi kwezinkanyezi. Njengoba umkhathi uqhekeka, imisebe eyinsalela evela ku-Big Bang iyaqhubeka nokuncipha ize ifinyelele ezingeni lokushisa elingu-3 K (-270°C).
Imikhondo yemisebe engemuva enkulu ye-microwave yatholwa izazi zezinkanyezi zomsakazo ngo-1965. Yilokhu okubonisa ukwanda kwendawo yonke. Kodwa omunye wemibuzo emikhulu ososayensi ababhekene nayo usasele: ukunquma ukuthi indawo yonke izoqhubeka yanda phakade noma izophinde inciphe. Impendulo yalo mbuzo ingatholakala kokuthile okwaziwa ngokuthi indaba emnyama.
Abatholi neminye imibono
Inkulumo ethi indawo yonke isakhula yashiwo u-Alexander Friedmann ngo-1922. Ubani owasekela izimangalo zakhe kumbono ka-Albert Einstein wokuhlobana okujwayelekile (1915). Khona-ke, ngo-1927, umpristi waseBelgium uGeorges Lemaître, esekelwe ezifundweni zakhe ngomsebenzi wabacwaningi u-Einstein noDe Sitter, wafinyelela isiphetho esifanayo nesikaFriedmann.
Kodwa lab’ ososayensi abakwazanga ukuphetha ngokunye ngaphandle kokuthi indawo yonke iyaqhubeka nokwanda. Kuneminye imibono mayelana nokudalwa kwendawo yonke engazange ibe nokuhlobana okuningi njengokuqhuma Okukhulu. Naphezu kwalokhu, kukhona ososayensi emhlabeni ababathatha njengeqiniso futhi balungile, yingakho sizobabala ngokulandelana:
- Umqondo omkhulu we-Crunch: Isisekelo salo mbono siwukuthi ukunwetshwa kwendawo yonke kuzoma kancane kancane, kuze kube yilapho kuqala ukuhlehla. Ofuna ukukuchaza ukuthi indawo yonke ngesikhathi esithile izoqala ukuhlangana. Lokhu kufinyezwa kuzophela ngodumo olukhulu oseluthole igama leBig Crunch. Kodwa abukho ubufakazi obuningi obusekela lo mbono.
- umkhathi ozungezayo: Ngokwalo mbono, indawo yonke isesimweni sokuzungeza phakathi kwe-Big Bang kanye ne-Big Crunch.
- Isimo esimile nokudalwa okuqhubekayo: Lo mbono usekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi indawo yonke iyanda nokuthi ukuminyana kwayo kuhlala kungashintshi ngoba kunodaba ekudalweni okuqhubekayo.
- I-inflation theory: Isekelwe ezintweni ezifanayo njenge-Big Bang kodwa ibonisa ukuthi kube nenqubo yokuqala. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukwehla kwamandla emali futhi ukwanda kwendawo yonke kuyashesha.
- Ekugcineni, kunabantu abakholelwa ukuthi indawo yonke yadalwa uNkulunkulu noma ingxenye ethile yaphezulu.
