ithiyori yobuciko ibhekisela emkhakheni wezemfundo ohlanganisa konke ukuvezwa kwezinkulumo zobuciko, kuqala ngokucatshangwa kwazo kanye nokuvunyelwa kwazo zonke izitayela zobuciko.
Ithini iTheory of Art?
Igama elithi art lisuka kwelesiLatini elithi ars, lifana nelesiGreki elithi τέχυη, téchne, lapho elithi "technique" livela khona. Ekuqaleni kwayo yayisetshenziswa kukho konke okwakhiqizwa umuntu kanye nemisebenzi eyahlukene futhi azi ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani.
Ithiyori yezobuciko ibuye ichazwe njengethiyori yezikhathi zantambama, kuyindlela yokufunda ehlanganisa konke ukuvezwa kokubonakaliswa kobuciko okuhlukene kwezenzakalo zobuciko kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko. Lokhu kuqala ngokwazisa noma ukwamukelwa kuzo zonke izici zayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko kugcizelelwa kakhulu lezo ezaziwa ngokuthi ubuciko obuhle obuqukethe ubuciko obubonakalayo, imidwebo, izithombe eziqoshiwe nezakhiwo, ukufunda, umculo, ubuciko obudlalwayo nokunye okuningi. .
Ubuciko obusetshenziswayo obaziwa kakhulu bubuye buchazwe njengobuciko obuncane, ubuciko bokuhlobisa, noma ubuciko nemisebenzi yezandla obekubhekwa njengokuncane ngokomlando, kanye nobunye ubuciko futhi, ngenxa yobunzima babo, ubuciko obukhululekile obaziswa kakhulu. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi, ungathintana mayelana ubuciko obuncane.
Kodwa-ke, kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, ukunyakaza kwe-Arts and Crafts kuye kwatholakala, futhi kusukela ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, bathola ilebula yohlaka, oluye lwahlanganiswa kunoma iyiphi indawo kanye nesizukulwane noma okuqukethwe kwezinkonzo. ivezwe engcupheni yokusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokwahlulela futhi ngokunganaki, noma ngokungenangqondo, ukuguqula okuqukethwe kwakho kwasekuqaleni.
Amathiyori obuciko achaza lesi sici esihlokweni sethiyori nesejwayelekile, ehlinzeka ngezindlela zokuthola umqondo wemisebenzi yawo. Ngaphakathi kwendawo yefilosofi engasungulwa inguqulo ngayinye yethiyori yobuciko. Kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuhlaziya okuhlukene ngaphakathi kobuhle, ngenxa yokuthi ukucatshangelwa ngakunye maqondana nemvelo nomsebenzi wobuciko ngokwawo kutholakala emkhawulweni wale mikhakha yokuhlukanisa imingcele eyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuqaphela imfundiso yobuciko, kusukela kumuntu ngamunye noma ekusetshenzisweni komphakathi kungachazwa njengenjabulo yobuciko.
Ithiyori yobuciko ithathwa njengocwaningo lokuhlaziya nolubucayi lwemisebenzi yobuciko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi. Zihlukene ngethiyori njengezincwadi, ithiyori yomculo nokunye. Baye balondoloza kuwo wonke umlando wabo ukuthi imisebenzi yobuciko ingaba nezizathu eziningi, konke kuncike kumbukeli. Ithiyori yezobuciko ifune ukunikeza izindlela ezihlukene zokuhunyushwa, ngokusho kwe-biography yombhali, ingqikithi yezenhlalo namasiko lapho umsebenzi wathuthukiswa khona, kuye ngokubukeka kwawo okusemthethweni, ukuxhumana kwawo neminye imisebenzi, kanye nombono wokuthi uyawushiya. kumbukeli..
Ithiyori yezobuciko isalokhu ixhumene nokuthuthukiswa kweminye imibono kwezinye izindawo, okuyindaba ye-psychology. Ukunikeza amazwibela omcabango kaFreud noJung, abembula izikhombo ezintsha zokuqonda imisebenzi ekhona kakade neyesikhathi esizayo.
Kungabonakala ukuthi umqondo wobuciko ushintshiwe eminyakeni edlule, ubeka phambili kwabanye, equkethe noma eqeda eziningi okwamanje ezibhekwa njengobuciko. Kunjalo ukuthi phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi babecabanga ukuthi okuwukuphela kwento eyayibalulekile ubuciko obukhululekile obuyisikhombisa: uhlelo lolimi, ukukhuluma, ukukhuluma ngezilimi, umculo, izibalo, i-geometry kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi. Eziningi zalezi okwamanje zingezesayensi yemvelo, zibheka ukubaza, ukudweba kanye nezakhiwo njengobuciko.
Kodwa-ke, ngokufika kweRenaissance, lo mqondo waguqulwa, wagqama ukusebenza kombhali futhi ubuciko basuka kude nesayensi nezohwebo. Ngemva kwakho konke lokhu, umlando kanye nokugxekwa kwezobuciko kwavela, kanye nemibukiso nemiklomelo.
Kodwa-ke, izigaba ezihlukene zobuciko ekhulwini lama-XNUMX zangena ekubopheni okukhulu ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu kanye nobuciko besimanje, ngenxa yokukhula kobuciko be-serialized kanye nokusebenza kwezinye izakhiwo ezifana ne-avant-garde show.
ithiyori yobuciko emlandweni
Ngokuphathelene nale ngxenye, kunezixwayiso ezithile, njengendaba yempucuko yaseShayina lapho isiko lethiyori yobuciko kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ekubeni Izimiso Eziyisithupha Zokudweba ngu-Xie He, ingxenye enkulu yokukhiqizwa okubhaliwe mayelana ne theory of art, ngokomlando bekungokwempucuko yaseNtshonalanga. Sikumema ukuthi ufunde I-Hispanic American Literature
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-prehistory, imisebenzi yobuciko ibhekwa njengencazelo ethile, okusho ukuthi inezinto eziwusizo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ziyasebenza noma ziyamangalisa, kumuntu ozidalayo. Ukudalwa komsebenzi wobuciko akukho ngaphansi noma nini emiphumeleni yokuhlobisa.
Umlando wethiyori yezobuciko usitshela ukuthi ubufakazi bokuqala bobuciko batholakala emifanekisweni ye-Cro Magnon ngoba yayiyindlela yokuxhumana nokuziveza, kanye nokuba nengxenye enkulu yobungoma nokungenelela kwama-shaman. Ngakho-ke, kwakungabaculi bokuqala, ama-shamans ezizwe, abazinikele ekuxhumaneni namandla emvelo ukukhiqiza okuhle noma okubi.
Imibono esemqoka yobuciko
Ngaphakathi kwemibono eyinhloko yobuciko, ezinye zazo zingashiwo njengeziyinhloko, okungukuthi:
ithiyori ye-biography: Kubhekiselwa kulowo ophethe ukutadisha umsebenzi wobuciko, kusukela kumqondo wokuphila komuntu wombhali wawo.
Ithiyori ye-Formalist: Lowo ozinikele ekutadisheni umsebenzi wobuciko, kusukela ezintweni ezihlelekile eziwuhlanganisayo, njengemibala, isakhiwo, ukukhanya nokunye.
Ithiyori ye-Iconographic: Ngokunjalo, yaziwa ngokuthi i-iconology, iyithiyori ephethe ukutadisha umsebenzi wobuciko ovela ezifanekisweni, imifanekiso engokomfanekiso noma izithombe ezenza samuntu okubi, izimfanelo ezinhle nezinye izici zemvelo noma zokuziphatha.
Ithiyori yezokuhlalisana kwabantu: Lapho umsebenzi wobuciko ufundwa njengengxenye yomphakathi othile.
Ithiyori yezengqondo: Inesibopho sokufunda nokuhlaziya umsebenzi wobuciko esicini sawo sezengqondo.
Ithiyori ye-Structuralist: Lowo ophethe ukutadisha umsebenzi wobuciko ekuxhumaneni kwawo nezingxenye zawo noma izakhi zawo.
Umqondo wobuciko empucukweni yasentshonalanga
Okuchaza ubuciko empucukweni yaseNtshonalanga kuthathwa njengokuvulelekile, okungaphakathi kanye nempikiswano. Akukho ukuvumelana phakathi kwezazi zalolu daba, njengezazi-mlando, izazi zefilosofi noma abaculi.
Phakathi nakho konke ubukhona bayo, kuye kwaqanjwa amanani emibono yobuciko, okufanele ukubalulwa njengalokhu:
UThomas Aquinas ugcizelela ukuthi "ubuciko buyindlela efanele yokucabanga"
Schiller, uveza ukuthi: "ubuciko buyilokho okusungula umthetho wabo"
UMax Dvořák, “ubuciko buyisitayela”
UJohn Ruskin, "ubuciko buyindlela yomphakathi"
U-Adolf Loos, "ubuciko yinkululeko yobuhlakani"
UMarcel Duchamp, "ubuciko ngumbono"
UJean Dubuffet, "ubuciko buyinto entsha"
UJoseph Beuys, "ubuciko yisenzo, impilo"
U-Dino Formaggio, "ubuciko yikho konke abantu abakubiza ngokuthi ubuciko"
UWolf Vostell, "Ubuciko buyimpilo, impilo ingubuciko"
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umqondo wobuciko uyaguqulwa, i-Renaissance, ubuciko babubhekwa njengobuciko obukhululekile, ubuciko bezakhiwo, ukudweba kanye nokudweba okubonwa "njengemisebenzi yezandla".
Selokhu lwasungulwa, ubuciko bube ngenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisetshenziswa ukuveza imizwa yabantu, kanye nemibono nemizwa yabo, kanye nendlela efunwa kakhulu yokuxhumana nomhlaba. Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ingase yehluke kokuvamile ukuya kobuhle kakhulu, ingase iqukathe isici sezenkolo, noma imane ibe yokuhlobisa, ingase ibe unomphela noma idlule.
Kusukela ekhulwini lama-XNUMX, umqondo obalulekile nowezinto ezibonakalayo ushiywe ngemuva: njengoba uBeuys asho, ukuthi ukuphila kuyindlela yokubonisa ubuciko, evelele ebalulekile, isenzo. Ngakho wonke umuntu unekhono lokuba yiciko.
Khona-ke, abapheki, abalimi, umakhi, umdwebi noma imbongi bangabhekwa njengabadwebi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-Latin bifurcation ars: art, yasetshenziswa ukubiza iziyalo ezixhumene nobuciko bobuhle kanye nokunyakaza; kanye ne-Greek fork téchne: i-technical, yezifundo ezihlotshaniswa nemikhiqizo yobuhlakani kanye nemibhalo yokusetshenziswa.
Njengamanje, kunzima ukuthola ukuthi la magama amabili: ubuciko kanye namasu, ayinkimbinkimbi noma asetshenziswa njengomqondofana.
Inkathi Yasendulo Nenkathi Ephakathi
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwesazi sefilosofi esingumGreki uPlato, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-XNUMX, ukwamukelwa okuvamile kwahlala ezincwadini ezikhuliswayo, ngokuqukethwe kwayo, lokho ubuciko okubhekiselwa kukho nokuthi yayihloseni, inkomba yayo yayisukela ekuqaleni iPoetics ka-Aristotle, kwase kuba isiLatini. izincwadi zomakhi uMarco Vitruvio Polión noma incwadi ethi Publio Terencio Afro noma uTito Maccio Plauto.
Ukulingisa imvelo, okuyinto ku-classical aesthetics kanye nezinkondlo isungula umnyombo wobuciko, kanye nokuhlonza abahle ngezimiso zobuqiniso nobubele, esetshenziswa njengemibono eyaziwa kakhulu.
Ngesikhathi seLate Antiquity, ukuvangela, okubhekiselwe ekubuyisaneni kwe-Neoplatonism nemibhalo engcwele ngokusebenzisa i-patrology, okusho ukufunda ngempilo, imisebenzi kanye nezimfundiso zobaba beBandla, kubeka ubuciko ngaphansi kwezinsolo, kanye nayo yonke into ephathekayo.
Ngezikhathi zenkathi ephakathi, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlonishwa nokululazwa kwezobuciko zingabonwa, okwathi ngendlela eyihaba zafinyelela i-iconoclasm yenkathi ethile yobuciko baseByzantine kanye nokunyamalala kobuciko bokumelela kwezobuciko bamaSulumane.
Ngesikhathi sasendulo samaGreki namaRoma asendulo, ingenye yemvelaphi eyinhloko yempucuko yaseNtshonalanga nesiko lokuqala ukucabanga ngobuciko, yagcina umqondo wobuciko njengekhono lomuntu, awenza kunoma yisiphi isici inqobo nje uma ekhiqizayo. Lokhu kwathathwa njengegama elifanayo lekhono: ababekubheka njengekhono lokuba nakho kwakuwukwenza into, ukuhola ibutho, ukunxenxa umphakathi ukuba uhlanganyele engxoxweni, noma ukuthuthukisa imisebenzi yezolimo.
Okusho ukuthi, noma yiliphi ikhono elilandela imithetho, izimiso zokugcina isikhathi eziholela ekufundeni, ekuthuthukeni nasekupheleleni kobuchwepheshe. Nakuba izinkondlo, ngokuba ejwayelekile of ugqozi, kwakungabhekwa ubuciko.
Ngakho-ke, u-Aristotle ubeka ubuciko ngokuthi "isimo saphakade sokukhiqiza izinto ngendlela ehluzekile", kuyilapho u-Quintilian echaza "ukuthi kusekelwe endleleni ethile nokuhleleka". Isazi sefilosofi uPlato, kuyiProtagoras, sikhuluma ngobuciko siphawula ukuthi yikhono lokwenza imisebenzi ngokusebenzisa ubuhlakani nokufunda. Ngokunjalo, uPlato wagcizelela ukuthi ubuciko bunencazelo evamile, amandla okudala nekhono lomuntu.
U-Casiodoro de Reina, i-Spanish Hieronymite yezenkolo, wagcizelela ukuthi ubuciko kukho konke okuqukethwe buyakhiqiza ngokuvumelana nezinkambiso nemithetho, okubonisa izinjongo ezintathu ezibalulekile zobuciko njengokuthi: ukufundisa, i-doceat; hambisa, hambisa, futhi ngicela, susa.
Iminyaka yesimanje
I-Renaissance yekhulu leshumi nanhlanu neshumi nesithupha, kanye nokuvumela imvume yenhlalo yomdwebi emkhakheni wezobuntu owayezindla ngokucabanga ngobuciko bakhe, okubhekwa njengokubukelwa phansi kobuciko benkathi ephakathi, obungahlonishwa njengeGothic, kanye nokuqagela kweGreco-Roman. i-classical antiquity. , ikakhulukazi eyakhiwe kabusha njengomthetho wayo.
Konke lokhu kwasungulwa futhi kwasungulwa nge-classism yekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa neshumi nesishiyagalombili ezikoleni zezemfundo ezibizwa ngokuthi i-academicism. Ngokuqondene neNguquko YaseFrance, yayimele ukuguqulwa kwalo mqondo, njengendlela efaniswa nokucekelwa phansi koMbuso Omdala, kanye nokungena kokuthi inkululeko isho ukuthini kwezobuciko obubekwe ezandleni ze-Romanticism, incazelo yayo yobuhle nayo equkethwe. ukwehla okukhulu okusho inoveli ye-gothic noma imidwebo emnyama kaFrancisco de Goya.
Ngesikhathi seRenaissance, kwaqala ukwenziwa ukuguqulwa kwengqondo, kwahlukanisa ezohwebo nesayensi kwezobuciko, kulapho izinkondlo zaziqukethwe khona okokuqala, okwakufanelekela lokho njengefilosofi noma isiprofetho. Lokhu kwaba okuthile okwanquma ukushicilelwa ngonyaka ka-1549 kwenguqulo yesiNtaliyane ye-Aristotle's Poetics.
Kulolu shintsho, isici senhlalo somculi we-Renaissance sangenelela, saziswa kakhulu kunangaphambili, ngenxa yemikhiqizo yakhe eyinkimbinkimbi ethola isimo esisha semikhiqizo ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa ukuhlobisa.
Konke kwakungenxa yenzuzo izikhulu ezivelele nezicebile zemvelaphi yase-Italy ngenxa yobuhle nobukhazikhazi obubuye babonwa njengendlela yokugqama emphakathini, ukwandisa inzuzo yobuciko kanye nokukhuthaza ukuqoqwa.
Ngakho-ke, izinhlobonhlobo zetiyetha eziphathelene nesihloko sobuciko zazalwa kulesi simo, njengalezo zikaLeon Battista Alberti, De Pictura, 1436-1439; Of re aedificatoria, 1450; kanye noDe Statua, 1460, noma The Commentaries, 1447, kaLorenzo Ghiberti.
U-Alberti uthole ithonya lika-Aristotelian ezama ukufaka isandla ngesisekelo sesayensi mayelana nobuciko. Ukhulume ngokuhlobisa, indlela yeciko yokulungisa izinjongo zobuciko nezindikimba zibukeke ngendlela egodliwe, yokuphelela.
UGhiberti, owayengowokuqala ukuqaphela umlando wobuciko, ehlukanisa izinto zakudala zakudala, inkathi ephakathi, eyibiza ngokuthi "ukuvuselelwa kobuciko".
Ekuqaleni kokuziphatha, isitayela sobuciko, ubuciko besimanje baqala: izakhi azizange ziboniswe njengoba zazinjalo kodwa njengoba umdwebi ezibone ngeso lengqondo. Isici sobuhle asizange sinikezwe ukubaluleka, ubuhle obuyingqayizivele be-Renaissance bugcinwe, obusekelwe kwisayensi, kuya ebuhleni obuhlukahlukene besitayela se- mannerism, esivela emvelweni.
Khona-ke, yilapho isici esisha somcabango sivela kwezobuciko, esabonisa okumangalisayo kanye ne-burlesque, njengoba kungafakazelwa emsebenzini kaBrueghel noma we-Arcimboldo.
UGiordano Bruno, isazi sefilosofi, engomunye wabokuqala ukulindela imibono yesimanje, wathi indalo ayinasiphelo, asikho isikhungo noma imingcele, yonke into iwukunyakaza, yonke into inamandla. UBruno ugcizelele ukuthi bekukhona ezobuciko njengabaculi, efaka umcabango wokuvela komdwebi, ubuciko abuyazi imithetho, abufundiwe, buvela ngokuphefumulelwa.
Intuthuko elandelayo yenziwa phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili neMpucuko. Okunye ukuzimela kwendikimba yobuciko kwaqala ukwenziwa: ubuciko basuswa enkolweni kanye nokwenza samuntu kwamandla ukuze kube ukubonakaliswa okuqotho komlingiswa womdwebi, ngakho-ke kwagxila ezimfanelweni zokuqonda zomsebenzi hhayi ezimele.
UJean-Baptiste Dubos, umpristi ongumFulentshi, usolwazi, kanye nesazi sefilosofi, ekuzicabangeni okubalulekile, mayelana nomqondo wezinkondlo nokudweba, ngonyaka we-1719, uvula indlela ye-pragmatism yenjabulo, egcina ukuthi ubuhle abuveli engqondweni kodwa ngemizwa. kanye nemizwa. Ngakho-ke, ngale ndlela ye-Dubos, ubuciko bujabulisa, buhambela emoyeni ngendlela eqondile futhi esheshayo, kunolwazi olunengqondo.
I-Dubos yathola inkululeko yokuzikhethela lokho okujabulisa umuntu, yaphikisana nemithetho esungulwe yi-academy futhi yafaka isithombe "sobuhlakani" njengengqikithi yemvelo, ehamba ngaphezu kwemithetho nezindinganiso.
Iminyaka yesimanje
Ebhekene nezinhlobonhlobo zezinkolelo-mbono zobuciko, ezivame ukuphikiswa, izithenjwa ezikhuluma nge-historiography yobuciko ziye zanezelwa, eziye zaba yimfundo yaseyunivesithi, eye yabonwa kakhulu ngababhali abaningi bolimi lwesiJalimane, abaguqule umlando. yobuciko ibe isayensi yezenhlalo.
Ukugxekwa kwezobuciko nakho kubekwe njengomsebenzi ohlobene kakhulu nohwebo lobuciko, ngendlela efanayo nokugxekwa kwemibhalo esihlokweni sokuhlela, nokugxekwa komculo ngaphakathi kwebhizinisi lezokuzijabulisa, elaziwa ngokuthi ibhizinisi lokubonisa.
Ukumelwa kwenjabulo yezemfundo emiklomelweni nasemibukisweni efana neParis Salon kwaphikiswa yimihlangano yokuzikhethela efana neSalon des Refusés, ebhekisela kuSalon of the Rejected ngo-1863, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kancane kancane yakha incazelo entsha yobuciko obuzimele obabukhona. futhi ifakwe ezikhungweni, umphumela ungaphansi kokugxekwa okusha nokungavumelani kwesizukulwane.
Ngemuva kokugqashuka okunqumayo kwezinhlelo zobuciko ezamukelwe yi-impressionism ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kanye nenqubekelaphambili yobuciko eyalandela yekhulu lama-XNUMX, lapho ngayinye inemibono yayo kanye nesikhala sayo ngaphakathi kobuciko okuthi ngokuboniswa, imiqondo emisha. zobuciko besimanje kanye nobuciko besimanje kwasungulwa.
Ubuciko besimanje abukho mayelana nobuciko beNkathi Yesimanje, yilokho esikwazi njengobuciko besimanje, empeleni akubona bonke ubuciko besikhathi samanje, kunalokho ukuthi ngobuhle buholela ezidingweni ezingapheli ezinikeza imininingwane ngekhefu lobuhle eliphikisana nemfundo. Lokhu akwenziwa ngesimanjemanje, kunalokho ngokusetshenziswa komqondo wenkululeko kwezobuciko.
Ukucatshangelwa kwethiyori mayelana nobuciko, kwaqhubeka kuboniswa njengenye yezinjongo eziyinhloko eziyinhloko zomcabango nefilosofi, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-1918, isebenza njengenguquko enkulu kwezobuciko besimanje, kanye nomphakathi wangaleso sikhathi, obizwa ngokuthi izimboni. , umphakathi omkhulu noma wabathengi, ngaphakathi kokuqukethwe komlando wezimpi zeminyaka ye-1939 kuya ku-1929: inguquko yeSoviet, i-fascism; kanye nenhlekelele yonyaka ka-XNUMX.
Iziveza ezincazelweni zamanoveli, eziningi ezinokhahlo lwe-dialectical, njengoba kufakazelwa ubuciko obumsulwa nobuciko besimanje, ubuciko obungenantshisekelo, ubuciko obungahloniphi ubuntu.
Ikhulu le-XIX
I-Romanticism, eyazalelwa eJalimane ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX kanye nenhlangano eyaziwa kakhulu ye-Sturm und Drang, yaphuma ngokunqoba ngombono wobuciko obuchuma ngokwemvelo kumuntu ngamunye, bukhulisa umqondo wobuhlakani, ubuciko banenkululeko yokuveza imizwa yabo njengengcweti eqala ukuguqula amaqiniso noma izinto zabo zibe izinganekwane.
Ochwepheshe abaningi bazinikeze umsebenzi wokunikeza imibono yabo mayelana nokuthi kusho ukuthini ubuciko, njengokuthi: uNovalis noFriedrich von Schlegel, abashiwo kumagazini odumile i-Athenäum, abangabahleli babo, lapho izinkulumo zokuqala zavela zokuzimela kwezobuciko. ehlangene nemvelo.
Kulaba babhali ababili, ingxenye engaphakathi yomdwebi ingatholakala emsebenzini wobuciko, kanye nolimi lwakhe lwemvelo lokuziveza.
U-Arthur Schopenhauer, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane, wanikeza incwadi yakhe yesithathu ethi The World njengentando kanye nokumelela imfundiso yobuciko: ubuciko buyindlela yokubalekela isimo sokungajabuli komuntu. Waqhathanisa ulwazi nendalo yobuciko, okuyindlela ejule kakhulu yokwazi.
Ubuciko yikuxoxisana okwenzeka phakathi kwentando kanye nonembeza, phakathi kwento nesihloko, ukuthola isimo se-mysticism kanye ne-placidity. I-aesthetic consciousness yisimo sokungathandisisi izinto ezingaqondakali, lapho yonke into ibonwa futhi icwebezele ngobumsulwa bayo obubucayi nobujulile.
Ubuciko buvezwa olimini lokuzwisisa hhayi ukucabanga, buhambisana nefilosofi, izimiso zokuziphatha kanye nenkolo. Engumlamuli ngefilosofi yaseMpumalanga, waveza ukuthi umuntu makakhululeke emzamweni wokuphila, ekusweleni, okuvela enjabulweni. Ubuciko yisisho sokususa intando, futhi ukwazi ukufinyelela ngale "mina" uqobo.
UWilhelm Richard Wagner, umqambi, wakwazi ukuqoqa ukungaboni ngasolinye, okungukuthi, izincazelo ezimbili ezingaqondwa phakathi kokubona kanye nokomoya ka-Arthur Schopenhauer, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane: ku-Opera kanye nedrama phakathi nonyaka ka-1851. Inhloso "yomsebenzi wobuciko ophelele", igama lesiJalimane elithi Gesamtkunstwerk, umqondo oshiwo ngumqambi we-opera uRichard Wagner.
Kulokhu, i-synopsis yomqondo wezinkondlo yenziwa, igama, elibhekwa njengesici sowesilisa, kuyilapho umculo ubhekwa njengowesifazane. Wayebheka ulimi lwasendulo njengolusebenza kahle konkamisa, kuyilapho ukubheka ongwaqa kwakuyisici esinengqondo, ukuze ukungena komculo egameni kubonakale njengokubuyisela ekuhlakanipheni kwasekuqaleni kolimi.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kwavela inkolelo yobuhle, iwukusabela ekuthandeni izinto ezibonakalayo okwakubusa ngaleso sikhathi, kanye nokonakala nobugovu benkathi yezimboni.
Khona-ke, kwavela isitayela esasinikeza ubuciko, kanye nobuhle, ukuzimela okuthile, kwahlanganiswa endleleni ka-Théophile Gautier ethi “art for art's sake” ( L'art pour l'art), kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokukhuluma “ ngenkolo yobuhle. Lokhu kuziphatha kwazama ukwenza umdwebi azihlukanise nomphakathi ukuze azuze uhlobo oluzimele logqozi lwakhe lwangempela oluvumela kuphela ukuba athathwe ekufuneni ubuhle obukude nanoma iyiphi into yokuziphatha.
Lokhu kuba wumgomo wakhe wodwa wokuba umdwebi, ophila impilo yakhe njengokungathi umsebenzi wobuciko obumangalisayo, njengoba kubonakala emsebenzini kadandy.
Phakathi kwabacabangi abakhulu benhlangano, uWalter Pater, umhlaziyi wemibhalo, kanye nesazi-mlando sezobuciko, owangenela ekudabukeni kwesiNgisi owaziwayo, ethwebula emisebenzini yakhe, impilo yomdwebi kufanele iphile ngokuzikhandla, kodwa ifinyelele ubuhle njengokuphela kwayo. ekahle.
NgokukaPater, ubonisa ukuthi umqondo wobuciko uwubona ngeso lengqondo "umbuthano womlingo wokuba khona", njengendawo yonke ehlukile nekhululekile, etholakala kuphela ekujabuleleni, ukulungiselela ifilosofi yeqiniso yobuhle.
UCharles Pierre Baudelaire, imbongi yesiFulentshi, umbhali wendatshana, umhlaziyi wezobuciko kanye nomhumushi, wayengomunye wabantu bokuqala ababhala izincwadi abazinikezele ekuphenyeni ukuxhumana phakathi kobuciko nenkathi yezimboni esanda kuvela, ilindele ukuqala "kobuhle besimanje": kukhona okuphakade futhi okuphakade. ubuhle obuphelele, umqondo ngamunye wobuhle unesici saphakade nesikhashana, sokugcina kanye nomuntu ngamunye.
Ubuhle kufanele buvele ekuthandweni, futhi umuntu ngamunye unentshiseko yakhe ekhethekile, nayo enencazelo yakhe ehlukile yokuthi ubuhle buyini. Ekuhlotshaneni kwabo nobuciko, ubuhle bubonakalisa ngakolunye uhlangothi umqondo "ohlala phakade", obonakala ngokuthi "umphefumulo wobuciko", kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi into efaniswayo nengavamile, eba "umzimba wobuciko". art".
Ngakho-ke ubumbaxambili bobuciko butholakala njengokubonakaliswa kwe-dimorphism umuntu anayo, ohlale elindele ukwaneliseka okuphelele okubhekene nokushisekela okumholela kukho.
UCharles Pierre Baudelaire, imbongi, umbhali wendatshana kanye nomhlaziyi wezobuciko, wayenombono wakhe mayelana nobuciko njengencazelo ye-neo-Platonic yobuhle okusho ukuthi buvela emfundisweni yeSikole Sefilosofi sikaPlato; njengesifiso somuntu sokufinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu, elitholakala ngobuciko.
Umdwebi uchazwa ngokuthi "iqhawe lesimanje", isici sakhe esiyinhloko siwukuthi i-nostalgia, isifiso sobuhle obuphelele.
Ngokuphambene ne-aestheticism, indlela yokucabanga ye-aesthetics kanye nobuhle obuphelele, isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi, umhlaziyi kanye nesazi-mlando, u-Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, wakha inkolelo-mbono yezenhlalo yezobuciko: lapho ebonisa khona ku-Philosophy of Art, eminyakeni ye-1865 kuya ku-1869, esebenzisa. art to determinism, imfundiso yefilosofi, esekelwe uhlanga, okuqukethwe kanye nesikhathi.
Kusazi sefilosofi u-Taine, umqondo wobuhle kanye "nesayensi yobuciko" usebenza njenganoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi wesayensi, ngokusekelwe ezinyathelweni ezicatshangelwayo nezokuhlola. Ngalo mqondo, kungahlotshaniswa ne- i-pedagogical theory, lapho ubuciko bubuye bube nendima ebalulekile emfundweni.
Ngokufanayo, isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi kanye nembongi uJean-Marie Guyau Tuillerie, uveza ku-The Problems of Contemporary Aesthetics of 1884, kanye ne-Art from the Sociological Point of View ka-1888, umbono lapho ubuciko buthuthuka, futhi bugcina lobo buciko Butholakala empilweni. , futhi iqhubeka njengoba yenza.
Njengoba nje ukuphila komuntu kuhlelwe ngomqondo wezenhlalo, ubuciko kufanele bube ukubonakaliswa komphakathi. Mayelana nalokhu, ungabonisana okwengeziwe mayelana umlando wobuciko, echaza ngokuziphendukela kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Uma kukhulunywa nge-sociological aesthetics, kungashiwo ukuthi yagcina ubudlelwano obuqinile nobuqiniso bezithombe kanye nezinhlangano zezombangazwe ze-leftist, ngokugcizelela ngokukhethekile i-utopian socialism, lapho ababhali abaningana abafana no: Henri de Saint-Simon, isazi sefilosofi saseFrance, isazi sezomnotho kanye nezenhlalakahle. isazi semibono ; UFrançois Marie Charles Fourier, usocialist ongumFulentshi, kanye noPierre-Joseph Proudhon, isazi sefilosofi esiguquguqukayo saseFrance kanye nesombusazwe, bavikele umsebenzi wobuciko bezenhlalo, njengokweseka ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi, ukuhlanganisa ubuhle kanye nenzuzo kukonke ngokuvumelana okuphelele.
Ngokufanayo, kungabonakala ukuthi e-United Kingdom, umsebenzi womlobi waseBrithani, umhlaziyi wezobuciko kanye nesazi sezenhlalakahle, omunye wabaphathi abakhulu be-prose yesiNgisi, waba nesandla ekusetshenzisweni kobuciko ematsheni aseVenice kusukela ngo-1851 kuya ku-1856 Ruskin. kubika ngokucekelwa phansi kobuhle nokusatshalaliswa kobuciko okwenziwa umphakathi othuthukile, kanye nokululazwa kwesigaba sabasebenzi, ukuvikela umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle wobuciko.
Ngonyaka we-1879, ubuciko babantu, bacela ukuthi kwenziwe izinguquko emnothweni nasemphakathini, bethi ubuciko "obenzelwe abantu kanye nabantu". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uMorris, umdali wenhlangano Yezobuciko Nezandla, wasekela ubuciko obusebenzayo, obusebenzayo obuhlangabezana nezidingo ezibonakalayo, kodwa hhayi ezingokomoya.
Zivela emibhalweni, iminyaka engu-1882 kuya ku-1884, ebhekisela kubuhle, futhi I-Ends of Art ka-1887, yabeka incazelo yobuciko be-utilitarian, kodwa, ihlukaniswe nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza ezinobuchwepheshe kakhulu, eduze nomqondo we-socialism eduze. ku-Medieval corporatism.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umsebenzi wobuciko wagxekwa umbhali waseRussia uLev Tolstoy: othi kuyini ubuciko?, Unyaka we-1898, edalula ukulungisiswa kobuciko bezenhlalakahle, isihloko lapho ubuciko, obuyingxenye yokuveza, buvunyelwe kuphela uma imizwa eyidluliselayo ingabuyiselwa ngokubamba iqhaza kwabo bonke abantu.
U-Tolstoy uthi okuwukuphela kwesizathu esizwakalayo ukungenelela kobuciko ukuze kufinyelelwe ubunye babantu: kucatshangwa ukuthi umsebenzi wobuciko ungaba nenani lenhlalo kuphela lapho udlulisela ngempela izindinganiso zobungane, ezihumusha imizwa nemizwelo evuselela ukuhlangana kwamadolobhana.
Ngalezo zikhathi kwaqala inqubo yokufunda ubuciko kwezokusebenza kwengqondo. USigmund Freud, udokotela wezinzwa wase-Austrian, waqala umkhuba wokuhlaziya ingqondo kwezobuciko encwadini kaLeonardo da Vinci ethi A Childhood Memory, kusukela ngo-1910, evikela ubuciko njengenye yezindlela zokuveza ukulangazelela, umfutho ovinjwe ngendlela ephakeme.
Wagcizelela ukuthi umdwebi uwuphawu lwe-narcissistic, osondelene kakhulu nengane, obonisa izifiso zakhe kwezobuciko, futhi wagcina ukuthi imisebenzi yobuciko ingahlaziywa njengamaphupho, nezifo zengqondo, ngomkhuba wokuhlaziya ingqondo. Yayisekelwe endleleni ye-semiotic, okusho ukutadisha izimpawu ezihlukahlukene.
Ngokunjalo, uCarl Gustav Jung, udokotela wengqondo waseSwitzerland, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo kanye nesazi sendatshana, wahlobanisa ukusebenza kwengqondo nemikhakha eyahlukene, okuyifilosofi, isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, inkolo, izincwadi nezobuciko. Kungabonakala ekunikeleni kwengqondo yokuhlaziya kusukela ngonyaka we-1928, wancoma ukuthi izici zezimpawu ezikhona ngaphakathi kobuciko ziphathwe "njengezithombe zokuqala", noma "i-archetypes", ezigxiliswe "ku-collective subconscious". ” kumuntu.
U-Wilhelm Dilthey, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane, isazi-mlando, isazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo kanye ne-hermeneutic, ubonisa indlela yobuhle bamasiko, inkolelo-mbono mayelana nobunye bobuciko nokuphila. Elindele ubuciko benqubekelaphambili, u-Dilthey wasola ukuthi ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, ubuciko bebusuka ezinkambisweni zezemfundo, nokuthi babululama kanjani ngamandla amakhulu ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi, onamandla okuziba noma ukudumisa umsebenzi umculi othize..
Wakwazi ukufeza "isiphithiphithi sokunambitheka" kulo lonke leli qoqo lobuciko, athi liyinguquko yomphakathi yokuchazwa kobuqiniso, kodwa wakwazi ukubona ukuthi kwakungokwesikhashana, ngakho-ke kwakudingeka ukuthola " ubudlelwane obunempilo phakathi komcabango wobuhle nobuciko".
Ngale ndlela, wanikeza "isayensi yomoya" njengesivikelo kwezobuciko, kuphela isihloko se-psychology: ukuqeqeshwa kwezobuciko kungenxa yocwaningo ngencazelo ye-psychology ye-illusion.
Ekuphileni nasezinkondlweni zonyaka we-1905, wabonisa i-epic njengendlela yokuphila, njengesipiliyoni, esiveza iqiniso langaphandle lokuphila. Ngakho-ke, indalo yobuciko njengomgomo wayo wokuqinisa umbono maqondana nomhlaba wangaphandle, iziveze njengento enengqondo nephusile.
Ikhulu lamashumi amabili
Phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX, kuye kwacatshangelwa ukusungula okusha mayelana nomqondo wobuciko: ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono yokuhlakanipha enengqondo, okuholela emiqondweni yemvelo yomuntu siqu kanye neyomuntu siqu, kusukela ekuhambeni kwezothando nokucacisa emsebenzini wababhali abafana noKierkegaard kanye U-Nietzsche, abacabanga ukuhlukana nesiko nokubuyela emuva ebuhleni bakudala.
Incazelo yeqiniso yagxekwa izinkolelo-mbono zesayensi zakamuva: ukuzithoba kwesikhathi sikaBergson, ukuhlobana kuka-Einstein, i-quantum mechanics nezinye eziningi. Kodwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuchwepheshe obusha buguqula ubuciko bube yimisebenzi ehlukene, njengoba kunjalo ngezithombe kanye ne-cinema, enesibopho sokubonisa iqiniso.
Zonke lezi zakhi ziqala ukuqala kobuciko obungabonakali, umculi, okwamanje, akazami ukubonisa iqiniso, lokho akufunayo ukukhombisa izwe lakhe elingaphakathi, abonise imizwa yakhe. Njengamanje, ubuciko bunokuguquguquka okuqhubekayo okubheke enjabulweni, futhi kuguqulwa ngokuhambisana nenkampani yabo: njengoba kwenzeka ngobuciko be-classic obusekelwe kufilosofi yemibono engaguquki, ubuciko bamanje buthola injabulo kunembeza wezenhlalakahle wenjabulo, okungukuthi isiko labantu abaningi.
Ngokunjalo, ukuncishiswa okuthuthukisiwe kokungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kumele kuthakazelelwe, ngoba ezikhathini zezinganekwane, lapho iningi labantu lalingakwazi ukufunda, ubuciko bezithombe babuvame ukuba yindlela engcono kakhulu yokuxhumana ngolwazi, ikakhulukazi ngomqondo wenkolo, okungeyona indlela yokufunda. kubalulekile ekhulwini lamashumi amabili.
Ukuba enye yezibonakaliso zokuqala zeMarxism: emsebenzini kaMarx, kwaboniswa ukuthi ubuciko "isakhiwo esiphezulu" samasiko, esisungulwa yizimo zezenhlalakahle nezomnotho zabantu.
Ama-Marxists agcina ukuthi ubuciko buwukubonakaliswa kweqiniso lezenhlalakahle, nakuba uMarx ngokwakhe engazange abone ukuxhumana okuqondile okuyiqiniso okwakukhona phakathi komphakathi othile kanye nobuciko obukhiqizayo.
UGueorgui Valentínovich Plejánov, umguquki waseRussia, isazi semfundiso yenkolo kanye nomsakazi weMarxism, ku-Art and Social Life yonyaka we-1912, usungula ubuhle bezinto ezibonakalayo obuphika "ubuciko ngenxa yobuciko", kanye nobuntu bomculi ongaphandle emphakathini. lokho kuhlanganisa naye..
UWalter Benjamin, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane, umhlaziyi wemibhalo, umhumushi kanye nombhali wendatshana, waphinde wathinta ubuciko bokuzivelela kwemvelo, okunengqondo kuye, ngokuthi "umvuthwandaba we-dialectic yesimanjemanje", ukuphothulwa kwe-eseyi ehlanganisa ubuciko njengendlela yokubonisa. umhlaba ozungezile. Wazama ukuhumusha indima yobuciko emphakathini wanamuhla, enza uphenyo lwe-semiotic, lapho ubuciko buvezwa ngezimpawu umuntu azama ukuzichaza ngaphandle kokuthola umphumela okuthiwa umnandi.
Emsebenzini wobuciko, ngezikhathi zokuhlolwa noma ukuhlolwa kwezobuchwepheshe, ngonyaka we-1936, indlela amasu amasha wokukhiqiza ubuciko bezimboni abonwa ngayo, angashintsha incazelo yobuciko, lapho elahlekelwa ukugxila entweni eyodwa, futhi eqinisweni ubukhazikhazi bawo benhlonipho yasenganekwaneni, okuvumela ukuvulwa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuvuma ubuciko, zisahlukanisiwe kuBenjamin, nokho, ngesixhumanisi esikhululekile nesivulekile ngemisebenzi yobuciko.
U-Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane, kanye noBenjamin, owayesesikoleni saseFrankfurt, bavikela ubuciko be-avant-garde njengempendulo yobuchwepheshe obukhulu bomphakathi wanamuhla. Ugcizelele ku-Aesthetic Theory yakhe yonyaka we-1970, wagcizelela ukuthi ubuciko buwubuhlakani bezinto zokuzilibazisa zamasiko omphakathi, nokho, nakuba bekungeyona indlela ethembekile yokubonisa ngayo.
Ngoba ubuciko bubonisa okungekho, okungelona iqiniso, noma ukwehluleka lokho, kubonisa ukuthi yini ekhona, kodwa ngamathuba okusabalalisa. Ubuciko "buwukuphika into" okuthi ngokuyiphikisa ibonise, ibonise lokho okungekho ekuqaleni. Kungukulingisa, amanga, okubonisa into engekho sengathi ikhona, enikeza ukuthi okungenakwenzeka kuyenzeka.
UJohn Dewey wayengumfundisi waseMelika, isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo kanye nesazi sefilosofi, omele i-pragmatism, futhi enolwazi kwezobuciko, wacabanga ubuciko ngokuthi "umvuthwandaba wemvelo", ethanda ukuthi isisekelo se-aesthetics isipiliyoni sezinzwa.
Umsebenzi wobuciko ungomunye umphumela womsebenzi wemvelo womuntu, ondlela yakhe yokuhlela ithobela izimo zemvelo lapho ikhula khona. Ngakho-ke, ubuciko "buyinkulumo" ehlose ukuhlanganisa iziphetho nezindlela zibe yinto ethakazelisayo.
KuDewey, ubuciko obunjengomunye umsebenzi owenziwa ngumuntu, buhilela ukuhlinzeka ngesinyathelo sokuqala nokusungula, kanye nokuhlobana phakathi kwesihloko nento, phakathi komuntu kanye nezimo zemvelo nezinto ezibonakalayo lapho umsebenzi wembuleka khona.
UJosé Ortega y Gasset, isazi sefilosofi saseSpain kanye nombhali wendatshana, uhlole Ukwehliswa kobuntu kobuciko ngonyaka we-1925, ubuciko benqubekelaphambili kusuka encazelweni "yomphakathi omkhulu", lapho ingxenye encane yobuciko be-avant-garde idala umzabalazo wokudla ubuciko. umphakathi .
Ngokufanayo, u-Ortega ugcizelela ukuthi kwezobuciko kukhona "ukwehliswa kobuntu" okubangelwa ukulahlekelwa umbono womlando, okusho ukuthi, ukukwazi ukuphenya ngemininingwane ebanzi ye-sociocultural essence esebenzisana nobuciko be-avant-garde. Ukulahlekelwa indlela engokoqobo, yokulingisa u-Ortega ayayazisa kubuciko be-avant-garde kuphakamisa ukungafaki indlela yomuntu eyayikhona kubuciko bezazi zemvelo.
Ngokufanayo, ukulahlekelwa komuntu kuholela ekunyamalaleni kwezici ezihlobene nobuciko be-classical, kucatshangelwa ikhefu phakathi kwalokho okuwubuciko nomphakathi, nokukhiqiza indlela entsha yokuqonda ubuciko engaqondwa kuphela abalandeli bayo.
Ukwazisa kobuhle bobuciko obungahloniphi ubuntu bumayelana nokuzwela okusha okusekelwe ekufaneni okungelona imizwa, njengoba kwakunjalo ngobuciko bothando, kodwa ngebanga, ukulinganisa kwezingxube. Ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kobuciko nobuntu kucabangela injongo yokubuyela ekubeni khona, yokunciphisa incazelo yobuciko njengomsebenzi wesibili womuntu.
U-Luigi Pareyson, isazi sefilosofi sase-Italy, esikoleni se-semiotic, wakha i-Aesthetics. Ithiyori ye-modal aesthetics kusukela ngonyaka we-1954, i-hermeneutic aesthetic, ehumusha inqubo noma indlela enesibopho sokuhumusha imibhalo, lapho ubuciko buhumusha iqiniso. KuPareyson, ubuciko buyinto “eyakhayo”, okusho ukuthi, iveza indlela yokwenza izinto “kanye nokwenza, okusungula indlela yokwenza izinto”.
Lokho ekugcineni akuhumushayo, okungasekelwe emithethweni ehlala njalo, ngokuphambene nalokho, kuyabalula ngokuya ngokuthi umsebenzi wenziwa kanjani, futhi uyiphrojekthi ngesikhathi sokuwenza. Ukuze, ekufomeni, umsebenzi wobuciko awugcini ngokuthi "umphumela", kodwa "impumelelo" lapho umsebenzi uthola khona inkambiso ewufanelekelayo.
Ngakho-ke, ubuciko yinoma yimuphi umsebenzi ozama ukufinyelela esiphethweni, ngaphandle kokungenelela kwezindlela ezithile, ukuthola ukuze kwenziwe inqubo yokusungula izinto ezintsha eziphetha ngemiphumela yangempela neyokusungula.
U-Pareyson waba nethonya elikhulu eSikoleni saseTurin esaziwayo, esafeza umqondo waso we-ontological wobuciko: Umberto Eco, umbhali wase-Italy, isazi sefilosofi noprofesa wasenyuvesi, ku-Open Work ka-1952, wagcizelela ukuthi umsebenzi wobuciko utholakala kuphela ekuchazeni kwawo, ekuvuleni izincazelo ezihlukahlukene zombukeli. Lokhu kusesha kwencazelo kubuye kwabonwa ku- ubuciko be-postmodern, lapho izincazelo eziningi zivulekele ukuzithoba.
U-Gianteresio Vattimo, owaziwa ngokuthi uGianni Vattimo, isazi sefilosofi sase-Italy, ku-Poetry and Ontology ka-1968, uhlobanisa ubuciko nokuba, ngakho-ke ngokoqobo, ngoba kusebuciko lapho iqiniso libukeka limsulwa futhi libalulekile.
Lona omunye wemiphumela yokugcina yefilosofi kanye nezobuciko i-postmodernity, igama elisetshenziselwa ukubiza ukunyakaza kobuciko, amasiko, ukubhala kanye nefilosofi yekhulu lama-XNUMX. Kuyithiyori yezenhlalo namasiko manje efuna ukuba semthethweni kwenkathi yomlando eyayiqokomise iphrojekthi yesimanje, ehumusha, izimpande zamasiko, ezombangazwe nezomnotho eziyiqiniso kuNkathi Yesimanje ezikhonjiswe ngokwamasiko Ukukhanyiselwa, kwezombangazwe ngu. iNguquko YaseFrance nasohlangothini lwezomnotho olukhonjiswe iNguquko Yezimboni.
Phambili kweziphakamiso zobuciko obuphambili, ama-postmodernists awavezi imibono emisha, noma isimilo noma ubuhle; okuwukuphela kwento abayenzayo ukuchaza kabusha iqiniso elibazungezile, ngokukhiqizwa kwezithombe zangaphambilini, ezikwazi ukulahlekelwa ukugxila kwazo.
Umphumela wokuphindaphinda uhlanganisa indlela yobuciko ngaphakathi kobuciko ngokwayo, ukukhungatheka kokuzibophezela kwezobuciko kuyavunywa, ukungakwazi kobuciko ukuguqula ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ubuciko be-postmodern bubuya ngaphandle kokuhlobisa ku-essence yeqiniso evamile, emsebenzini wobuciko bento, "kubuciko ngenxa yobuciko", ngaphandle kokuzama ukwenza noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenguquko, noma ikhefu. Abanye bochwepheshe bayo bezenkolo ababaluleke kakhulu uJacques Derrida noMichel Foucault.
Ukuphetha, kungashiwo ukuthi amafomula amadala asekela ubuciko ekubunjweni kokuhle, noma ukwehluleka lokho, ngokuphindaphinda kwemvelo, okuye kwabonakala kuyi-archaic, futhi namuhla ubuciko buyisimo esinamandla, esihlala unomphela. ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, okuphinde kwethulwe emithonjeni yezindaba, emithonjeni yezindaba yabathengi, enezici izikhathi eziningi njengokudlulayo, nombono omfushane, okhona ngokuphumelelayo phakathi kombono nento, ekuqaleni kwawo komqondo kanye nasekufezeni kwawo ngokomzimba.
UMorris Weitz, isazi sefilosofi saseMelika, esizinikele ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezobuhle, kanye nommeleli we-aesthetics yokuhlaziya, egcinwe encwadini ethi The Role of Theory in Aesthetics kusukela ngo-1957, ukuthi "akunakwenzeka ukusungula noma yiluphi uhlobo lwenqubo yobuciko edingekayo neyanele; ngakho-ke, noma iyiphi inkolelo-mbono yobuciko yinto engenakwenzeka enengqondo, futhi kunzima ukuyithola kulokho okunzima."
Ngokwendlela ka-Weitz, ikhwalithi yangaphakathi ubuciko bobuciko obunayo ukuthi ngokuvamile ikhiqiza amafomu nezinto ezintsha, ngakho "izimo zobuciko azikwazi ukusungulwa kusengaphambili." Ngokufanayo, “ukucatshangwa okuyisisekelo kokuthi ubuciko bungaba isihloko sanoma iyiphi incazelo engokoqobo noma eyiqiniso ungamanga”
Okokugcina, ukuntuleka kwencazelo yobuciko kulele ekunciphiseni kwayo ezigabeni ezithile ezinjengokuthi: ukulingisa, ukuzijabulisa, njengokukhuluma. Ubuciko bubonwa njengomqondo ophelele, oqukethe zonke lezi zitatimende nezinye izinto eziningi. Incazelo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo futhi evulekele ukuhumusha okusha, okungenakusungulwa ngendlela okuvunyelwene ngayo, ngokuphambene nalokho, kufanele iqoqe zonke izithakazelo zokuyiveza nokuyiqamba, ibe i-synopsis ebanzi futhi ezithobayo yazo zonke.
Ubuciko kuwumsebenzi womuntu oqaphelayo okwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha izinto, ukwakha amafomu, noma ukuveza isipiliyoni, uma umkhiqizo walokhu kuzalanisa, ukwakhiwa, noma ukuvezwa ungajabulisa, unyakaze, noma ushaqeke.
I-Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Indaba Yemibono Eyisithupha. 1976
Imibono yobuciko kanye nababhali ababaluleke kakhulu
Izindlela zocwaningo zomlando wezobuciko
Einfuhlung. Uzwela by: Einfühlung
U-Wilhelm Worringer, ovela ku: Wilhelm Worringer
Ukuhleleka
Jacob Burckhardt, okuyingxenye yenkathi edlule
UMax Dvorak, de:Max Dvorak
I-Iconology
Abby Warburg
U-Erwin Panofsky
U-Ernst Hans Joseph Gombrich
isayensi yezenhlalo yobuciko
U-Pierre Francastel, fr:Pierre Francastel
Isakhiwo
UMichel Foucault
Umberto Echo
Amazwibela wethiyori yezobuciko
Ngokwesiko, ithiyori yezobuciko inomqondo wento yayo. Izinga lobunzima elethulwa yinoma iyiphi ithiyori yobuciko linempande ekabili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlukahluka kwemidiya, imikhuba kanye nezinto, esivame ukukubheka njengobuciko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwehlukahlukana kwemisebenzi namagugu enziwe imisebenzi yobuciko kuwo wonke umlando wabo.
Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ngokubonakala kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi okwenziwa ngomumo, ukungqubuzana kobuciko bokucabanga kwaba kubi nakakhulu lapho kungenzeka ukwenza ubuciko nganoma iyiphi into, ngaphandle kokuba kube khona ithuba lokuqonda ekuqaleni, into eyavezwa endaweni yobuciko. imnyuziyamu njengomsebenzi wobuciko, noma ukwehluleka lokho kuzoba yingxenye yempahla yefenisha.
Mhlawumbe, indlela yokulungisa ukuhlukahluka kwemisebenzi, izindinganiso kanye nemiqondo okuthi, nganoma yikuphi ukufunda okulula komlando wobuciko, ikubeka njengedumela elibi ukuqhubeka nesazi-mlando sezobuciko, ukuthi u-EH Gombrich, ugcizelela ukuthi "Akukho lutho Ubuciko ; kukhona abaculi kuphela”.
Okusho ukuthi, ngendlela esobala, kumele kubhekwe amakhono akhiqiza ubuciko, kuhlaziywe ukuthi abuthola kanjani, kusukela enkabeni yalo mkhuba, okugcina sekubalulekile ekuchazeni nasekuhlaziyeni.
Ngakho-ke, nazo zonke izinkinga zomqondo wobuciko, kuye kwaba enye yezingxabano eziyinhloko ze-Aesthetics yesimanje, okuyinto ngobuningi bayo ebusweni bokungaqiniseki okukhiqizwa yicala lezinto ezenziwe ngomumo, kanye nemisebenzi ethile yezifanekiselo. ubuciko obuhambisana nekhulu le-XX, njenge-Brillo Boxes ka-A. Warhol, oye wazama ukubhekana nesihloko ngamathuluzi amasha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungabonakala phakathi kwemibono evuma ukusetshenziswa okuchazayo kwencazelo yobuciko, naleyo ehlala ngaphakathi komqondo wobuciko, osetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ngendlela yokuhlola.
Ngaphandle kokuba khona kokufaneleka kwezobuciko bekungeke kube khona ubuciko. Umqondo wobuciko, kubhekwa ukuthi ukuba sendaweni yobuciko akunqunyelwe ukuqashelwa kwevelu ethile noma ukufaneleka, kodwa ngokuthanda impahla ethile engabalulekile. Ngokwale ncazelo, noma iyiphi ingxenye ingaba ubuciko, noma kunjalo, ayibalulekile ngempela.
Ubuciko njengokumelela kungenye yezincazelo ezidume kakhulu zobuciko ezibuqaphela ngengqikithi yobuciko ukuya kokwenziwa samuntu. Ngokuvamile, isici sokumelela sikhiqiza i-amplitude ebanzi kanye nokukhanya okuphansi njengesigaba sokuqonda umhlaba wobuciko.
Umdwebo noma umdwebo ungabhekwa njengezethulo ezibukwayo, njengoba nje i-hieroglyph injalo, kodwa lolu hlobo lomfanekiso ongokomfanekiso alubhekwa njengokusungula ngokwalo ukwenziwa samuntu kobuciko.
Ngokufanayo, ulwazi lokumelela lubukeka luncane uma ubheka izinqubo zobuciko ezifana nomculo noma izakhiwo lapho ulwazi lungedluli khona. Sekukonke, umcabango walokho okuhlanganisa imikhuba yobuciko ehlukene wulwazi lokwenza samuntu, oseluhambe ibanga elide emlandweni wokucabanga kobuhle.
KumaGreki, umcabango wokudweba, ukudweba, idrama noma umculo wahlangana ngaphansi kwendlela yokwenza samuntu okulingisa okwavunyelwa. Indlela elula yokuqonda ukwenziwa samuntu kwe-mimetic ingase ilele esigabeni sokwenziwa samuntu esizolingisa isici somzwelo salokho esikumelelayo. Sincoma ubuciko be-mesopotamian ngokubaluleka kwamasiko.
Umlingisi uzokwenza samuntu umlingisi, akopishe ukuthinta kwakhe, indlela yakhe yokukhuluma nokuziphatha, kanti umdwebo uzowenza samuntu amagilebhisi ukukhombisa ukubukeka kwawo okubonakalayo. Indlela efaneleke kakhulu yokuqonda incazelo yenganekwane ye-mimesis ingabamba ukuthi into yobuciko yakha inkohliso yento eyibonisayo.
Ngakho-ke, umdwebo wamagilebhisi kaZeusis, noma ukulengiswa kukaParrhasius kungafinyelela umphumela wokubona ngeso lengqondo into engekho ngempela kanye nedrama engalungile yokukhiqiza umzwelo owawuzokhiqizwa umbono wezenzakalo.
Ekugcineni, lokho okuzohlanganisa umdwebo, ukudweba kanye nedrama, kungaba ikhono lokwakha inkohliso yezinto nezenzakalo ezibonisiwe. Ukuba yilokho okungahlukanisa ubuciko kwezinye izinhlobo zezethulo ezinjengokuthi: ezolimi, kungaba yikhono lokuletha into efanayo ekhonjiswe ezinzwa. Le ndlela yokumelela iyona esebenza ekugxekeni kukaPlato kwezobuciko njengokuthi "ikhophi nje yokubukeka" kanye "nokukhohlisa kwezinzwa", njengoba kwenzeka emcabangweni ka-Aristotelian weshwa.
Ngenhloso yezwe eliyinganekwane kuze kube iRenaissance, abadwebi nabaqophi bezithombe babeyizingcweti ezazinekhono lokwazi kahle indlela ethile, kuyilapho izimbongi nabaculi bengacatshangelwa phakathi kweqembu elifanayo, ngokuphambene nombono wangaphambili we-sophistical laba kwakungabantu abadalwe. ngomdlandla, okusho ukuthi, ngoba babegqugquzelwe iminyuziyamu.
Ngesikhathi seNkathi Ephakathi, izinkondlo nomculo kwakubhekwa njengobuciko obukhululekile hhayi umshini njengoba kwenzeka ukulingisa. Kamuva, emcabangweni weziyalo, umculo umakwa ku-Quadrivium, kuyilapho izinkondlo ziwugcina ngaphakathi kweKristeller Trivium. Nokho, alukho uhlobo oluvamile lobuciko, incazelo yobuciko ehlanganisa zonke lezi ezaziwa namuhla futhi ezibhekwa njengehlukile kwezinye iziyalo ezifana nesayensi noma ifilosofi.
Ukuphetha, cishe, izikhathi ezimbili ezinhle zingafakazelwa ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthuthukisweni komlando wobuciko, okungukuthi, owokuqala, owaqala u-Leon Battista Alberti, iminyaka engu-1404 kuya ku-1472, okwenzeka kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX, ngalesi sikhathi kuhloswe ngayo ukucacisa ukuthi inhloso yocwaningo lwalesi sifundo isho ukuthini, isiphi isikhathi esifunda ngaso, kanye nezitayela neciko.
