Okulandelayo kulesi sihloko esithakazelisayo sizobe sikhuluma ngakho konke okuyi-La Cultura Lima futhi sizophenya ngemvelaphi yayo kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi kuze kube manje, ngethemba lokuthi izoba ngokuthanda kwakho. Ungaphuthelwa!
Indawo yendawo yesiko laseLima
Ukuze sikhulume ngesiko laseLima kufanele sazi ukuthi lalikuphi, lakhula ngokuyinhloko ezigodini zemifula iChillón, iRímac neLurín, elisogwini olumaphakathi nePeru. Lezi zigodi ezintathu (kuhlanganise nesigodi esomile sase-Ancón) zinezici ezifanayo ezizinikeza ubunye bendawo.
Okukhethekile kwesiko laseLima
Isici esihlukile sesiko le-Lima i-iconography yalo, elula: imiklamo yayo eminingi isekelwe esithombeni sezinyoka ezimbili ezinamakhanda angunxantathu, isidalwa esingaqondakali esimomothekayo kanye ne-Octopus sp.
Lesi sithombe somfanekiso kumele ngabe sidalwe abeluki bese sikopishelwa kwezinye izinto kanye nemidiya. Ezinye izici ezithile zesiko laseLima yilezi:
- Amasu okwakha, empeleni amabili:
-Ukusetshenziswa kwe-rammed earth, okungukuthi, izindonga ezenziwe nge-adobe enkulu noma inhlabathi eyi-rammed ye-adobe.
-Ukusetshenziswa kwe-adobe encane esesimweni se-paralelepiped, lezi zihlelwe ezindongeni njengezincwadi eshalofini. - Idizayini yezakhiwo eziyisikhumbuzo zezakhiwo, ezakhiwe zizungeze izikwele kanye nendawo yokuhlala eseduze.
- Amasiko omngcwabo wesiko le-Lima: bangcwaba izidumbu isikhathi eside, i-dorsal noma i-ventral cubitus, iqiniso elaphula isiko elidala lemizimba ngokuguquguquka.
Lima Culture: Main Settlements
Ngokwezifundo ezenziwe, singanquma ukuthi iziza zamasiko eziphambili e-Lima yilezi:
- Esigodini saseChancay: eCerro Trinidad.
- Esigodini esomile sase-Ancón: i-Playa Grande.
- Esigodini saseChillón: Cerro Culebra, La Uva, Copacabana.
- Esigodini saseRímac: iMaranga, okuyisakhiwo esikhulu sezakhiwo, esibaluleke kakhulu ezigabeni zokugcina zesiko laseLima, njengamanje ezifundeni zaseCercado, San Miguel nasePueblo Libre, lapho i-huaca de San Marcos igqama khona; i-Cajamarquilla complex kanye nephiramidi yaseNievería, kokubili esifundeni saseLurigancho-Chosica; iMangomarca, esifundeni saseSan Juan de Lurigancho; I-Huaca Pucllana, iPugliana noma iJuliana, endaweni esogwini lwesifunda saseMiraflores; i-huaca Trujillo (Huachip); Vista Alegre (eduze kwasePuruchuco).
- Esigodini saseLurín: ithempeli elidala lasePachacámac, okungukuthi, ukwakhiwa kwakudala kwale ndawo engcwele.
Izikhathi zesiko le-Lima ezisekelwe ekuthuthukisweni kwayo
Abacwaningi benze imizamo eminingana yoku-oda ngokuqhubekayo ukuthuthukiswa kwesiko le-Limia, ikakhulukazi belandela isitayela sezingcezu ze-ceramic ezitholiwe.
Izigaba ezintathu ezinhle zesiko likaLima
Njengoba isiko lamaChavín lalinyamalala, imiphakathi esogwini olumaphakathi lwePeru yanamuhla yathuthuka ngezigaba ezintathu yaze yathathwa isiko lamaHuari. Lezi zinyathelo ziyehluka ngokuyinhloko ngesitayela se-ceramics yazo futhi ziqanjwe kanje:
- Isinyathelo sokuqala: Amabhavu e-Boza noma e-Miramar (isiko lokuqala, ikhulu lesi-XNUMX BC kuya kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD)
I-Ceramic: emhlophe ngokubomvu - Isitobhi sesibili: I-Playa Grande (Isiko laseLima, ekhulwini lesi-XNUMX kuya kwelesi-XNUMX AD)
I-Tricolor Ceramic: emhlophe, ebomvu nemnyama.
Isitayela sokukhiya - Isitobhi sesithathu: Maranga - Cajamarquilla - Nievería (isiko laseLima, ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX kuya kwelesi-XNUMX)
I-Ceramic tetracolor: emhlophe, ebomvu, emnyama nempunga.
Ukuhlukaniswa iziqephu ngezigaba ngu-T. Patterson, yesiko laseLima
Lezi zitayela zahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezenziwa umvubukuli waseMelika uThomas C. Patterson ngo-1964. Lesi sazi, silandela iminikelo ye-methodological kaJohn Rowe.
Uchaze izinhlangano eziyi-13 zokuhlanganisa ze-ceramic ezabelana ngenombolo ebalulekile yezimpawu futhi ezihambisana nenani elilinganayo lezigaba:
Izigaba ezine zokuqala ziyisandulela sesiko laseLima, yingakho ibizwa nangokuthi i-pre Lima, futhi ihlukaniswe ngokuthuthuka kwesitayela esibizwa ngokuthi okumhlophe kokubomvu.
Amasampula kabani obumba atholwe e-Miramar, eduze nase-'Ancón, ehlotshaniswe nezinye izifanekiso zesitayela esifanayo esitholakala e-Baños de Boza naseCerro Trinidad, esigodini sase-Chancay.
Izigaba eziyisishiyagalolunye ezilandelayo noma izitayela zihambisana kahle nesiko laseLima; Ezokuqala eziyisikhombisa zihambisana nalokho okuthiwa yisitayela esidleke kanti ezimbili zokugcina zihambisana noMaranga.
izitayela zobumba
Nansi incazelo emfushane yezitayela ezintathu eziyinhloko zobumba i-Pre Lima ne-Lima: Isitayela esimhlophe ku-Red [Pre Lima] saziwa ngomhlobiso waso opendwe omhlophe kungemuva lemvelo elibomvu lomkhumbi (enye indlela kwakuwukumboza kuqala indawo yomkhumbi. umkhumbi onopende omhlophe owawuhlotshiswe ngemigqa emnyama.
Amasampula e-ceramic aluhlaza ngokubukeka, anokuhlobisa okulula kwejometri. Izimo ezivame kakhulu cishe ziyi-globular, amabhodwe anentamo emfushane, amapuleti, izitsha, izimbiza ezincane, njll.
Isitayela esifakwe esidlekeni [i-Lima] sibonakala ngokuba ne-motif yayo yokuhlobisa eyinhloko uchungechunge lwezibalo ezenziwe ngesitayela ngendlela yezinhlanzi eziphothene noma izinyoka, njengezibalo zejometri zemigqa namaphoyinti. Sebenzisa imibala emhlophe, ebomvu nemnyama (i-tricolor) kungemuva elibomvu. Umumo omelela izinkomishi, izimbiza, nezibuko.
Isitayela sikaMaranga [iLima] sibonakala ngokuhlobisa kwayo ama-frets, izinhlanzi ezixhumene, imigqa ephambanayo, onxantathu, indilinga namachashazi amhlophe. Sebenzisa imibala ebomvu, emhlophe, emnyama nempunga (i-tetracolor) kungemuva lezingubo zangaphansi eziwolintshi, ezacile, ezikhanyayo nezicwebezelayo.
Izinhlobo ze-ceramics zihluke kakhulu, kuhlanganise nefomu elibizwa ngokuthi i-lenticular. Isigaba saso sokugcina saziwa ngesitayela se-Nievería.
Izigaba zesiko Lima
Indawo yokuqala: Baños de Boza noma Miramar, Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, lesi sigaba samasiko yisandulela esisheshayo sesiko likaLima futhi silandela ithonya likaChavín kanye nokuqala kwe-Early Intermediate (ikhulu lesi-XNUMX BC kuya kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD).
Nakuba kungethembeki ukuthi isitayela sayo se-ceramic, esibizwa ngokuthi okumhlophe ngokubomvu, sinikeze izitayela ze-porcelain zakamuva zesiko laseLima, njengoba lezi zibonakala zinemvelaphi yangaphandle. Ngisho, njengoba sazi ngesikhathi soshintsho, isitayela esiMhlophe kokubomvu sahlala isikhathi eside nesiko le-Lima.
Umfundi walesi siko, uMax Uhle, nguye okwathi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, wathola amanxiwa ezitsha zobumba ezimhlophe nokubomvu eCerro Trinidad, eduze nedolobha laseChancay. Waphinde wathola nobufakazi besinye isitayela sezitsha zobumba, kamuva esizobizwa ngokuthi i-interlocking, ngephutha asithatha njengesindala.
Ngawo-20, u-Alfred Kroeber waqhubeka nokucwaninga kwakhe eCerro Trinidad, futhi kamuva uWilliam D. Strong noJohn M. Corbett bathola izinsalela zezitsha zobumba ezimhlophe nokubomvu ePachacámac, eningizimu eSigodini saseLurín.
U-Gordon Willey waqokwa ukuze aqinisekise ngokugcwele ukulandelana kwesikhashana kwezitayela ze-ceramic ezitholakala e-Cerro Trinidad, okubeka isitayela Okumhlophe kokubomvu njengesidala kunazo zonke kule ngxenye yogu olumaphakathi. UWilley wabuye wamba eBaños de Boza.
Endaweni efanayo eSigodini sase-Chancay, okuvele kwaba indawo eyodwa enezinto ezicishe zifaniswe nokumhlophe kwesitayela esibomvu, ngaleyo ndlela saziwa ngokuthi 'isitayela se-Baños de Boza'. UWilley washicilela imiphumela yezifundo zakhe ngo-1945.
Okunye ukuhlola okwenziwa e-Miramar (eduze kwase-Ancón) kuveze izifanekiso ezehlukene zezitsha zobumba ezinolunye uhlobo lwesitayela esiMhlophe kokubomvu, esibizwa “ngesitayela se-Miramar”.
Ngo-1964, umvubukuli waseNyakatho Melika uThomas Patterson, ngokulandelana kwakhe owaziwa kakhulu ngezigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwe-ceramic, wabeka isitayela esimhlophe ku-Red noma se-Miramar ngezigaba ezine, ngaphambi kwalezo zesiko laseLima.
Isitayela esiMhlophe kokubomvu, ngezindlela zayo ze-Baños de Boza kanye ne-Miramar, yanqoba ezitsheni zobumba zayo yonke imiphakathi engomakhelwane yogu olumaphakathi lwaseLima (i-Chancay, Ancón [isigodi esomile], i-Chillón, i-Rímac kanye nezigodi zaseLurín). , ngemva kokuphela kwethonya lezitsha zobumba zesitayela se-Chavín.
Ukumba kuveze izinsalela zamabhodwe acishe abe yimbulunga yonke, anezintamo ezimfishane, izimbobo ezinwetshiwe futhi ezicishe zibe yi-convex. Amapuleti, izibuko, izimbiza ezincane, njll. nazo zatholakala.
Kuleli qophelo izindawo ezincane zokudoba (Ancón) kanye nabalimi bayaziwa. Laba bamuva babegibele izintaba ezisemaphethelweni esigodi. Imifudlana esemaceleni yayibaluleke kakhulu njengoba yayikha amanzi ngenkathi yezimvula.
Uhlelo lwamadamu e-Huachipa lwaluvumela ukuthi amanzi agcinwe. Kuye kwatholwa amathuna amakhulu eTablada de Lurín, asukela kumahekthare angu-20 kuya kwangu-50, ayehlala izinkulungwane zamangcwaba kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukuba khona kwezikhali, izinduku nezinsimbi njengeminikelo yomngcwabo kanye nobufakazi bezindawo zokukhosela ezivikelwe izindonga ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamagquma kubonisa ukuthi ubudlelwano namaqembu ezizwe ezingomakhelwane babungekho ukuthula ngokuphelele.
Isigaba sesibili: Playa Grande, Ngalesi sikhathi, isitayela sayo se-ceramic sihambisana nesigaba sokuqala sesiko le-Lima (ikhulu lesi-XNUMX kuya kwelesi-XNUMX AD).
Okuyinika igama layo ikoloni lePlaya Grande etholakala ezindaweni zokugeza zamanje zaseSanta Rosa, isifunda saseSanta Rosa, idolobha elikhulu laseLima, 3 km eningizimu ye-Ancón, etholwe nguLouis Stumer ngo-1952.
Kodwa-ke, isitayela sase sivele sikhonjwe uMax Uhle eCerro Trinidad (Chancay), futhi safundwa nguKroeber (1926), Strong and Corbett (1943) kanye noWilley (1943), ngaphansi kwegama lezinhlanzi ezifuywe noma ezifuywe.
Ngoba isici sawo esiyinhloko umklamo owenziwe ngesitayela wezinhlanzi eziphothene (noma izinyoka) ezihlobisa izindonga ze-ceramic, ezihlanganisa imibala emnyama, emhlophe nebomvu (i-tricolor). Ngokusobala, umsuka wayo usethonyeni lesiko le-Recuay, elisenyakatho, e-Áncash.
Isikhundla saso se-stratigraphic njenge-Baños de Boza nangaphambi kukaMaranga noTiahuanaco-Huari siqinisekiswe ngophenyo oluningiliziwe olwenziwa ngu-Ernesto Tabío ngo-1957. Kamuva, uPatterson wakufaka ngokulandelana kwakhe ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ceramic ahlanganisa ngaphansi kwegama elithi «Lima». 1964).
Okubonisa intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ababumbi ababekhonza ezikhungweni zemikhosi zalenkathi benza izitsha zobumba ezimise kahle nezibukeka kahle, nakuba kwatholakala nezitsha ezinkulu ezimahhadlahhadla neziluhlaza.
Uhlu lwalesi sitayela luphakathi kweChancay Valley enyakatho neLurín Valley eningizimu. Ngasempumalanga, kungenzeka ukuthi ifinyelele engxenyeni yeCisandean. Konke lokhu kusikisela ukuthi amakhosi amakhulu ogu olumaphakathi aye andise izizinda zawo.
Izakhiwo ezakhiwe ngesikhathi sesigaba se-Baños de Boza-Miramar zathuthukiswa, zaba amaphiramidi amakhulu anezitebhisi. Lezi zakhiwo, ezazinomsebenzi okabili wokuba amathempeli esigodlo, zazinamagceke amakhulu okugxilisa kuwo amasiko nemisebenzi yezohwebo.
Izakhiwo zasemadolobheni nazo zakhiwe ezindaweni ezahlukene ezigodini. Izindawo ezingcwele nezindawo zokuhlala ezihloniphekile zazizungezwe amasimu amakhulu nezibaya ezinemfuyo eningi.
Isisekelo se-quadrangular se-architecture yesikhumbuzo senziwa ngezindonga zamatshe. Kwabe sekufika amapulatifomu anezitezi eziningi, ezakhiwe ngezitini ze-adobe ezinokwakheka nobukhulu obuhlukene. Izindonga zangaphakathi zazigcwele udaka.
Izindonga zabo zazihlotshiswe ngemibala ebomvu nemhlophe, okwakwenza uma ukude zibukeke njengezakhiwo eziwubukhazikhazi. Ezinye izindonga eziyinhloko zihlotshiswe ngesitayela esixhumene, ngendlela enemibala eminingi, njengoba kwatholakala eCerro Culebras (Chillon Valley).
Ukwenza le mibhoshongo emikhulu, enezinkulungwane zamatshe nezigidi zezitini, ukubamba iqhaza kwabadwebi bezakhiwo, abakhi, abasizi, abathwali bempahla, abadwebi, abahlobisi, ababazi, ochwepheshe kanye nenani elikhulu lezisebenzi, umsebenzi omningi kwakumelwe ube nesidingo. Ngakho-ke, kulandela ukuthi inani labantu basezigodini kumelwe ukuba lalilikhulu kakhulu.
Isici esibalulekile salesi sigaba kwakuyizinguquko ekuziphatheni komngcwabo: indawo evamile eguquguqukayo yomzimba enezitho ezinenkontileka ngokuqinile, ihlezi noma ohlangothini olulodwa, ithathelwa indawo isiko likaLima, umzimba ulele. Zimbalwa izinsuku ezitholakala ku-carbon 14 ezingabeka leli qiniso phakathi kwekhulu lesine nelesihlanu AD.
E-Playa Grande, amathuna angu-12 anabantu abangu-30 atholakala; Okuphawuleka kakhulu kwaletha iminikelo yequartz, i-jadeite, i-turquoise, i-lapis lazuli, i-Spondylus, ne-obsidian. Kwelinye lamathuna, amakhanda abantu amabili abekwa njengomnikelo, kanye nezinyoni ezinezimpaphe ezinhle.
Kuzo zonke izikhungo zalesi sikhathi, i-Playa Grande mhlawumbe yayibaluleke kakhulu, ngaleso sikhathi yayisezingeni eliphezulu kunendawo engcwele yePachacámac endala kanye nezinye izindawo zokuhlala zesiko laseLima.
Indawo ye-Playa Grande, ebhekene nolwandle kanye neqembu leziqhingi, ibonisa ukubaluleka kwayo kwezenkolo, kanye nokucebile kwe-ceramics yayo kanye nezinsimbi ezitholakalayo (isibonelo, umkhonto wesihlabathi we-Playa Grande).
Ngeshwa, ulwazi oluningi olufihlwe e-Playa Grande lwabhujiswa ngokwakhiwa kwe-spa; Njengamanje, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinsiza kanye nentshisekelo yeziphathimandla, izinsalela ezicashile zingase zilahleke ngaphezu kwamahektha ayi-100 wendawo engathuthukisiwe ye-spa; Isizinda lapho ama-ejensi ambalwa wezindlu ezithengiswayo abeke khona inzalo yawo esivumelwaneni sebhizinisi likahulumeni.
Ezinye izibonelo zakudala zesitayela se-Playa Grande zitholwe eChillón Valley, ikakhulukazi eCerro Culebra naseCopacabana, amadolobha amabili anezakhiwo ezinkulu. Ngokunjalo, ezitsheni ezingomakhelwane zeRímac (Huaca Trujillo, eduze kwaseCajamarquilla, eHuachipa) kanye neLurín (Pachacámac kanye neTablada de Lurín) kutholwe izitsha nezindwangu ezifanayo kakhulu nezindwangu, ezihlotshaniswa nezakhiwo ze-Adobe.
Isigaba sesithathu: Maranga - Cajamarquilla - Nievería: Umjikelezo wokugcina womlando wesiko laseLima (ikhulu lesi-XNUMX kuya kwelesi-XNUMX AD) wahlengwa abavubukuli ikakhulukazi kusukela ekutholakaleni kwezigodi zaseRímac naseLurín.
Okwakubaluleke kakhulu kwakuyimisebenzi kaCajamarquilla kanye neNievería (zombili ngasosebeni lwesokudla lwe-Rímac), kanye nesakhiwo esiyisikhumbuzo semibhoshongo yaseMaranga (usebe lwesokunxele lomfula ofanayo), namuhla eyingxenye yedolobha lasenyuvesi yaseNyuvesi. I-Universidad yaseSan Marco.
UMax Uhle kwaba yisiqalo sophenyo lwesitayela se-ceramic saseNievería, nesiphetho saso esihle nomhlobiso omuhle, awuhlobanisa namanye amasampula awathola eCerro Trinidad futhi awabiza ngokuthi “Proto Lima”, ngoba ekholelwa ukuthi angabo. Umsuka we-Nasca. URaoul Dancourt, ngo-1922, wancamela ukubiza isitsha sobumba ngokuthi Nievería de Cajamarquilla.
Kamuva, ngo-1949, isazi sezamasiko sase-Ecuadorian u-Jacinto Jijón y Caamaño sasebenzisa igama elithi "Maranga" ngesikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi "i-Proto Lima", igama lesakhiwo sezakhiwo lapho afunda khona kamuva. Kwakungu-Stumer owaphakamisa amagama athi "Playa Grande" ezigaba zokuqala (ngaleso sikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi i-interlacing) kanye nesithi "Maranga" esokugcina.
Futhi ngo-1964, u-T. Patterson wahlanganisa la magama ngaphansi kwegama elithi "Lima", ehlukaniswe izigaba ezingu-9, ebeka isitayela se-Nievería ekuqaleni kwe-Middle Horizon (660 AD). I-Nievería okwamanje ichazwa njengokuhlukahluka kwendawo nesimanje kwesigaba sokugcina sesitayela sikaLima noma saseMaranga.
Okubizwa ngemfashini kaMaranga kungase kube ukutholwa kwePlaya Grande; iqiniso liwukuthi ngobuchwepheshe liyayidlula. Ababumbi bangale nkathi benza izitsha zobumba ezibunjwa ezihlukahlukene, ezihlotshiswe nge-fretwork, izinhlanzi ezixhumene, imigqa ephambanayo, onxantathu, indilinga namachashazi amhlophe.
Ngokuqondene nombala, kwakuyi-tetracolor: ngaphezu kwemibala esetshenziswe kakade ezigabeni zokugcina ze-Playa Grande (obomvu, omhlophe nomnyama), umbala omusha wengezwe, ompunga. Lesi sitayela sobumba saqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekubuseni kwamaHuari, ngokungangabazeki ngenxa yokuthi sasiphakeme kunesabanqobi, nakuba ngokungenakugwemeka sasihlushwa ithonya langaphandle.
Kwakusenkathini yokugcina yalesi sigaba, ngemva kokuba kwenzeke isenzakalo sika-El Niño phakathi kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX AD ngesikhathi kuqalwa kabusha umsebenzi wezolimo oshubile emfuleni i-Huachipa. Ukuhlaliswa kwasuswa ezindaweni ezivikeleka kalula (amagquma noma amagquma) kuya ezindaweni eziseduze namasimu alinyiwe.
Konke lokhu kuholele ekuveleni kwezakhiwo ezinkulu zepyramidal kanye nezakhiwo ezizungezile nezivalo, indawo yaseCajamarquilla ibe yinhle kakhulu ngokwesayizi nokwandiswa. Enye inkimbinkimbi ephawulekayo yile kaMaranga.
Athi imibhoshongo (okungaba izindawo ezingcwele zesigodlo) esakhiweni sawo alandela imihlahlandlela yezinye izehlakalo zesigaba esedlule, kodwa ahambisana nemininingwane ethile. Kuyimisebenzi yezakhiwo eyisikhumbuzo, egcwele amapulatifomu nezigodlo, zonke ezipendwe ngokuphuzi nokumhlophe (okubomvu kwesinyathelo sangaphambilini kulahliwe).
Ekunwetshweni okuhle kwalezi zindawo ezingcwele kupendwe imidwebo yasendongeni emikhulu, ikakhulukazi enezithombe zezinhlanzi. Lezi zindonga ze-polychrome zazibonakala kude.
Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zaseMaranga naseCajamarquilla-Nivería okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, kunobunye ubufakazi bezakhiwo ezikulesi sigaba:
- Esigodini esingezansi seRímac (isifundazwe samanje saseLima): I-Armatambo, phansi kweMorro Solar (Chorrillos); kanye ne-Mangomarca (San Juan de Lurigancho), zombili okwamanje ezithintwa ukusabalala kwamadolobha. Obunye ubufakazi bokwakha obukhona ngaleso sikhathi yiHuaca Pucllana (Miraflores) kanye neHuaca Granados (La Molina).
- Esigodini saseChillón, izakhiwo zeCarabayllo kanye ne-huaca yaseCerro Culebras ziyagqama.
- Esigodini esomile sase-Ancón: idolobha lasePlaya Grande.
- Esigodini saseChancay: isigodlo sethempeli laseCerro Trinidad, lapho kwatholakala khona umdwebo owenziwe nge-polychrome, onomklamo wezinhlanzi eziphothene.
- Esigodini saseLurín: ithempeli elidala le-adobe lasePachacámac.
Ikhono lokuhlanganisa yonke imiphakathi ukuze yenze imisebenzi yomphakathi kanye nokumiswa okuthile ngesitayela sezitsha zobumba zomkhosi kuyinkomba yokuba khona kwamandla epolitiki amaphakathi.
Ukubonakaliswa kobuciko
I-Architecture: izakhiwo zesikhumbuzo zifana nesiko laseLima: amaphiramidi amade anamaplaza aseduze nezindawo okuhlalwa kuzo, okufinyeleleka kuzo phezulu ngezindlela eziphahlwe izindonga kanye nemigwaqo.
Isakhiwo esikhulu se-Lima sinezindlela ezimbili eziphindaphindayo:
- Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba we-rammed, okungukuthi, izindonga ze-adobe enkulu noma umhlaba onqanyuliwe.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwamabhulokhi amancane e-adobe asesimweni separallelepiped, athatha indawo ye-adobe yendiza-convex (paniform) eyenziwe ngesandla. Ngokuvamile, lawa ma-adobito abekwe aqondile ngaphakathi odongeni, njengezincwadi eshalofini. Le nqubo ayizange isinde ngemva kokuphela kwesiko likaLima.
Isibonelo esimele lesi sakhiwo isakhiwo esikhulukazi saseMaranga, namuhla esisendaweni yedolobha laseLima, phakathi kwezifunda zaseCercado, ePueblo Libre naseSan Miguel. Ziyizikhumbuzo ze-pyramidal, ezinama-ramps nezitebhisi, izindawo ezivaliwe kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla.
Esinye sezakhiwo ezivelele kakhulu zalesi sakhiwo iHuaca de San Marcos, ese-Avenida Venezuela, ekhampasi yeNyuvesi yaseSan Marcos. I-Huaca Pucllana, esifundeni sase-Miraflores, ingesinye isakhiwo esibonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwamabhulokhi amancane. Kuyisimo se-pyramidal esinochungechunge lwezakhiwo ezakhiwe izindonga eziqondile ezakha i-enclosures nama-patio, futhi akhiwe ngama-adobitos. I-Ceramics: Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-ceramics ye-Lima kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko:
Isitayela esihlangene noma esibizwa nge-Playa Grande, esibonakala ngokuba ne-motif yayo yokuhlobisa eyinhloko uchungechunge lwezithombe ngendlela yezinhlanzi eziphothene noma izinyoka, njengezibalo zejometri zemigqa namaphoyinti. Ngakho-ke igama elithi interlace elihunyushwe lisuka esiNgisini lisho "okuhlangene" noma "okuhlangene".
Ihlanganisa imibala emnyama, emhlophe nebomvu (i-tricolor) kungemuva elibomvu. Izitsha zobumba zilungile futhi zime ngendlela ejabulisayo, nakuba izimbiza ezinkulu ezibukeka kabi nazo sezitholakele. Imikhumbi emincane etholakalayo izimbiza eziyindilinga, izimbiza eziyindilinga, izimbiza zegoblet, izimbiza ezimise okwensimbi, amapuleti nezitsha ezinomugqa oshelelayo, izimbiza ezimise okwesilwane esincelisayo noma ufudu.
Isitayela sikaMaranga, esiveza ukusetshenziswa okuvamisile kokumodela. Isigaba saso sokugcina saziwa njengesitayela se-Nievería, esivele singaphansi kwethonya lika-Moche no-Huari. Ukusetshenziswa kobumba oluhle kakhulu kuyagqama, kanye nezimo ezinhle kakhulu zokudubula nokuqedwa kwendawo. Emhlobiso wayo, ibonakala ngokuvezwa kwama-frets, izinhlanzi ezihlanganisiwe, imigqa ephambanayo, onxantathu, imibuthano namachashazi amhlophe.
Sebenzisa imibala ebomvu, emhlophe, emnyama nempunga (i-tetracolor) kungemuva lezingubo zangaphansi eziwolintshi, ezacile, ezikhanyayo nezicwebezelayo. Izinhlobo ze-ceramics zihluke kakhulu: kunezitsha ze-lenticular ukuthi, ngokunciphisa engxenyeni yayo ephakathi, kuvela amapuleti amabili ajulile ahlanganiswe nezisekelo zawo.
Zinesibambo sebhuloho, ngezinye izikhathi ezihlanganisa izintamo ezimbili ezinde, eziqinile noma intamo enomfanekiso we-anthropomorphic noma i-zoomorphic figure noma i-statuette (i-ceramic eqoshiwe), noma phakathi kwentamo ye-spout nomzimba womkhumbi, okuphakathi kwalokhu. izimo ziyindilinga. Kwakukhona nezingcwecwe zobumba, amabhodwe nezimbiza ezinoqweqwe oluhle, ubuningi.
Njengoba sesishilo kakade, ngo-1964 uPatterson wahlukanisa lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwe-ceramic yesiko laseLima ngezitayela eziyisishiyagalolunye, zokuqala eziyisikhombisa ezihambisana nesitayela esisesidlekeni nezimbili zokugcina ngesitayela saseMaranga:
- Isigaba se-Lima 1 sasibonakala ngokukhiqizwa kwezimbiza namapuleti amakhulu, anokuhlobisa okumnyama nokumhlophe noma okushisiwe.
- Esigabeni se-Lima 2, kunezimbiza namapuleti anentamo eqondile, futhi isiliphu esimhlophe noma esibomvu sisetshenziswa endaweni yokuqala.
- Isigaba se-Lima 3, lapho izibuko eziqondile, izimbiza ezinkulu, amapuleti, njll.
- Isigaba se-Lima 4, lapho kuvela khona uhlobo olusha lwebhodwe eline-flat edge, elinomhlobiso odwetshiwe.
- Isigaba sesi-5 sase-Lima lapho kugqama amapuleti anezinhlangothi ezigobile, izimbiza eziyisicaba ezisemaceleni nezimbiza ezincelisayo, futhi i-motif ephindaphindayo iyinyoka esidleke.
- Isigaba se-Lima 6, lapho izimbiza ezinkulu zihamba phambili.
- Isigaba se-Lima 7 sinezimbiza ezinezintamo ezigobile namabhodwe anezintamo ezivuthayo, phakathi kokunye, ezihlotshiswe ngonxantathu abahlanganisiwe abapendiwe kanye nezinyoka.
- Isigaba se-Lima 8, lapho amafomu angaphambilini ephindaphindiwe, ngokuhlobisa konxantathu, amabhande abanzi emibala kanye nemigqa emihle ependwe emhlophe.
- Isigaba se-Lima 9, esithatha amafomu angaphambilini futhi inyoka ihlanganiswe emhlobiso.
Ubuciko bezindwangu
Izindwangu kwakungomunye umsebenzi obalulekile walelo siko. Basebenzisa kakhulu imicu kakotini noboya be-camelid. Imihlobiso evelele iyafana naleyo e-ceramics: izibalo zezinhlanzi, izinyoka nemigqa ehlukahlukene, ehlanganisiwe.
Ngesikhathi sikaMaranga, kwasetshenziswa inani elikhulu lemibala uma kuqhathaniswa nezitsha zobumba. Kuvela imibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, empunga, eluhlaza, ensundu, nehlukahlukene ebomvu. I-Upholstery (ngokokuqala ngqa ogwini olumaphakathi), ama-brocade, nezindwangu ezipendiwe nazo zavela ngalesi sikhathi.
ubuciko bezimpaphe
Ubuciko bepeni babungomunye wemisebenzi yobuciko egciniwe. Kwakuhlanganisa ukulungisa izimpaphe ezipendiwe noma ezikhethiwe ngemibala ehlukene (obomvu, oluhlaza okotshani, omnyama, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nophuzi), ukuthunga ngohlelo lokuklama olunikeza ijazi ubuhle obungavamile.
Lezi zimpaphe ziphuma ikakhulukazi ezinyonini zasolwandle, opholi, ama-macaw kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezivela ezigodini eziphakathi kwe-Andean, ezisuka ekuhwebeni phakathi kwezifunda. Lezi zindwangu ezinezimpaphe zazisetshenziselwa kuphela amakhosi aphethe ihlelo noma uhulumeni.
Ibhasikidi
I-Basketry ngomunye umsebenzi wobuciko onesu elithuthuke ngokuphawulekayo. Umvubukuli u-Ernesto Tabío, owenza imivubukulo e-Playa Grande, wabonisa ukuthi "kwakuyidolobha elenza ubhasikidi ngokuphawulekayo" (1955).
Ngempela, wathola inani elingavamile lamabhasikidi, anezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu kumasu abo okwakha, amaphethini awo okuhlobisa, ubukhulu bawo kanye nokubunjwa kwawo.
Umnotho
Njengawo wonke amasiko ezindawo ezisogwini, isisekelo somnotho walo ngokuyisisekelo sasiwukudoba kanye nezolimo.
I-Pesca
Into eyayivame kakhulu ezimpucukweni zasogwini, ukudoba kwakuwumsebenzi oyisisekelo. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi ngaphezu kwezinhlobo zokudoba ngesandla (i-pejerrey, i-corvina, i-cojinova, i-liza, njll.)
Izinsalela zezinhlanzi ezitholakala kuphela ezikoleni ze-100 noma 200 m ukujula nazo ziye zatholwa, njengesibonelo, i-machete, i-sardine, i-anchovy ne-bonito. Akwaziwa ukuthi babanjwe kanjani.
Babengabatshuzi abamangalisayo, akungabazeki lokho. Basusa amagobolondo olwandle aze afike ku-8 m ukujula, asebenze njengento yokuhlobisa. Kuzo zonke izigodlo bebetholakala ngobuningi babo.
Ezolimo
Ezolimo sekuwumsebenzi oshubile. Athola indawo yokulima ngoxhaxha lwemisele noma imisele, eminye yayo esasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Izitshalo zabo eziyinhloko kwakuyizi: ummbila, ubhontshisi obanzi, ubhontshisi, u-squash, ithanga, ubhatata, amakinati, i-apula le-custard, i-lucuma, i-pacae, njll.
Kungaba kanjalo ukuvunda kwezigodi ezisogwini kanye nenani lamapulazi noma izindawo ezitshaliwe, kulinganiselwa ukuthi iRímac Valley iyodwa ingahlala abantu abangu-200.000. Ababhali bemilando baseSpain baye bafakazela ukuthi lesi sigodi sasicebile ngempela ngamanxiwa nezinsalela zezakhiwo zasendulo, ikakhulukazi endaweni engezansi, eduze nolwandle.
Ukukhetha kukaFrancisco Pizarro ukuthola inhloko-dolobha kahulumeni wakhe lapho, manje inhloko-dolobha yeRiphabhulikhi yasePeruvia, kwakusekelwe ekoloni elalikhona ngaphambili, eliphumelelayo nelinabantu abaningi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, singasho ukuthi idolobha laseLima empeleni alizalwanga ngo-1535, unyaka wesisekelo salo saseSpain, kodwa ukuthi izandulela zayo zibuyela emuva emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuniselwa unomphela kwamasimu abo kanye nokunikezwa kwamanzi kubantu, ama-lime akha izakhiwo ezimbili ezinkulu zama-hydraulic eSigodini saseRímac ezisasetshenziswa nanamuhla:
- Umfula iSurco, okuwumzila wokunisela othwala amanzi omfula iRímac ukusuka e-Ate ukuya eChorrillos, udlule eSantiago de Surco, Miraflores naseBarranco.
- I-Huatica Canal, ethwala amanzi ukusuka eLa Victoria kuya eMaranga.
Ingqalasizinda yakhiwa esikhathini sokugcina, okuthiwa iMaranga, phakathi kuka-500 no-700 AD Kungenzeka ukuthi isomiso sekhulu lesi-XNUMX kanye nokwanda kwemvula okubangelwa isenzakalo se-El Niño phakathi nekhulu lesi-XNUMX kwaba yizisusa ezinqumayo lomsebenzi.
I-Commerce
Ekuphakameni kwesiko laseLima, yonke indawo eyayikuyo ngokungangabazeki yaba isikhungo esikhulu sezohwebo. Izigodi zalo zazilixhumanisa nezindawo ezinhle ezisezintabeni, lapho izakhamuzi zazo zazihwebelana ngemikhiqizo yazo. Ezindaweni zemivubukulo kusekhona izici ezivela ezifundeni namasiko angomakhelwane, ezibe nomthelela ngokwemvelo ekubonakalisweni kobuciko be-lime, njengoba uLuis Lumbreras egcizelela:
“Isiko laseLima alilona isiko elingenabuntu; ukuyichaza, kuyadingeka ukuphendukela ebudlelwaneni babo namanye amasiko amaningi ogwini nezintaba, kube uhlamvu lwabo lokwamukela okuqinile. «.
ukungcwatshwa
Kutholakale izindlela ezimbili zokungcwaba:
- Okuvamile: Isidumbu sasimbozwe ngesendlalelo esisodwa noma ezimbili, siphelezelwa ezinye izitsha zasendlini, zibekwe endaweni evundlile futhi zingcwatshwe 1 m noma 1,5 m ukushona.
- Ikakhulukazi: isidumbu sasibekwe phezu kwe-stretcher (uhlobo lwe-bunk noma umbhede ophathwayo) owenziwe ngezinti nemihlanga. Isikhundla somufi siyahlukahluka kuye ngesimo sezulu: esiteji ngaphambi kwe-Lima, okusho ukuthi okuthiwa yi-Baños de Boza ("Mhlophe Ngokubomvu"). Isikhundla siseceleni; esigabeni esilandelayo noma i-Playa Grande ("isidleke"), umzimba ubekwa ku-ventral cubitus (ubheke phansi) ne-stretcher ngemuva; futhi esigabeni sokugcina noma iMaranga, ibekwa ku-urna yayo yomgogodla (ubheke phezulu). Esongwe ngezingubo ezihlukahlukene ezihlotshisiwe, nezitsha ezihlukahlukene zasekhaya nezempi, futhi ephelezelwa omunye oshonile, omunye ngokunokwenzeka wanikela ngokumhlonipha.
ukuphela kwesiko
Zonke izakhiwo ezimbiwe e-Lima zibonisa ukuthi zashiywa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD Kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi izimbangela kwakuyizinhlekelele zemvelo noma ukuhlasela okulimazayo kwe-alien, okufana nalokho kwe-Huaris. Nokho, izinsalela zikhomba ukuthi bekuwukuvalwa okuhleliwe kwezindawo zomphakathi ngokuhambisana ngokugcwele nemithethonqubo enembayo. Amagceke nezinye izakhiwo phezu kwemibhoshongo zazingcwatshwa ngokugcwaliswa ngamabomu.
Ukufinyelela kwakuvaliwe ngezindonga ze-adobe, amabhulokhi obumba noma amatshe. Asazi ukuthi wonke amacala okuvalwa nokushiywa enzeka ngesikhathi esisodwa nangezizathu ezifanayo. Ekugcineni, kungenzeka ukuthi kuwumkhuba ohlangene nokufa kwezakhamuzi zokugcina zesigodlo ngasinye esigabeni saseMaranga.
Kunoma yikuphi, ukungcwatshwa nobunye ubufakazi bemisebenzi yabantu bubonisa ukuthi izakhiwo zomphakathi zaseLima zashiywa lapho izitsha nezindwangu ezihlotshiswe ngemiklamo ye-Tiwanacu ne-Nasca (izitayela ze-Viñaque, Pachacámac ne-Atarco) zivela. isakazeke ogwini olumaphakathi. Kwesinye isikhathi, ababumbi bendawo nabo babezamukela lezi zinkulumo (isitayela se-Nevería).
Lesi simo sokuwa kwamandla amaphakathi siqhathanisa nokusatshalaliswa kwesitayela sendawo, i-Nievería, e-Lambayeque, nezinye izitayela zaseningizimu. Kungenzeka ukuthi abameleli abahlukahlukene be-Lima elite bajoyine amanye amaqembu e-Huari futhi bahlanganyele ekunqobeni enyakatho.
Ngaleso sikhathi, iPachacámac Sanctuary yayiqala ukubaluleka njengesikhungo sokukhanga izinkulungwane zabahambi, yingakho inkolo kankulunkulu wegama elifanayo yasabalala emhlabeni wonke wase-Andean. Mhlawumbe kulesi sikhungo lapho umfelandawonye wokucabanga phakathi kweLima neHuari wavalwa khona.
Funda kabanzi mayelana no Lima Culture
Isiko laseLima lathuthukiswa ezigodini ezakhiwe yimifula iChillón, Chancay, Rímac kanye neLurín. Ngokophenyo lwemivubukulo, ikakhulukazi ucwaningo lwezitsha zobumba ezitholiwe, izindawo ezimbili zamasiko zihlonzwe ogwini olumaphakathi phakathi kuka-200 BC. C. kanye ne-100 AD, eyodwa enyakatho yoMfula iChillón.
Lapha amaqembu ezizwe azinza lapho athuthukisa lokho abavubukuli abakubiza ngokuthi i-Baños de Boza noma isitayela se-Miramar, esinezici ezifana nesiko lamaSalinar; kanti enye iseningizimu yomfula iChillón, eveza izici zeParacas necropolis. Kwaze kwafika ngo-100 AD futhi kwaze kwaba cishe ngo-700 AD, lapho kunesitayela esithile esibizwa ngokuthi i-Lima.
Ithonya lamasiko lesiko likaLima
Kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX nelesi-XNUMX AD, isitayela sesiko laseLima sathola ukuhlonishwa futhi salingiswa kulo lonke ugu oluphakathi. Kodwa futhi kuyabonakala ukuthi izibonelo eziningi zamasiko zalesi sikhathi zithonywa amanye amasiko asogwini. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ukuxhumana kwamasiko nezinye izifunda kukhule kakhulu.
Imvelo
Indawo esogwini olumaphakathi, lapho amadoda esiko laseLima ahlala khona, inesimo sezulu esithambile, esingashisi njengaseningizimu noma enyakatho, nakuba inomswakama kancane futhi ingaphansi kokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa nokwakheka kwama-microclimates. Ukuba khona kwezinhlelo zemvelo ezihambisanayo kufanele kugcizelelwe; izigodi, ulwandle, amaxhaphozi, kanye namagquma asogwini kwakusetshenziswa izakhamuzi zakulesi sifunda ukuze ziziphilise.
Inhlangano yezamasiko e-Lima
Amathuna kanye nenani elikhulu lamathuna atholakala endaweni yethonya lalesi siko libonisa ukuthi kwakuyimiphakathi yendawo, ehlelwe ku-nuclei yemindeni eyandisiwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba khona kwezikhali njengeminikelo yomngcwabo nokuba khona kwezindawo zokukhosela ezivikelwe izindonga ezisezingxenyeni ezingenhla zamagquma kusikisela ukuthi izakhamuzi zakhona ziye zabhekana nezingxabano ezinkulu.
Kamuva, phakathi nenkathi ephezulu, izikhungo zemikhosi eziyinhloko zakhiwa futhi ukuba khona kwamandla ezombusazwe aphakathi nendawo akwazi ukuhlanganisa amakhulu abantu emisebenzini yomphakathi kungabonakala. Nakuba kunzima ukukhomba ukuphela kwalesi siko, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kwakungenxa yokwanda kwamaHuari, athatha kancane kancane izindawo zamasiko eLima.
I-Cerámica
I-Ceramics ibe yisici esibalulekile ekwakhiweni kabusha kokuvela kwesiko le-Lima, kanye nenethiwekhi yokuxhumana eyakhiwe nezinye izifunda. Ekuqaleni, ithonya likaSalinar neParacas necropolis licacile. Kuyisikhathi se-boom, isitayela esithile sibonakala sibonakala ngezibalo zejometri ezinikeza ukubonakala kwemizimba yenyoka e-crested futhi ehlangene enamakhanda angama-triangular, nakuba ezinye izazi zicabanga ukuthi umsuka walesi sifanekiso wawusezintabeni ezisenyakatho, nesiko le-Recuay. . .
Izakhiwo
Abacwaningi baqaphela izigaba ezimbili ekuthuthukisweni kwesiko likaLima. Isigaba sokuqala samasiko sibizwa nge-Playa Grande noma i-Enclavamiento, lapho amathempeli eCerro Culebra agqama khona, osebeni lomfula iChillón kanye neCerro Trinidad e-Chancay, anezithombe zasezindongeni ezihlaba umxhwele.
Isigaba sesibili samasiko sibizwa ngeMaranga; Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kwakhiwa khona izakhiwo zomphakathi zokuqala eziyisikhumbuzo. Amaphiramidi aphakeme kakhulu ayenezingosi kanye namaplaza ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, ezixhunywe izindlela ezivikelwe ngamarampu nezindonga, ezazinezindawo zokugcina nezinye ezinikelwe ekukhiqizeni.
Lezi zakhiwo zazakhiwe ngama-adobes amancane ayisicaba, abekwe njengeshalofu; Kwabuye kwasetshenziswa enye into, ubumba olucindezelwe. I-Huaca Maranga igqama njengesikhungo esibaluleke kakhulu esakhiwe engxenyeni engezansi yoMfula iRímac.
Ezinye izikhungo ezibalulekile kwakuyiPucllana huaca kanye nethempeli le-adobe le-Pachacamac, kodwa enkulu kunazo zonke kwakuyiCajamarquilla, njengoba yayithatha amahektha angaba ngu-167 lapho kwakwakhiwa khona izindawo ezisetshenziselwa izinto ezihlukahlukene, njengezindlu, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla nezindawo zokukhulekela.
I-Citadel yaseCajamarquilla
Enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zabantu bangaphambi kwe-Hispanic eziye zagcinwa, ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyisi-6 zamamitha-skwele, yi-Cajamarquilla, indawo yemivubukulo etholakala entshonalanga ye-Lima (Ate-Vitarte). Yakhiwa cishe ngo-400 AD
Yakhiwe ngamaphiramidi amakhulu ayishumi nanye, azungezwe izindlu eziningi ezinesitezi esisodwa, ezimise okwenxande. Leli lungiselelo lendawo libe negalelo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi iLabyrinth, ukwakhiwa kwemibhoshongo kwenziwa ngamaphaneli amakhulu odaka e-trapezoidal aqondile.
Ngayinye yalezi zindwangu ezinkulu yakhiwe izingqimba eziningana zobumba ezibekwe phezu kwenye. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kokuqala okwenziwe ngale nkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo akuzange kwenziwe ngokohlelo lwangempela.
Isiko lamaChincha eduze neLima
Lesi sizwe sachuma phakathi kuka-900 no-1450 AD, savela ezigodini zaseCañete, Chincha, Pisco, Ica kanye neNazca. Mhlawumbe bakha izwe lesifunda elithanda impi elingaphansi kweChimú, elangena esifundeni sase-Andean, elamelana nokumelana okuqinile nokuqhubekela phambili koMbuso Wama-Inca.
Inhlangano yezepolitiki yesiko lamaChincha
Isimo sendawo leli siko elahlala ngaphansi kwaso salinikeza ukubaluleka kwezombusazwe, njengoba lalikwazi ukuhlanganisa amakhosi namakhosi ogu olumaphakathi nogu oluseningizimu, ngaleyo ndlela abonakale ewumgogodla uma kuqhathaniswa namaChimús asenyakatho namaInca aseCuzco lapho kwakhiwa khona. isizinda abasisebenzisa phezu kolwandle siyengezwa.
Ngokufanayo, izakhamuzi zalesi siko ziye wathumba izakhi zamasiko ukuthi, nakuba babonisa imprint yabo siqu, abakwazanga Nokho ukukhululwa ethonyeni okhokho babo ezifana Paracas, Nazcas ngisho Waris ngokwabo.
Ngazo zonke lezi zici, izakhamuzi zesiko lamaChincha ziye zasebenzisa ukuzimela kwezombusazwe kulezi zindawo amakhulu amabili eminyaka.
Izakhiwo
Babengebona abakhiqizi bemizi emikhulu futhi izakhiwo zabo zibonakaliswa emathempelini, ezigodlweni nasezinqabeni abazakha nge-adobe nezitini. Basebenzisa indlela ye-stucco, behlobisa izindonga ngamakhanda ezinhlanzi, ama-gannet nezinye izinyoni zasolwandle. Ezizungeze lezi zakhiwo, bakha izindlu zamacansi nemihlanga lapho iningi labantu lalihlala khona.
I-Cerámica
Ama-huacos ayenziwe ngobumba olubomvu, anemihlobiso ebusweni bawo ngamaphethini wejometri kanye nezibalo ze-humanoid ezisekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, izinyoni nezinhlanzi ezenziwe ngesitayela. Imibala esetshenzisiwe bekumnyama, emhlophe, empunga, ekhilimu kanye nebomvu.
Lesi sitsha sobumba sibonisa ithonya elithile le-Wari kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo lizwakalisa ukuhluka kwayo ngokuhlotshaniswa kwe-globular yomzimba kanye nentamo ende ehlanganiswe nezibambo ezihlanganisiwe.
ukuhweba nokuhamba
Iqhutshwa umnotho okhulayo, lesi siko lawela ulwandle ngezihlenga ezinkulu, likwazi ukufinyelela echwebeni lamanje laseValdivia (eChile).
Ngakho, benza uhlobo oluthile lohwebo ababenesimiso salo sezilinganiso, izilinganiso nezikali, ngendlela yokuthi babenane ngemikhiqizo yabo yomkhandi wegolide, izindwangu, ukubaza ngisho nezinhlanzi ezomisiwe, ukuze bathole abanye ababebapha ukudla noma ukudla kwabo. ukuthuthukiswa.ingcweti.
UbuNkulunkulu bakhe benkolo kwakunguChinchaycámac kanye nenhloko-dolobha yakhe idolobha laseChincha, ekubeni umholi wokugcina walesi siko laseGuavia Rucana, ngesikhathi sokunwetshwa kwe-Inca, bahlaselwa futhi bajoyina iTahuantinsuyo.
Abathengisi baseChincha
AmaChincha ayengabathengisi abangavamile ngasogwini lwasePeruvia. Imilando ilandisa ukuthi eChincha kwakunenani elikhulu labathengisi ababehweba ngasogwini besebenzisa izihlenga.
Isazi-mlando uMaría Rostworowski sithi laba bahwebi bafika esifundeni saseManta e-Ecuador, lapho bathola khona i-spondylus noma i-mullu eyigugu kakhulu. Kwakukhona futhi ukuhwebelana komhlaba nama-llamas nabathwali abafika eCusco naseCallao lapho i-mullu yashintshwa khona nge-tin-copper.
Kukholelwa ukuthi lapho ama-Inca enqoba amaChincha, amandla awo okuhweba ancipha, kuyilapho egcina ukubaluleka kwawo. Kangangoba ngesikhathi sokuthunjwa kwe-Atahualpa eCajamarca, okuwukuphela komuntu owayethuthwa kudoti, ngaphandle kwe-Inca, kwakuyoba inkosi yaseChincha i-Inca eyayimbheka njengomngane wakhe.
Tomb
Amathuna aqoqiwe ayaziwa, njengalelo elavubukulwa e-Uchuglla, e-Ica, elakhiwe amathuna angaphansi angunxande anezindonga zodaka kanye nophahla lotshani olusekelwe ngemishayo; eyenziwe ngezingodo.
Ngaphakathi, amaphakheji amaningana akleliswe, kanye nenani elikhulu leminikelo ehlanganisa izinto zegolide, isiliva, izitsha zobumba, ukhuni oluqoshiwe, njll. Lawa mathuna ahambisana nezibalo zezinga eliphezulu emphakathini.
Ithuna elatholwa e-Uchuglla lalinamathe noma uhlaka lweziqu ze-huarango ezinezithombe zezilwane eziqoshwe ngokugqamile njengophahla.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: