I-Universe ikhipha imisebe kuzo zonke izikhombisi-ndlela ze-longitudinal namagagasi e-electromagnetic spectrum. Le misebe ikhona kuzo zonke izici zokuphila futhi ivumela ukusebenza kweningi lezinto eziphilayo zeplanethi futhi iyasifudumeza ngokudlulisa amandla. Nokho, kukhona indawo emkhathini evumela ukudlula kwemisebe ethile emhlabeni futhi ibizwa ngokuthi Iwindi Lomkhathi.
Liyini Iwindi Le-Atmospheric?
Kuyikhono elikhethekile lomkhathi woMhlaba ukuba obala emisebeni ethile evela emkhathini bese ivimbela ukudlula kweminye imisebe ebusweni obungenza ukuba khona kokuphila eMhlabeni kungenzeki. Ngokuvamile, imisebe evunyelwe ukungena ebusweni bomhlaba isuka e-Cosmos amaza omsakazo nokukhanya okubonakalayo. (kanye nengxenye encane ye imisebe ye-infrared kanye ne-ultraviolet) ezihambisana nalokho okuthiwa amawindi optical nomsakazo.
Iwindi le-Optical neRadio
Umkhathi womhlaba unamandla okumunca imisebe ye-electromagnetic evela endaweni yonke kumaza awo amaningi. Kunamabhendi lapho umkhathi ucishe ube sobala, futhi ezimbili zazo zibanzi ngokwanele ukuba zibe nesithakazelo sezinkanyezi kanye nenhloso yocwaningo oluqhubekayo. Lezi zifundo zibalulekile ekuqondeni umjikelezo wamanzi kuma-ecosystem ahlukahlukene kanye nobudlelwano babo ne umswakama.
Okwaziwa kakhulu “Iwindi Lokubona,” elivumela ukudlula kwamagagasi kazibuthe kagesi ngokuvamile aziwa ngokuthi i-spectrum ebonakalayo: ubude bamaza kusuka cishe kuma-nanometer angu-300 kuya kwangu-1.000 (0,3 kuya ku-1 picometer). Eyesibili yaziwa ngokuthi “Iwindi Lomsakazo” elinwebeka ngamaza amaza ukusuka ku-1 millimeter ukuya kumamitha ayi-15, (300 Ghz – 20 Mhz). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwalawa mafasitela omkhathi lubalulekile ekuqondeni umjikelezo wamanzi kuma-ecosystem ahlukahlukene.
Endaweni ephakathi kwefasitela le-optical kanye nefasitela lomsakazo, ukumuncwa komkhathi kubangelwa ikakhulukazi amanzi kanye ne-carbon dioxide, (amanye amabhendi abonisa ngale ayabonakala lapha). Ngokuphathelene namaza amade amade (phakathi kuka-1 mm no-1 cm), banesibopho sokumuncwa, ikakhulukazi, umoya-mpilo kanye nomhwamuko wamanzi.
IWindows ye-Atmospheric kuya ku-Electromagnetic Spectrum
I-Electromagnetic Spectrum ibizwa ngokuthi ukwabiwa kwamandla kwesethi yamagagasi kagesi akhishwa noma amuncwa into ethile. I-Spectra ingabonwa kusetshenziswa ama-spectroscope okuthi, ngaphezu kokunikeza ikhono lokubona i-spectrum, evumela ukuba kwenziwe izilinganiso kuyo, njengobude begagasi, imvamisa nobukhulu bemisebe. Ukuze uthole isifundo esijulile ngale miqondo, ungavakashela isihloko sethu ku ukushisa kwasekhaya.
I-Electromagnetic Spectrum isuka emisebeni ye-wavelength emifushane, njengemisebe ye-gamma nama-X-ray, ngokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, ukukhanya okubonakalayo nemisebe ye-infrared, iye kumaza kagesi amade amaza, njengamaza omsakazo. Kungenzeka ukuthi umkhawulo we-wavelength encane kakhulu ubude be-Planck nokuthi umkhawulo omkhulu uzoba ubukhulu be-Universe, nakuba isayensi igomela ngokusemthethweni ukuthi i-electromagnetic spectrum ayinamkhawulo futhi iyaqhubeka.
I-Spectrum Range
I-spectrum ihlanganisa amandla amaza kagesi anobude obuhlukahlukene. Amafrikhwensi angama-30 Hz nangaphansi avame ukukhiqizwa ama-stellar nebulae athile futhi ahambisana nocwaningo lwawo. Kutholwe amaza aphezulu kakhulu afana no-2.9 * 1027 Hz. Amagagasi kagesi aphezulu anobude obufushane begagasi namandla aphezulu, kuyilapho amaza efrikhwensi ephansi enobude obude namandla aphansi.
Kodwa-ke, noma nini lapho amagagasi kagesi esendaweni ephakathi (indaba), ubude bawo begagasi buyancipha. Ubude begagasi bemisebe kazibuthe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahamba yiphi indlela, ngokuvamile bacashunwa ngokuya ngobude begagasi ku-vacuum. Imisebe ye-electromagnetic imvamisa ihlukaniswa kuye ngobude begagasi: amaza omsakazo, ama-microwave, isifunda se-infrared nebonakalayo, esiyibona njengokukhanya, imisebe ye-ultraviolet, i-X-ray nemisebe ye-gamma.
Amagagasi omsakazo
Amaza omsakazo ngokuvamile asetshenziswa kusetshenziswa izimpondo ezinosayizi ofanele (ngokusekelwe esimisweni sokuzwakala kwe-resonance), anobude obungamaza asukela kumakhulu amamitha ukuya cishe kumilimitha. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyasebenza ekudluliselweni kwedatha, ngokushintshashintsha. Kusuka kumanethiwekhi angenawaya, ucingo oluphathwayo, ithelevishini kanye nesithombe somsindo we-magnetic, lezi ezinye zezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zalokho okubizwa nge-“Radio Waves”, okubalulekile kumongo we ukungcoliswa komkhathi.
I-Microwave
Amagagasi ahamba ngamagagasi aphezulu ngakho-ke anobude obufushane kakhulu begagasi, yingakho igama lawo. Isici sazo siwukujabulisa ama-molecule amanzi futhi atholakala phakathi kwemisebe ye-infrared namaza omsakazo avamile. Inobude obulinganiselwa ku-1 mm ukuya ku-30 cm. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kubonakala kuhhavini we-microwave ukushisa ukudla okuqukethe uketshezi, okubonisa ukusebenza okungokoqobo ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.
amagagasi e-infrared
I-infrared amaza e-electromagnetic spectrum aphakathi kokukhanya okubomvu okubonakalayo kanye namagagasi okuqala esifunda samagagasi omsakazo. Esikhaleni se-Electromagnetic Spectrum kuyaqondakala ukuthi le misebe yilokho esikuqaphela njengokushisa, uhlobo lwamandla olubalulekile ezinqubweni eziningi zemvelo, ikakhulukazi ku-.
indawo ebonakalayo
Kuyimisebe ye-electromagnetic ene-wavelength ecishe ibe ngu-400 nm no-700 nm. Kulolu hlu iLanga nezinkanyezi ezifana nalo kukhiqiza imisebe eminingi futhi imvamisa yazo ingaphezu kwe-infrared. Ukukhanya esikubonayo empeleni kuyingxenye encane ye-electromagnetic spectrum. Uthingo luyisampula yengxenye ebonakalayo ye-electromagnetic spectrum.
Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet
Eyaziwa nangokuthi imisebe ye-UV, imisebe enobude obufushane begagasi kunomkhawulo we-violet we-spectrum ebonakalayo. Ngenxa yamandla ayo, imisebe ye-ultraviolet inganqamula izibopho zamakhemikhali, yenze amangqamuzana asebenze ngendlela engavamile noma awafake i-ioning, okungaba isiqiniseko soshintsho ekuziphatheni kwawo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu ukushiswa yilanga ngisho nomdlavuza kubangelwa imisebe ye-UV yesikhumba.
Imisebe ye-X
Ama-X-ray afika ngemuva kwe-ultraviolet. Ama-X-ray aqinile anobude beza beza obufushane kune-X ray ethambile. Ukusebenziseka kwayo kuyasebenza ukubona ngokusebenzisa ezinye izinto. Ukukhishwa kwama-X-ray ezinkanyezini ze-neutron namadiski e-accretion yikhona okuvumela ukucwaninga kwalawa maza kagesi. Ama-X-ray awusizo kwezokwelapha nasezimbonini. Izinkanyezi futhi ikakhulukazi ezinye izinhlobo ze-nebulae yizona ezihamba phambili ze-x-ray.
Imisebe yeGamma
Imisebe ye-Gamma itholakala ngemva kwe-X-ray futhi ingama-photon anamandla kakhulu, futhi umkhawulo ophansi wobude bayo begagasi awaziwa. Zihlinzeka ngosizo kosonkanyezi ocwaningweni lwezinto noma izifunda ezinamandla amakhulu, futhi ziwusizo kochwepheshe befiziksi ngenxa yekhono labo lokungena kanye nokukhiqizwa kwazo kwama-radioisotopes. Ubukhulu begagasi bemisebe ye-gamma bulinganiswa ngokunemba okukhulu kusetshenziswa ukusabalalisa kwe-Compton.
I-Emission and Absorption Spectra
I-Atomic Emission Spectrum ye-elementi isethi yamaza amaza kagesi kazibuthe akhishwa ama-athomu aleyo elementi, esimweni segesi, lapho amandla adluliselwa kuyo. I-spectrum ekhishwayo ye-elementi ngayinye ihlukile futhi ingasetshenziswa ukukhomba ukuthi leyo elementi iyingxenye yenhlanganisela engaziwa.
I-spectrum yokumuncwa ibonisa ingxenye yesigameko semisebe kazibuthe kagesi into emunca phakathi kwebanga lamafrikhwensi. I-elementi yamakhemikhali ngayinye inemigqa yokumunca kwamanye ama-wavelengths, iqiniso elihlobene nomehluko wamandla we-orbitals yawo ehlukene ye-athomu. Eqinisweni, i-spectrum yokumuncwa isetshenziselwa ukukhomba izingxenye zengxenye yamasampuli athile, njengoketshezi namagesi; ngale, ingasetshenziswa ukunquma ukwakheka kwezinhlanganisela eziphilayo.
Kubalulekile ukucacisa lokho, kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi IWindows ye-atmospheric, kukhona ukumuncwa okuncane kakhulu noma akukho nhlobo noma ukukhishwa kwemisebe kazibuthe izingxenye zomoya phakathi kwento ezokalwa nezisetshenziswa zokulinganisa.
