Isihlahla sePharadesi, iCinamomo, iCanelo, iLila ngamagama ahlukahlukene ajwayelekile isihlahla sohlobo saziwa ngawo. UMelia azedarach, Isihlahla esisuka e-Asia futhi sinamaqabunga amaqabunga, omndeni wakwaMeliaceae. Inomsebenzi wokuhlobisa izimbali zayo, inombala o-violet-blue kanye namahlamvu engilazi yayo. Ngiyakumema ukuthi uhlangane naye.
Isihlahla sePharadesi
Izinhlobo UMelia azedarach, ngokuvamile yaziwa ngokuthi iSihlahla SePharadesi, isinamoni, isinamoni, i-lilac, isihlahla esingcwele, phakathi kwezinye. Ungumuthi womndeni wakwaMeliaceae, odabuka eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, ubonakala ngokuba namaqabunga amaqabunga, okungukuthi, uyashintsha ngesikhathi esisodwa sonyaka, izimbali zawo zinephunga elimnandi, eli-violet-blue ngombala, ziqoqwe ku-inflorescence ye-corymbiform. , ekhiqiza izithelo zohlobo lwe-drupe.
Kuyisihlahla, ngenxa yamaqabunga awo, izimbali ezimibalabala, i-blue-violet, kanye nephunga laso elimnandi, eziye zasetshenziswa kaningi ekulungiseni indawo nokutshala emapaki nasezingadini zokuhlala. Baqala ukuyethula kwamanye amazwe nasemazwenikazi, njengaseNingizimu Afrika naseMelika maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. Ezinkulisa ziyalinywa ukuze zisetshenziswe njengesihlahla esiphakathi nendawo, esinamaqabunga kanye nesitshalo sokuhlobisa. Bayisebenzisa njengesihlahla somthunzi, bakhonze ukutshala eziqhingini nasezindaweni zokupaka.
Izici
Lesi sihlahla sivumelana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zenhlabathi, simelana nesomiso, amazinga okushisa aphansi kanye nezindawo ezinezinga elithile lokungcoliswa kwemvelo, njengenhlabathi enosawoti enemisoco embalwa. Nokho, ayimelani nemimoya enamandla. Ngenxa yokujwayela kwayo kalula, lapho ithola izimo ezikahle zokukhula kwayo, njengezinga lokushisa elihle, umswakama nomanyolo, ikhula ibe namandla futhi ngokushesha, ibe uhlobo oluhlaselayo olususa izinhlobo zezitshalo zendawo.
I-Morphology
Isihlahla esiphakathi nendawo esingaba ngamamitha angu-15 ukuphakama, isiqu saso siqondile, sifushane, sinomqhele we-umbelliferous, njengesambulela, cishe ngamamitha angu-4-8 ukuzungeza. Ezitshalweni ezisencane, amagxolo esiqu sawo anombala ompunga futhi anokwakheka okushelelayo.Njengoba sikhula, amagxolo aso aqhekeka ashintshe umbala abe nsundu ngokumnyama.
Amaqabunga ayo
Inamaqabunga ama-deciduous, ahlanganisiwe, aphikisanayo, angenasici, inama-petioles amade phakathi kuka-15 no-45 amasentimitha ubude, anamapheshana a-oval, acuminate anosayizi wamasentimitha angu-2-5, umbala wawo uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi ngaphansi kuluhlaza okotshani. umbala, amapheshana anemiphetho ehlukene.
Izimbali zakho
Izimbali zawo zikhula ku-inflorescence kuma-panicles angapheli angaba amasentimitha angama-20 ubude, anephunga elimnandi kakhulu. Lesi sihlahla sinezimbali ezincane, ezi-pentamerous, okungukuthi, ezinamacembe ama-5 ansomi noma ama-lilac, aneshubhu eli-purple staminal elinama-appendages amahle angu-15-20. Ukuqhakaza kwayo kwenzeka phakathi kwezinyanga zika-April no-May.
Ukwakhiwa
Izithelo zaso zikhula zibe amaqoqo anamaqabunga futhi zihlale emagatsheni awo ngisho nalapho isihlahla sesiwachithe wonke amaqabunga, ziyizithelo zohlobo lwe-drupe, ukuma kwe-globose, cishe ngamamilimitha angu-10 kuya ku-25 ububanzi, umbala wazo uluhlaza futhi njengoba zikhula. izinguquko ezivuthiwe kumbala ophuzi-ocher. I-endocarp yayo iwugqinsi ngembewu eyodwa endaweni eyodwa ubude no-1 mm ububanzi.
I-Phytochemistry
Lesi sitshalo sesihlahla sohlobo UMelia azedarach yethula emaqabunga ayo nezithelo, ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwe-phytochemical, ama-alkaloid compounds, ama-flavonoids, ama-sesquiterpenes nama-triterpenes. Emaqabungeni awo bathole inhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo ze-paradise, yingakho igama layo elivamile lesihlahla esiyipharadesi. Ukwengeza, ekuhlaziyweni kwe-phytochemical yezithelo zayo, kuye kwenzeka ukuthola amafutha abalulekile okuthiwa i-azadirin, anokusetshenziswa kwe-pesticide.
Futhi ezithelweni zabo zinezakhi zamakhemikhali ezifana: i-glycerides ye-stearic, i-linoleic, i-oleic ne-palmitic acid, ama-resin, i-sesquiterpenoid a-cadinol kanye ne-tetra-nortriterpenoid azadirachtin. Futhi i-Bakayanic ne-vanillic organic acids, i-alkaloid margosine, i-quercetin ye-flavonoid, i-meliacin ne-coumarins.
Ekuhlaziyeni kwamakhemikhali amagxolo esiqu sawo, kutholwe imikhondo ye-catechol noma i-pyrocatechol, ethathwa njenge-antioxidant futhi isetshenziselwa lokhu embonini yamakhemikhali kanye nokukhiqiza izibulala-zinambuzane. Nakuba amafutha akhishwa embewini yawo anezindawo zokwelapha naphezu kokunambitheka kwawo okubabayo.
Incazelo Yezitshalo
Izinhlobo UMelia azedarach Yaqala yachazwa isazi sezitshalo uCarlos Linnaeus owayishicilela encwadini Izinhlobo Plantarum 1: 384-385 wonyaka we-1753.
- Umbuso: iPlantae
- Ukuhlukaniswa: iMagnoliophyta
- Ikilasi: Magnoliopsida
- I-oda: Sapindales
- Umndeni: I-Meliaceae
- Uhlobo: Meliá
- Izinhlobo: Melia azedarach L., 1753
I-Synonym Yakho
Igama elifanayo ku-botany yilapho uhlobo lwezilwane lunamagama esayensi angaphezu kwelilodwa, lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yomehluko wenqubo phakathi kwezazi zezitshalo eziye zachaza isitshalo noma ulwazi oluphelelwe yisikhathi lwegama elithile lesayensi, lokhu kungase kube amagama amqondofana amadala noma asetshenziswa njengamanje futhi avumeleke isitshalo esithile. Lolu hlobo lunamagama-mqondo ahlukene, okungukuthi:
- Azedara speciosa Raf.
- Azedarach commelinii Medik.
- I-Deleteria Medik.
- UFraxinifolia Moench
- Azedarach odoratum Noronha
- Azedarach sempervirens Kuntze
- Melia australis
- melia bukayun royle
- Cochinchinensis M. Roem.
- Commelini Medik. owayenguSteud.
- UMelia uhlanganisa uBenth.
- Melia florida Salisb.
- i-guineensis G.Don
- Japonica G.Don
- Melia orientalis M. Roem.
- Melia sambucina Blume
- Sempervirens sw.
- Toosendan Siebold & Zucc.
Umsuka wegama le-botanical
Imvelaphi yegama le-botanical noma i-etymology yegama lalesi sihlahla UMelia azedarach imi kanje: ubulili Melia Yabekwa ngenxa yokufana kwamaqabunga ayo nalawo esihlahla somlotha, ngoba igama livela kwelesiGrikhi sasendulo okusho ukuthi “frassino”. Ukucaciswa kwegama lezinhlobo zesihlahla, azedarach, Isuka ePheresiya futhi yigama elisetshenziswa ama-Arabhu elisho ukuthi "isihlahla esikhululayo", ngenxa yokuphelelwa yisikhathi kwamaqabunga awo.
Amagama abo ahlukene ajwayelekile
Lesi sihlahla sisatshalaliswa emazweni amaningi omhlaba, ngakho-ke saziwa ngamagama amaningi ajwayelekile, kuye ngolimi olukhulunywa abantu abasikhulisayo, sibabeka ukuze basihlukanise kwezinye izihlahla ezifanayo. ESpain, ezindaweni ezihlukene zeNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, yaziwa ngamagama amaningi, njenge: acederaque, agriaz, agrión, azederach, bolillero, cimnamomo, cinamomo, lilac, lilac yasePheresiya, i-lilo, i-melia, ipharadesi, i-rosariera, isihlahla. yobuhlalu, isihlahla serosari, isihlahla serosari, isihlahla sepharadesi, isihlahla esingcwele.
EMelika emazweni aseLatini yaziwa nangamagama ahlukene, isibonelo e-Argentina enegama elithi "ipharadesi" nezithelo zayo ama-Argentina azibiza ngokuthi "venitos". Baphinde balibize ngokuthi “ipharadesi” ezweni laseMelika Ephakathi eNicaragua. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwamanye amazwe aseLatin America afana neMexico, bathi i-lilac, i-piocha, i-pioche, i-canelo, i-canelón, i-cinamón. Ngokufanayo, eVenezuela u-Alelí.
Ukusatshalaliswa nendawo yokuhlala
Emvelweni, izihlahla UMelia azedarach Bavela eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, basakazwa emazweni asezindaweni ezishisayo zaseChina, ePhilippines, eNdiya, e-Indonesia, eLaos, eNepal, eSri Lanka, ePapua New Guinea, eThailand naseVietnam. Emvelweni ikhula ifike kumamitha angu-3000 ngaphezu kolwandle, ngenxa yekhono layo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ikhula ezindaweni ezinenhlabathi ene-pH ene-asidi ezindaweni ezine-alkaline nenhlabathi enosawoti. Zisekela umehluko obanzi wokushisa.
Yethulwe emazweni kulo lonke elaseMelika kusukela eNyakatho Melika kuya esifundeni esisenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika. Ziyizitshalo ezisakazwa ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esipholile emhlabeni wonke kuze kufike kubude obungamamitha angu-800 ngaphezu kolwandle. Imila ezindaweni eziseduze nemigwaqo, endaweni engavundile lapho i-asidi yomhlabathi ihluka ukusuka ku-asidi ukuya ku-alkaline kanye nosawoti omncane.
Ukuphatha Nokulima
Zingasakazwa ngezindlela zocansi: ngembewu kanye ne-asexually: ngokusika, ukusikwa kanye nama-suckers, ngezinga eliphezulu lokuzala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuwuhlobo lwe-photophilous olumelana nesomiso sasehlobo kanye nezindawo ezinezinga elithile lokungcola, ukumelana kwalo okuphezulu kwenza kube uhlobo oluhlaselayo, olususa izitshalo zendabuko. Okulimazayo wumoya onamandla uma kubhekwa amagatsha awo antekenteke.
Ukusabalala Kwesihlahla SePharadesi
Uma ikhiqiza ngembewu yayo, akukho ukwelashwa kwangaphambi kokuhluma okwenziwayo, ukulungiselela ukuhlwanyela, isembozo esinenyama siyasuswa embewini bese sifakwa emanzini ukuze kufakwe amanzi. Amahora ambalwa umswakama bese udlula e-insecticide ngaphambi kokutshala. Ukuzalanisa kungase futhi kwenziwe ngezingqimba, izigxobo kanye nezithombo eziqoqwe phansi kwezihlahla zepharadesi (UMelia azedarach).
indawo yokuhlwanyela
Kunconywa ukutshala ipharadesi noma izihlahla zesinamoni ezindaweni ezinokukhanya kwelanga okugcwele, lokhu kuzobavumela ukuba bamelane nezinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nesithwathwa esinenhlanhla ebusika emazweni anezinkathi zonyaka. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi indawo lapho itshalwe khona ivikeleke emoyeni onamandla, ukuvimbela amagatsha awo ukuthi angaphuki.
izimo zomhlabathi
Lesi sihlahla sikhula kahle ezinhlobonhlobo zenhlabathi, kungaba yinhlabathi ene-calcareous noma i-siliceous, futhi inamandla okukhula enhlabathini enosawoti. Inqobo nje uma ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi kuxega, kujule ngokukhipha kahle kwamanzi kanye nokugcina umswakama omuhle, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokukhiqiza.
Izimo zezulu
Isihlahla esizivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo. Ithwala amazinga okushisa aphakathi kuka-10 no-20 °C namazinga okushisa afinyelela ku-40 °C. Ithanda ukukhanya kwelanga, ngakho kuphakanyiswa ukuthi ihlwanyele ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga. Umswakama ophakathi nendawo ukuya ophansi, kanye nemvula ephakathi konyaka ephakathi kuka-500 namamilimitha ayi-1000 ngonyaka. Izimo zokuswakama komhlabathi kufanele zibe manzi kakhulu futhi zikhiphe amanzi kakhulu ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokuqhakaza nezokuthela ukuze uthole isivuno esihle.
Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sitshalo
Ngenxa yomqhele waso onamaqabunga, isivuno esikhulu sokuzala, nezimbali ezibukisayo, lesi sihlahla sisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa amapaki nezingadi, ngenhloso yokuhlinzeka ngomthunzi kanye nokusha ngezinsuku ezishisayo. Kuyisihlahla esihle ongasibeka ngaphansi komthunzi waso ukuze ujabulele ipikiniki nomndeni nabangane. Njengoba isihlahla esivuthuluka, umthunzi waso uyajatshulelwa entwasahlobo nasehlobo. Nakuba emazweni angenazo izinkathi ngenkathi yezimvula.
Ngisho noma izithelo zaso zidliwa, azitshalelwa ukudla, isihlahla esinokhuni olungenamsebenzi omncane kwezomnotho. Izithelo zalesi sihlahla zifana nezinsuku neminqumo, umbala wazo unombala onsundu noma o-ocher ophuzi futhi ziyadliwa ngokunambitheka okumnandi. EYurophu abajwayele ukudla kodwa kunalokho emazweni aseMpumalanga benza nabo utshwala.
Ukuminyana kwayo okuphakathi kanye nokhuni lwekhwalithi enhle lusetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwekhabhinethi ezicucu ezenziwe ngezandla. Ngenxa yezinhlanganisela zayo ze-phytochemical ku-pharmacology, isetshenziselwa ukulungisa isihlanza ngokumelene nezikelemu zamathumbu. Ukwenza isixosha ngokumelene nezinambuzane, isikhunta, nematicides kanye ne-molluscicides, ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya nasezitshalweni.
Ezithelweni zayo bakhipha inhlanganisela yokulungisa i-organic biopesticide yokulawula izinambuzane ezitshalweni zokuhlobisa nezinye izitshalo zentengiso. Kanye nokulawula isifo ngemuva kokuvuna, lapho okusanhlamvu kugcinwa kanye nokulawula izinambuzane ezifuywayo ezifana namabhu.
Kuwumuthi okuthi, njengoba amagxolo esiqu sawo ekhula, aguquke asuke ebushelelezi abe mahhadlahhadla, amelana kakhulu nezimo zezulu ezihlukene, nakuba angakwazi ukubekezelela isithwathwa. Ngenxa yezingxenye zayo zamakhemikhali, isihlahla esimelana nezinambuzane nezifo. Kuyisihlahla esiphila isikhathi eside esingaphila phakathi kweminyaka engama-80 kuya kweyikhulu.
Imbewu yayo ingabhobozwa kalula ngembobo esekupheleni kwayo, futhi isetshenziselwa ukwenza amarosari. Ezwekazini lase-Asia isihlahla esingcwele, yikho lokhu okwaholela ekutheni sisatshalaliswe ukuze silinywe ekulungisweni kwezindawo zamapaki nezingadi. ESpain, ukuhlwanyela kwayo kuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini le-XNUMX, encwadini ka-Abú Zacaría ethi “Book of Andalusian agriculture”, wancoma ukuthi itshalwe eduze namasondo amanzi nemithombo ukuze abantu nezilwane bajabulele umthunzi wayo.
Lo mbhali encwadini yakhe uveze ukuthi ukhuni lwesiqu salo lwalusetshenziswa ukuyibeka engxenyeni yezakhiwo okumele zimbozwe ngamanzi njengalezo ezingaphansi kwemisele yomfula. Wawuthatha njengokhuni lwezinga eliphezulu, olunobukhulu obuphakathi kokusanhlamvu nombala phakathi kombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo nokubomvu okumnyama. Uphinde waveza ukuthi amaqabunga awo asetshenziselwa ukudaya indwangu emnyama nokusiza ukuqinisa izinwele.
Izakhiwo kanye Contraindications
Izinhlanganisela zayo ze-phytochemical zikhuthaza ukusabela kwe-metabolite yesibili ehlukene efana ne-alkaloids, i-organic acid, i-carotenoids, i-flavonoids, amavithamini kanye ne-terpenoids, evumela ukuthi isetshenziswe njengesitshalo somuthi. Ukuze uthole izimuncagazi zamathumbu, ama-infusions ezenziwe ekhaya ayenziwa ngokupheka kwamaqabunga awo. Futhi nge-decoction yamaqabunga awo kanye namagatsha ezingane isetshenziselwa ukwelapha iziguli ezithintekayo umalaleveva kanye ne-hepatitis. Njengokwelashwa okugeza kwangaphandle nokwenza ukumnika futhi uphuze inkomishi ngosuku.
Contraindication. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo zokuqapha ekusetshenzisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwayo, njengoba iqukethe izingxenye ezinemiphumela ye-neurotoxic, njenge-tetra-nortriterpene azadirachtin, engabulala uma isetshenziswe ngobuningi. Izimpawu zobuthi yilezi: ukuntuleka kokuxhumana, isiyezi, isicanucanu, ukuminyana kwamaphaphu, ukuqina, ubuhlungu besisu kanye nokuboshwa kwenhliziyo.
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane
Izihlahla zePharadesi, isinamoni noma i-wallflower, ziyazwela kuma-aphid, ngakho-ke kufanele uqaphe lapho ubona ukubukeka kwalezi zinambuzane. Isikhathi saso sokukhiqiza nokuthuthukiswa singesomiso, ngakho-ke, ukubuyekezwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwezihlahla kufanele kwenziwe. Lezi zinambuzane zingenwa kalula yilesi zinambuzane, ngoba izihlahla ezingaphezu kweminyaka engama-30 zingafa ngezinsuku ezimbalwa ngenxa yokuhlaselwa yizintwala.
Ukuze kugcinwe izimo ezinhle zesihlahla, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kuthenwe kabusha, lapho amagatsha omile anqunywa khona futhi ngomonakalo othile ovela ezinambuzaneni zokulawula i-phytosanitary kanye nokubumba umqhele wesihlahla. Uma isihlahla sinempilo enhle, akudingekile ukwenza noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuthena.
Esigabeni sobusha salezi zihlahla, zingahlaselwa izibungu nama-chinchillas. Kunalokho ama-aphid ahlasela izihlahla ezincane nezindala. Izindawo ezifudumele nezomile zivumela ukuba khona kwama-aphid noma ama-aphid emahlumela amagatsha amasha, izimbali zezimbali nezithelo ekwakhekeni.
Ukuthena kanye nokwelashwa kwePhytosanitary
Kunconywa ukwenza ukuthenwa kwesondlo, i-phytosanity, nokuvuselelwa kwamagatsha, kunconywa ukuthi ukwenze ekuqaleni kwesizini yokuqala futhi ugweme ukubola nokuhlasela kwesifo ngamanxeba, sebenzisa unamathisele wokuphulukisa ekusikeni. Njengoba kuyisihlahla sokuhlobisa, ukuthenwa okuqinile kusetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezihlukene zokukhula kwaso ukuze kulolonge umqhele futhi kuwenze ubonakale uluhlaza.
Ngiyakumema ukuthi ufunde: