Kulo mcimbi sikulethela ngalesi sihloko izici ezivelele kakhulu i-renaissance architecture elihambisana nekhulu leshumi nanhlanu neleshumi nesithupha lapho izincazelo zobuciko obulondolozayo zenziwa ngenxa yokuqamba okusha okuhlanganiswe yilaba baklami bezakhiwo abamangalisayo. Ungayeki ukuyifunda!
Iyini i-Renaissance Architecture?
I-Renaissance Architecture iwuhlobo olumemezela ukuvuselelwa kwesiko lasendulo, luvela edolobheni laseFlorence okungokwesizwe sase-Italy ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kusukela lapho kwasakazeka kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu.
Ngaleso sikhathi somlando, isitayela se-medieval Gothic sathathelwa indawo yilesi sitayela sokwakha esisha. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izakhiwo zeRenaissance ziyingxenye yenkathi yeRenaissance emkhakheni wezobuciko, ubuhlakani kanye nomlando.
Okuvela enkathini yamaGothic, esikhundleni sokunyakaza kweBaroque, inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukuhlenga ubuciko basendulo nemibono yefilosofi, kuhlanganise namaGreki-Roman. Ngakho umbono wakhe usekelwe ku-classicism kanye ne-humanism.
Kungalesi sikhathi somlando lapho izakhiwo zeRenaissance zithatha khona izincazelo ezihambisana nomcabango wakudala, okuhlanganisa ukulinganisa nokuhleleka osekuvele kubonakale ezakhiweni zezakhiwo emandulo.
Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ze-Renaissance zisekelwe ebuhleni bezakhiwo zayo kanye nokuvumelana ezakhiweni ezizokwakhiwa, okuvumela ukuthi izikhala zakhiwe zibe zikhudlwana futhi zicace lapho ukukhanya kubalulekile, ukuhlukanisa isitayela se-Renaissance kusukela ekuhambeni kwe-Gothic.
Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi phakathi nalokhu kunyakaza kwezobuciko amandla emindeni eyayiphethe amadolobha ase-Italy ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMXth aphakama.
Ngakho-ke, insalela yezomnotho yasakazwa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, ukuthuthukisa isimo senhlalo yedolobha, ngaleso sikhathi okwakuyizikhungo ezinhle zezentengiselwano ngenxa yenqubekelaphambili yezomnotho.
I-Renaissance Architecture ithola ukubonga kwayo kule mindeni ecebile futhi ukuthola kabusha isiko lasendulo lempucuko yasendulo yamaGreki namaRoma kwaba intuthuko enkulu ekwakheni.
Ngisho nezifundo zikaFilippo Brunelleschi zokuthola isisombululo sesakhiwo empucukweni yaseRoma yasendulo zavumela ukwakhiwa kwedome leDuomo yaseFlorence kwakuyintuthuko enkulu kulolu hlobo lwezakhiwo zeRenaissance ezaziqala kule nkathi yomlando.
Ngakho-ke le dome ihlukile empucukweni yasendulo yamaRoma ngokuthi isisekelo sayo si-octagonal, kwakusetshenziswa amadome amabili, enye ingaphakathi nenye ngaphandle, ehlanganiswe nezimbambo.
Ibuye ihambisane nesibani ekugcineni kanye nePazzi Chapel. UBrunelleschi wasebenzisa imiqondo yesilinganiso kanye namafomu ajwayelekile eRenaissance ekwakhiweni kwawo.
Imibono lapho ukwakheka kwalo mnyakazo wobuciko kusekelwe khona
Ngokukhetha izindikimba zenkolo ezizokwakhiwa ngomyalo we-Verona friar, ngaphezu kwezisekelo zezakhiwo zeRenaissance ngokunaka isiko lasendulo, kwavumela izakhiwo ezintsha enyakatho yesizwe sase-Italy.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko eyenziwa yi-oda kaSebastiano Serlio eyaguqulwa yaba incwadi lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene zamakholomu zifakiwe, kuhlanganise nezihloko kanye nokumelwa kwe-Vitruvius eyakhiwe nguLeonardo Da Vinci.
Kungemuva elimise okwesikwele kugcizelelwe ebudlelwaneni obulinganayo bezitho zomzimba womuntu zasetshenziswa ngaphezu komhlahlandlela onemifanekiso u-De Architectura kwaba ukuphumelela kubadwebi bezakhiwo bomdabu wase-Italy.
Ngakho-ke, ku-Quattrocento, ukushicilelwa kwezincwadi zobuciko bokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ze-Renaissance kwaqala, okuvelele kakhulu kulesi sifundo sezemfundo.
Hhayi-ke, yibona abaphethe ukuchaza Imithetho okufanele ilandelwe Ezimodini Zokwakha Ezinhlanu lapho ukuhleleka kungahlelekile kodwa kwethula izikhawu ezingajwayelekile emadolobheni ahlukene aseYurophu.
Encwadini kaSerliano, kuxoxwa ngezindlela ezinhlanu zokwakha noma ama-oda wezakhiwo zeRenaissance, ezihambisana nezinye izakhi ezinjengezisekelo, i-entablature yaseKorinte, isisekelo esithathwe empucukweni yasendulo.
Ukwandisa ukuphakama kwamakholomu azosetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwawo ngedayamitha eyodwa ku-oda ngalinye elizosetshenziswa kusukela kweyisithupha kuya kweyishumi inani lamakholomu likule ncwadi kaSerlio lapho kuxoxwa khona ngokulingana.
Ngisho nokubunjwa okuzosetshenziswa ukudala imodeli ewusizo yokwakha ngokusebenzisa ikhodi yemiyalelo okufanele ilandelwe futhi efinyelela umvuthwandaba phakathi kwekhulu le-XV sibonga enye incwadi eyaziwa kakhulu ethi Vignola.
Le ndoda yayibizwa ngokuthi u-Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola owalandela iziqondiso zencwadi yesine eyenziwa ngu-Serlio, enciphisa izithombe kanye neminye imigqa engezansi kwekhasi ukuze achaze imodeli ekhasini ngalinye lamashumi amathathu nambili enziwe ngamapuleti ethusi.
Ngalokhu, udala umthetho olula lapho kuchazwa uchungechunge olulandelanayo lobudlelwano bokulinganisa obekulula ukukhiqizwa abanye abakhi bezakhiwo ngesikhathi somlando.
Izikhathi ezigqamayo ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance
Ngokuqondene nezikhathi ezakha izakhiwo zeRenaissance, zihlukaniswe zibe izinkathi ezimbili ezinkulu ezaziwa ngaphansi kwamagama alandelayo ngesi-Italian: I-Quattrocento ne-Cinquecento.
I-Quattrocento
Mayelana nenkathi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Quattrocento eqala phakathi nekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, izakhiwo zeRenaissance zimelelwa uLeón Battista Alberti kanye noFilippo Brunelleschi.
Okwamukela imigqa ye-classicism futhi ingene ezenzweni zethiyori ukwenza ukwakhiwa kweFlorence kube isithombe esingokomfanekiso esivuselelwe sempucuko yamaGreki namaRoma efuna ukuthuthukisa ubuhle bezakhiwo zabo.
Izici ezivelele kakhulu zalesi sikhathi yisifiso sokwakha izakhiwo eziphelele ngokuvumelana nezifundo zezibalo nezejiyomethri ukuze kuzuzwe ukuvumelana nokulingana okwakubaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-Renaissance.
Ngenxa yalokhu, bathatha njengemojula i-radius kanye nobubanzi bezinsika noma ama-pilaster ngenxa yalokhu, izazi zemfundiso-nkolo ezinjengoPaciotti emibhalweni yakhe ziphawula ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi isilinganiso segolide esiyimitha elingu-1 ukuphakama ngamamitha angu-1,6 ububanzi ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu. ukuvumelana kwalezi zakhiwo.
Ngakho-ke, umphumela wokuphakama wokunyakaza kwe-Gothic uguqulwa ngezakhiwo ze-Renaissance ngokuvundlile kwezakhiwo zayo, futhi kusukela ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo kwakungenzeka ukuba nombono ophelele wendawo yokwakha kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbukeli ukhona kuphi.
Izakhiwo ezakhiwa ngalesi sikhathi
Ukwakhiwa kwamathempeli enkolo kwanqoba kulesi sikhathi, uhlelo lokwakha lwalufana nesiphambano sesiLatini ngisho nezakhiwo zenziwa ngohlelo oluphakathi olufana nesiphambano sesiGreki noma esiyindilinga.
Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakhiwa nezakhiwo zomphakathi, njengezigodlo, kanye nezibhedlela nemitapo yolwazi, okuyingxenye yokwakhiwa kweRenaissance.
Phakathi kwabadwebi bezakhiwo abagqamayo kulesi sikhathi kubalwa uBrunelleschi, uLeon Battista Alberti, uMichelozzo di Bartolomeo noGiuliano Sangallo.
Amakhulu amahlanu
Isikhathi esilandelayo lapho kuzothuthukiswa khona ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance yiCinquecento ngekhulu le-XNUMX, ehlanganisa izigaba ezimbili, eyokuqala yaziwa ngokuthi i-High Renaissance.
Ibonakala engxenyeni yesine yekhulu le-1527 kuze kube unyaka we-XNUMX, kulesi sigaba abakhi bezakhiwo abanjengoDonato Bramante Rafael Sanzio, u-Antonio de Sangallo Omncane kanye noMiguel Ángel Buonarotti bayagqama.
Esinye isigaba sokwakhiwa kweRenaissance saziwa ngegama elithi Mannerism futhi singeseLate Renaissance lapho isitayela seBaroque siqala ukusetshenziswa ngokulandela isitayela sikaMichelangelo.
Ukuthi ubuntu bunjani ikhwalithi yesici sezakhiwo zeRenaissance, abaklami bezakhiwo abalandelayo bayagqama kulesi sikhathi: u-Jacopo Vignola, u-Giulio Romano, u-Giacomo della Porta noma i-A Palladio kanye ne-Gin Romano.
Abazuzi boPapa bezakhiwo zeRenaissance
Ngisho naseRome, uDonato Bramante, uSangallo noVenetian Giorgione noTitian bayagqama. Mayelana nesikhathi seMannerist, uJacopo Vignola, u-Andrea Palladio, uVeronese, u-Antonio Allegri da Correggio, uGiambologna, kanye noBenvenuto Cellini bagqama ngokuphathelene nezakhiwo zeRenaissance.
Lesi sikhathi saba nokudlondlobala kwaso edolobheni laseRoma ngokungafani nenkathi yokuqala eyayiseFlorence ngenxa yeMedici. Phakathi kwabaculi abanohlonze kukhona uRaphael Sanzio, uLeonardo Da Vinci noMichelangelo.
Njengoba kuyinkathi ebaluleke kakhulu lapho kuboniswa khona ubuhle kanye nezicukuthwane, ngokungafani nenkathi yokuqala eyaba nethonya eFlorence, i-Cinquecento inenani eliphakeme kakhulu edolobheni laseRoma ngenxa yamaPapa azoba umvikeli wabadwebi abahlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo. iRenaissance.
Izici ezivelele ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance
Esikhathini sokuqala, ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance kuncike ezinsikeni ezimbili eziyisisekelo ezifana ne-classicism kanye ne-humanism, ngakho-ke amanani alo mnyakazo wobuciko ayengahlobene nokuhlakanipha kwenkathi ephakathi.
Phakathi kwezimfanelo eziyinhloko zezakhiwo zeRenaissance kugqama ukufunwa kwesiko lasendulo lamaGreki namaRoma ukuze kuguqulwe umphakathi wangaleso sikhathi ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo zisuka endaweni yokubuka.
Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo zeRenaissance zabela imigomo noma izincazelo ezinjengobuhle kanye nokuhleleka kokunyakaza nokuvumelana ekwakhiweni kwamakholomu namakhothamo.
Umbono ongcolile emkhakheni wezenkolo ubonakala ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance, njengoba izindinganiso zobuKristu zithola ithonya lesiNtaliyane emisebenzini yezithombe lapho kugqanyiswa khona umlingiswa oyisono.
Ngokunjalo, imvelo inomthelela ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance ngoba iwukudalwa kukaSomandla, ngakho-ke into eseduze kakhulu wukuphelela kobuhle balo mnyakazo weRenaissance njengento eyedwa.
Esinye sezici ezihambisana nezakhiwo zeRenaissance umbono we-anthropocentric kanye nowomuntu, ukuze indalo enkulu kaNkulunkulu ibe ngumuntu futhi isebenzisana nendawo yonke ngokobuciko basendulo basendulo.
Kubalulekile ukusho umbono njengengxenye yendawo yezakhiwo zeRenaissance ekwakhiweni okunikeza umphumela owusizo esakhiweni ngendlela ehlaziywayo nenenhloso ekhonjiswa emasontweni amakhulu lapho kungena umuntu kufanele aphakamise amehlo akhe ekufuneni uNkulunkulu. .
Ngakho-ke, ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance, kufunwa ukuba kube nentando yomuntu ngamunye lapho kungena umsebenzi wokwakha ufuna uSomandla kusukela kumuntu.
Ugqozi ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance
I-Renaissance Architecture izama ukubuyisela umbono we-classist we-Renaissance movement njengoba ungabonakala ngaphakathi kwamasonto amakhulu lapho uma sibheka phezulu singabona isibhakabhaka lapho uNkulunkulu ekhona.
Yebo baphefumulelwe amanxiwa empucuko yamaGreki namaRoma kodwa ngemininingwane yobuhle ejwayelekile yabadwebi bezakhiwo abenza umsebenzi.
Phakathi kwabo u-Leon Battista Alberti owenza i-De re aedificatoria okuyizincwadi eziyishumi lapho ethula khona ukuhleleka kwe-Vitruvian architecture ukuze ibe yingxenye yomklamo wezakhiwo we-Renaissance.
Isimo senhlalo somakhi maqondana nezincwadi zezakhiwo noma imibhalo
Ingcweti ikhuphukela ezingeni lokuba yingcweti ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance ngenxa yocwaningo lwezivumelwano abadwebi bezakhiwo abafakwe kukhathalogi njengengxenye ye-Renaissance elite njengendlela yebhizinisi.
Izivumelwano mayelana nezakhiwo zeRenaissance zivumela ukuqashelwa komuntu ngamunye ngaphambi komhlaba, ukuguqula izakhiwo zibe isiyalo sezemfundo.
Njengoba uchwepheshe bezakhiwo zeRenaissance behambisana nobukhosi, enye yezimfanelo zalezi zakhiwo kwakuwubuhle ngakho-ke zazibonisa umcabango wezombangazwe waleyo nkathi yomlando.
Ezinye izici okufanele uzazi
Izici eziphawulekayo zempucuko yasendulo zashintsha njengoba isikhathi sihamba, zashintsha ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo.
Isakhiwo samadolobha ezomnotho angaleso sikhathi emlandweni sigqamisa ukuhlangana phakathi kobuciko bakudala kanye nobusha obuzokwethulwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Lapho kubhekwa khona ezakhiweni zezakhiwo ze-Renaissance ezinesimo esingunxande ngokuqeda okulinganayo kanye nezilinganiso ezisekelwe kumojula engububanzi be-nave lapho zigcizelelwa ekwakhiweni kwamathempeli enkolo.
Izindiza zezakhiwo ze-Renaissance zinesimo sesikwele esilinganayo lapho izilinganiso zisekelwe kumojula, okuyizici eziyinhloko ze-Renaissance ekhulwini le-XNUMX, ngoba lokhu kwakudingeka kusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamakholomu, ama-pilaster, ama-vaults, ama-arches, amafasitela, izindonga nezindlu. .
I-facade yayiyi-symmetrical ngokuphathelene ne-eksisi eqondile futhi emathempelini enkolo ayethweswa umqhele ngokusebenzisa i-pediment futhi i-oda lanikezwa uhlelo lwama-pilaster, ama-entablatures kanye nama-arches abekwe.
Ezakhiweni zomphakathi zadlulwa i-cornice ngokwezinsika nama-pilaster, zazisekelwe emiyalweni eyayenziwa yimpucuko yasendulo yamaRoma, njengeTuscany, i-Ionian, iDoric, iKorinte, kanye namakhothamo ahlanganisiwe.
Ngokuphathelene namakholomu namafasitela, ukuqhubekela phambili enkabeni yomsebenzi ozokwenziwa kubonakala ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance, isibonelo salezi zindawo ezingaphambili kuyiCathedral of Pizza, okuthiwa yenziwe ngumdwebi we-Florentine ogama lakhe linguBernardo Gambarelli.
I-oda ekwakhiweni kwe-Renaissance yisakhiwo, ukugcina i-curvature eyakhiwe ngenjongo yokuhlobisa, base besondela odongeni benza ama-pilaster ngendlela ehlanganisiwe.Okunye kwezakhiwo zokuqala zokusebenzisa lesi simiso sokwakha kwakuyi-Old Sacristy eyenziwe nguBrunelleschi.
Ngokuqondene nezimbambo ezibizwa ngokuthi izimbambo ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo esikhulu futhi zibonakala ngaphandle, zazivame ukusetshenziswa ngalesi sikhathi emlandweni njengengxenye yesakhiwo ngenhloso yokukwazi ukuphahla izikhala ezincane ezibonakala ngaphakathi kokwakhiwa kwendawo ebiyelwe.
Ngemva kokuphumelela kokwakhiwa kwedome elaklanywa uBrunelleschi e-Florence Cathedral, yasetshenziswa uDonato Bramante.
Ukuze kwakhiwe i-Basilica of Saint Peter edolobheni laseRoma, okuyingxenye ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance bese idluliselwa enhlanganweni yeBaroque.
Izinto ezisimeme ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance
Izindonga namakholomu agqamile ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zokusekela isisindo esihlangene nesitayela. izinto ababezisebenzisa kwakudingeka zimelane futhi zibukeke emehlweni ababukeli, phakathi kwezinto ababezisebenzisa kwakuyizitini, ukhuni kanye nemabula.
Ngenhloso yokwenza imihlobiso, igolide, i-grotesque, i-garlands, ama-ballasts asetshenziselwa ukunikeza ukuzwela okukhulu kanye nobukhazikhazi emathempelini enkolo nemisebenzi yomphakathi efana nezinqaba.
Ophahleni basebenzise uphahla oluyisicaba ngaphezu kwamapulangwe, amakhothamo, amadome namafasitela ayewuphawu lwezakhiwo zeRenaissance futhi ekusekelweni basebenzisa amakholomu esitayela sakudala kanye nezinsika, izinsika noma amapulangwe.
Isikhathi esingokomlando sezakhiwo zeRenaissance
Njengoba sewazi kakade ngalesi sihloko esithakazelisayo, ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance kwaqala ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu esizweni samaNtaliyane edolobheni laseFlorence lapho umbutho wamaGothic wawungakangeni edolobheni futhi ngaleso sikhathi emlandweni kwakhiwa idome yesonto lombhishobhi. I-Santa Maria del Fiore.
Umuntu owayephethe lo msebenzi kwakungu-Filippo Brunelleschi owaphula ama-paradigms angaphambilini ethola kabusha i-classicism kanye nokukhuthaza imibhalo kanye nemibono emisha ehlobene nezakhiwo zeRenaissance.
Ngaleli dome lishintsha imithetho evamile yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zomphakathi lapho ukuhlukaniswa komsunguli maqondana nomakhi kwenziwa.
Elinye iqiniso okufanele licatshangelwe ekwakhiweni kwe-Renaissance ukuthi umakhi kuleli cala uBrunelleschi uveza ukubaluleka okukhulu emkhakheni wokwakha hhayi ngesitayela.
Hhayi-ke, ukwakhiwa kubonwa ngokuphelele ngocwaningo lwamanxiwa amaGreki namaRoma hhayi ekutadisheni izivumelwano zenkambiso yasendulo, ngakho-ke uchwepheshe wezokwakha iRenaissance uqinisekiswa njengongqondongqondo ophethe ukuklama bese kuthi-ke. isakhiwo..
Njengoba wazi kakade, ukwakheka kweRenaissance kwavela ngekhulu le-XNUMX edolobheni laseFlorence e-Italy, lapho isiGothic kwakuyisitayela esisha abadwebi baleyo nkathi yomlando ababefunda ngaso.
I-Renaissance Architecture idlula i-classicism ngokunikeza izixazululo zesitayela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zokwakha lapho izakhi zokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile, i-domes nama-arches, zisetshenziswa ngendlela engakaze ibonwe kuze kube yileso sikhathi, enikeza umlingiswa osebenzayo.
Igama elithi Renaissance lisho isithakazelo esivuselelwe kusiko lwakudala lwempucuko yasendulo njengesiGreki nesiRoman futhi esikhathini esingokomlando esiphakamayo, impumelelo emkhakheni wamasiko iyabonakala, njengoba kunjalo ngezincwadi nezobuciko.
I-Florence yayiyisikhungo senkathi eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Quattrocento, idolobha laseRoma lingummeleli wenkathi elandelayo ye-Cinquecento ngenxa yethonya lamaPapa, ekubeni abahlomuli kanye nenani elikhulu kakhulu lezakhiwo ezisemathempelini enkolo.
Omunye umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zikhathi ezimbili ukuthi i-Cinquecento yayine-predilection yomphumela wezibukeli ngenxa yesikhumbuzo semigqa evumela ukwakhiwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imihlobiso eminingi njengasesiteji sangaphambilini.
Inkundla yezepolitiki
Mayelana nale ndawo, kwakunemizabalazo eqhubekayo yokuthola amandla kanye nezinguquko ezizukulwaneni zobukhosi, ukulwa kwezempi nokuhlasela kwamanye amazwe.
Izimpi zesizwe samaNtaliyane zacekela phansi indawo ngokumelene neSpain neFrance, ngakho isivumelwano saseGranada ngonyaka we-1500 sahlukanisa umbuso waseNaples phakathi kwezizwe zaseSpain neFrance kamuva neSivumelwano saseLyon. idolobha laseNaples lalizoba yingxenye yoMqhele wase-Aragon.
Khona-ke uFrancisco I waba inkosi yaseFrance futhi uCarlos I waba inkosi yaseSpain, baphinda baxabana ukuze bathole isiqu soMbusi futhi phakathi kweminyaka ka-1521 no-1526 iSpain yaba umbuso owawubusa iNhlonhlo Yase-Italy.
Ngokulawulwa kwesizwe sase-Italy, ukuhlanganiswa kwenziwa ekuhwebeni kwamasiko ngendlela eqondiswe kabili phakathi kwezizwe zombili.
I-Dome yaseSanta Maria del Fiore
Leli sonto lombhishobhi laqala ngo-1296 kodwa kwase kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuqeda ukwakhiwa kwalo ngoba umakhi uBrunelleschi washona ngo-1446.
Umsebenzi wawungakaqedwa. Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi lokhu kwakhiwa akuzange kuklanywe kodwa ukuthi ukuqagela nokwakhiwa kwakho kwenziwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Kwakukhona uhlelo lwefomu okumele lidalwe ngaphezu kwezinkomba zangaphakathi, kodwa kwakukhona umbuzo wendlela yokwenza idome ngonyaka we-1418.
Izakhiwo zeRenaissance ziqala ngaleli thempeli lapho kunokukhuphuka komnotho edolobheni laseFlorentine, ngakho uFilippo Brunelleschi wayengungcweti owamukela inselele futhi wanquma ukuthuthela eRoma ngenhloso yokuthola isisombululo sale nkinga yesakhiwo.
IRoma kwakuyidolobha lamanxiwa empucuko yasendulo eyayibonakala futhi ihlotshaniswa nemvelo, ngakho iPantheon of Agrippa yayiwumthombo wogqozi kulo mdwebi.
Lawa manxiwa anobubanzi obufana nesonto lombhishobhi laseSanta Maria del Fiori, elalinedome elinekhothamo eligcwele ekugcineni, ngakho umakhi uBrunelleschi wathatha lo mbono futhi wafunda ubudlelwano besitayela, isilinganiso kanye nesimo esihlanganiswe nesakhiwo. isikhala.
Ngakho-ke uBrunelleschi ungumanduleli wezakhiwo zeRenaissance futhi ngobuntu bakhe wenza isinqumo kokungaziwa okuholele ekwakhiweni kwedome.
Kusukela kumodeli yesitayela kule nhlangano entsha ngokusebenzisa i-dome enkulu enobubanzi obungamamitha angamashumi amane nambili efinyelela umvuthwandaba ngelambu.
Le dome yenziwe ngemodeli emisha, okuyizakhiwo zeRenaissance, okwenza isigubhu sokuqala esine-octagonal ukwakha idome, okungesokuqala emlandweni wemfundo yezokwakha.
Iveza umsebenzi wobuhle ngendlela eqinile ngaphezu kokuhlangana noNkulunkulu ukuchaza kabanzi lo mklamo ngenxa yezakhiwo zeRenaissance, kwakudingeka isethi yedome ephindwe kabili, ibe eyodwa yangaphakathi futhi enye ingaphandle.
Zombili zakhiwe ngokusekelwe ezitini kumodi yentambo ethuthukela kumodi ezungezayo, okwenza umsebenzi uqine futhi uvumele igumbi lomoya elenza ukwakhiwa kube lula, linikeze isithombe sezintambo futhi liphethe ngelambu ekugcineni.
Ukufundisa ulimi lobuciko ngokusebenzisa i-Quattrocento
Ngenxa yale phrojekthi yokuqala eyenziwa nguBrunelleschi, wangena emlandweni wezobuciko njengomanduleli wezakhiwo zeRenaissance, wakha ulimi olusha lwale nsimu yezakhiwo lapho izakhi zasendulo ziyingxenye yalolu hlobo olusha lwezakhiwo.
Kodwa ukuhlelwa kwalolu limi olusha kukhona lapho incwadi kaSebastiano Serlio ishicilelwa ngekhulu le-XNUMX, engumdwebi wezakhiwo ovula ipharadigm yezakhiwo zeRenaissance Donato Bramante.
Ulwazi lwezakhiwo zeRoma neGreece lasendulo luqala njengezindlela zokuhlinzeka ngezixazululo emkhathini ngolimi olusha namasu asetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance ukuze kuqalwe kabusha izakhiwo zayo.
Abanye abadwebi bezakhiwo abagqamayo ngalesi sikhathi somlando uMichelozzo, owayephethe iSigodlo saseMedici Riccardi ngo-1444, kanye noBernardo Rossellino, owakha iRucellai Palace phakathi kuka-1446 no-1451 ngomklamo owadalwa u-Alberti phambilini.
U-Donato Bramante kanye nesigaba esivuthiwe se-Renaissance Architecture
Ngalo mdwebi wezakhiwo uDonato Bramante umele indlela esuka esigabeni seQuattrocento eya esigabeni esibizwa ngeCinquecento esikhonjiswa ekwakhiweni kwamasonto kanye nezigodlo.
Nokho, wayazi ulimi lwakudala ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance futhi waqonda izimfanelo ezizungeze umkhathi wangaleso sikhathi edala imisebenzi engashicilelwe eyabangela isiphithiphithi.
Phakathi kwazo, iTempietto kukhulunywa ngayo ngolimi lwesiNtaliyane kanti ngeSpanishi yaziwa ngokuthi iTempeli de San Pedro eMontorio etholakala edolobheni laseRoma elakhiwa phakathi kuka-1502 no-1510 elifana nethempeli lamaGreki iVesta.
Leli thempeli liyimodeli encane yomsebenzi omkhulu wedome yaseSan Pedro ehlanganisa ubukhulu obungamamitha angu-42,4 obufana naleyo yePantheon engamamitha angu-43,44 kanye neyaseSanta Sofía Cathedral eyenziwa yiBrunelleschi edolobheni laseFlorence engu-41. amamitha.
Khona-ke, ngesikhathi seBaroque, kuvela umakhi wendabuko waseNgilandi ogama lakhe linguChristopher Wren owenza isifinyezo semisebenzi kaMichelangelo noBramante edala isonto elisha laseSaint Paul eLondon elinobukhulu obungamamitha angama-32 ngonyaka we-1676.
Futhi esikhathini se-neoclassical ezandleni zabadwebi bezakhiwo uFrancesco Sabatini noFrancisco Cabezas abaklama i-San Francisco el Grande cathedral edolobheni laseMadrid phakathi kuka-1760 no-1784 ubukhulu bayo bedome busuka kumamitha angu-33.
Ngakho-ke, amandla amakhulu okwakhiwa kwe-Renaissance kanye nobuhle bayo bokujwayela ngezikhathi ngemva kokuboniswa kwemvelaphi yayo.
U-Donato Bramante wenza ukuthuthukiswa kohlobo lwakudala olufana namakhothamo okunqoba empucuko yamaRoma futhi wawasebenzisa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zamathempeli enkolo nezigodlo kwakuwumbono wokudala ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zomphakathi.
Unxantathu wezimbobo ezihlotshisiwe zigqama ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance lapho okubili kusezingeni elifanayo lobude futhi lena emaphakathi iphakeme kakhulu, eyaziwa ngegama elithi oda kanye ne-arch lapho i-oda lakudala lihlanganiswa ne-semicircular arch.
Ngalesi sizathu, ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance wasebenzisa izinhlelo ezimbili zokuhleleka kanye ne-arch yobukhulu obuhlukahlukene elandela ifomula elandelayo:
"... ama-extrados e-arch yesistimu enobukhulu obuncane kakhulu ayenamathele ekubunjweni okuphansi kwe-entablature ye-oda elikhulu kakhulu..."
Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezakudala ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance ngokusebenzisa isixazululo sendawo sokwakhiwa kwezigodlo ezinkulu ezinkulu namabhishobhi ahlanganisa izinto ezinjengama-vaults.
Ngaphezu kwama-domes okuyindalo emisha futhi egqamayo kulesi sikhathi ukuhlanganiswa kwama-oda afana ne-Corinthian kanye ne-Ionic eyayijwayelekile yempucuko yasendulo.
E-Cinquecento ukunqoba kwe-classicism
Kubalulekile ukuthi wazi ukuthi ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance ulimi lwezakhiwo lwavela luvumela ukudalwa okusha ngabadwebi balesi sikhathi okwakuzokwaziwa kamuva ngokuthi i-Baroque eyazuza abalandeli abaningi ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Kungalesi sikhathi lapho kwenziwa ukuhlelwa kolwazi lwama-canon classical, aziwa kakhulu ngenxa yezincwadi zikaSebastiano Serlio noma uJacopo Vignola, aqala kusukela ekuqalisweni kwe-classicism emisha yezakhiwo zabo.
Imithetho yakudala isetshenziswa ekwakhiweni okukhulu komphakathi njengezigodlo ezinkulu namathempeli enkolo aqashelwa njengemisebenzi encomekayo ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance adala inhlanganisela entsha, umsekeli oyinhloko walezi zakhi kuba umakhi u-Andrea Palladio.
Ubani owayephethe ukusebenzisa indlela entsha yokusebenzisa ulimi lwakudala ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance okwethulwa endalweni yakhe eyaziwa ngokuthi amaVillas.
Obekuseduze namadolobha ase-Italy ehluke kakhulu edala isitayela esisha esaziwa ngegama elithi Palladianism.
Lesi sitayela esakhiweni se-Renaissance sibonakala ngokusetshenziswa esitezi esimaphakathi ezakhiweni zokuhlala ezinomhlobiso ongaphezulu okudala umbhalo waso ohlobene nezakhiwo zakudala lapho uphakamise khona umcabango nombono wokufunda.
Ukunyakaza kweMannerist kanye nokuphela kwezakhiwo zeRenaissance
Enye inhlangano yobuciko evela ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance yaziwa ngegama elithi Mannerism futhi ibiyingxenye yesigaba seCinquecento.
Okwavela ekuqaleni kwamashumi eminyaka ekhulu leshumi nesithupha eliqhubeka nokusabalala kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu kuze kube ikhulu leshumi nesikhombisa lapho abadwebi bezakhiwo abanombono wobuntu futhi babenombono ophikisana nobuciko.
Ngakho-ke, ngendlela ye-Renaissance architecture ibhekene nokucabanga kwakudala abadwebi bezakhiwo abazimele abakha ukuxhumana phakathi kokunyakaza kweRenaissance kanye neBaroque.
Imisebenzi emihle kakhulu ka-Michelangelo ingumvuthwandaba kanye nokunqoba kwe-classicism esigabeni esivuthiwe sezakhiwo zeRenaissance lapho u-Donato Bramante egqama ehlukanisa imisebenzi yakhe njengeyakudala.
Njengoba kungabonakala eSontweni LaseSan Pedro naseSigodlweni SaseFarnese, khona-ke inhlangano yamaMannerist ibonakala Ezitebhisini ezaziwa kakhulu zoMtapo Wezincwadi WaseLaurenti.
Ngakho-ke, maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, abadwebi bezakhiwo babekela inselele ama-canon classical, abasekeli abayinhloko balolu hlelo ngu-Andrea Palladio.
Ngaphandle kwenucleus yaseVenice, efana noGiulio Romano, owaklama iSigodlo Setiye edolobheni laseMantua ngo-1534, kukhona uBartolomeo Ammannati, owayephethe ukuguqula iPitti Palace phakathi kuka-1558 no-1570.
Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona u-Antonio Sangallo Omncane owenza i-Villa Farnese edolobheni laseCaprarola ngonyaka we-1559. Kukhona noVasari owayephethe ukuklama i-Uffizi Gallery edolobheni laseFlorence phakathi kweminyaka ye-1560 ne-1581.
UJacopo Vignola wayephethe ukuklama iBandla lamaGesu ngonyaka we-1568 edolobheni laseRoma, waba yindlunkulu eyimodeli kamuva yokwakha amanye amathempeli amaJesuit ale nkampani enkulu eyaziwa ngokuthi iNhlangano kaJesu.
I-facade yaleli thempeli eliyinhloko lenziwe nguGiacomo della Porta ngo-1578, owaphefumulela abanye abaculi abanjengoCarlo Maderno, ngakho-ke imisebenzi yalaba baculi ibhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwezingxenye zakudala ngendlela ekhululekile.
Ukudala amaphethini noma izinhlelo zokuhlobisa ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo ezibhekisela kumafasitela okufanele abe ngaphandle, okwenza umphumela we-optical illusion ngenxa yombono kanye nokusetshenziswa komthamo wezilinganiso eziye zasetshenziswa ngendlela engavamile.
Okuphinde kwathathwa ngendlela eyeqisayo ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance njengoba kungafakazelwa Ezingadini zeVilla de las Maravillas okwamanje eyaziwa ngokuthi iParco dei Mostri ngolimi lwesiNtaliyane.
Ngolimi lweSpanishi lihunyushwa ngokuthi i-Bosco Sacro de Bomarzo edolobheni laseLazio, umdali walo engumakhi uPirro Ligorio owayengungcweti ekwakhiweni kwengadi.
Ngakho-ke, ngokuhlolisisa ukwakhiwa kwe-Mannerist ekwakhiweni kwe-Renaissance, kudala imbewu yenkathi ye-Baroque movement ezozalwa, idale ukugqashuka kwe-classical ekahle esimenyezelwe kule nhlangano eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Mannerism.
Ukunwetshwa kwezakhiwo zeRenaissance kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu
Kubalulekile ukukutshela ukuthi izakhiwo zeRenaissance azizange zisuse umnyakazo ongasekho wamaGothic owawuwuphawu lwezinye izizwe zezwekazi laseYurophu kwaze kwaba maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ngenxa yokuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe emkhakheni wezomnotho, ezempi nepolitiki ngohambo lwamaciko kwazise babefunwa izinkantolo ezahlukene zamakhosi adla izizwe zase-Europe.
Ngokufanayo, ukusatshalaliswa kwemibhalo ehlukahlukene ngenxa yokusungulwa komshini wokunyathelisa nokuqopha, okuvumela ukushintshana kolwazi phakathi kwezizwe ezihlukahlukene ezinamandla zezwekazi laseYurophu.
Ngokufanayo, imibono ephikisana ne-classical eyavela enhlanganweni ye-Mannerism yahlanganiswa, okuthi esikhundleni sokumelela isigaba sokugcina sezakhiwo ze-Renaissance isitayela esisha esiphikisayo, esiphawula ukunambitheka kwe-Italy kwezinye izizwe.
Ngakho-ke, izincwadi zakudala zase zithuthukisiwe futhi abaklami bendabuko base-Italy babeyazi imithetho yokwakheka kwe-classical, ukudala amalayisensi emkhakheni wokudala.
Ukuba yisakhiwo seRenaissance i-eclecticism ezothuthukiswa kwezinye izizwe zaseYurophu lapho abasindile benkathi ephakathi kanye nezinye izici zangemva kweRenaissance bezisabonwa.
Okuhluka esizweni ngasinye ngokusho ithonya Italian of Renaissance izakhiwo zihlanganisa izici ezintsha umongo wezwe ngalinye ngokusho isihlalo zomlando.
Umthelela wezakhiwo zeRenaissance esizweni saseFrance
Ngokusho kwesizwe saseFrance, ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance kubizwa ngokomlando wemikhiqizo yezakhiwo ekuqaleni kweNkathi Yesimanje kulokho okwakwaziwa ngokuthi yiFrance ngaleso sikhathi, okuhlanganisa iFlanders, Alsace, Lorraine, Savoy, Franche-Comté, Cerdanya. , Provence kanye Brittany.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHN1UhoW0bg
I-Renaissance Architecture e-France yisikhathi lapho izakhiwo ze-Gothic zishintshwa, ezazalelwa kulesi sizwe ngekhulu leshumi nambili ngemva kokungeniswa nokujwayela amamodeli e-Italian Renaissance.
Ngakho-ke, yavela ekhulwini le-XNUMX ngemva kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka kunesizwe sama-Italy.Kubalulekile futhi ukugcizelela ukuthi izakhiwo zeRenaissance zafika kamuva kwezinye izifunda zaseFrance.
Njengoba kuseSigodini saseLoire kanye ne-Ile de France eyaqhubeka nenkambo yayo kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-XNUMX eyathathelwa indawo inhlangano ye-baroque noma ebizwa nangokuthi i-French classicism.
Phakathi kwabalingiswa abayinhloko bezakhiwo zeRenaissance kwakungabasebukhosini, phakathi kwabo singabala iNkosi uCarlos VIII owabusa phakathi kuka-1483 no-1498.
Louis XII phakathi kuka-1498 no-1515 kanye noFrancis I owabusa phakathi kuka-1515 no-1547 owayephethe ukubiza abadwebi bezakhiwo abaningi kanye nabaculi bomdabu wase-Italy okwathi ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe bazisa isitayela seRenaissance.
Ukuguqula isizwe saseFrance kuleso sitayela esiphezulu ngokuhlobisa izindawo zabo zokuhlala zasebukhosini phakathi kwabo singabala iChâteau de Montsoreau phakathi kweminyaka ye-1453 kanye ne-1461, i-Château de Langeais phakathi kweminyaka ye-1465 kanye ne-1469.
Singasho futhi ukuthi i-Amboise phakathi kweminyaka ye-1495 ne-1498, i-Chambord ingenye yezigodlo ezakhiwa kusukela ngonyaka we-1519 enye i-Fontainebleau ngonyaka we-1532 futhi enhloko-dolobha yaseParis i-Fortress of the Louvre ngonyaka we-1527. .
Inkosi uFrancis I yashada noClaude waseFrance endlini yesonto elaziwa ngokuthi i-Chateau de Saint Germain en Laye ngoMeyi 1514, lokhu kwakhiwa okuyindawo yakhe yokuhlala ayintandokazi ngonyaka ka-1539, wathuma umakhi uPierre Chambiges ukuthi akhe kabusha lesi sakhiwo.
Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance kwaqhubeka kuchuma esizweni saseFrance phakathi nokubusa kweNkosi uHenry II phakathi neminyaka ka-1547 no-1559, kwase kuba kweseNkosi uHenry III phakathi konyaka ka-1574 no-1589.
Lapho indima enkulu eyadlalwa uCatherine de Médici phakathi kuka-1519 no-1589, owayeyindlovukazi yeNkosi uHenry II phakathi kuka-1547 no-1559, ingenakulibaleka.
Kamuva wabusa phakathi kuka-1560 no-1563 ngenkathi indodana yakhe uCarlos IX esekhulile, owabusa phakathi kuka-1560 no-1574.
Khona-ke njengendlovukazi kaHenry III kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1584, amandla akhe ayemakhulu ezenzweni zezombangazwe nezobuciko.
Yisikhathi esiphawulwa yizimpi zenkolo phakathi kweminyaka ka-1562 no-1598 ezanikeza ukufiphala kwezakhiwo zeRenaissance esizweni saseFrance.
Naphezu kwalokhu, bavumela ukuthuthukiswa kokuzindla ngobuhlakani kanye nenkulumo-ze engokwenkolo neyombangazwe. Kusukela ekhulwini le-XNUMX, umbuso waseFrance wawukade ulwa nenyakatho ye-Italy ezimpini.
Ukuletha esizweni saseFrance amagugu obuciko kanye nemibono yesitayela eyingxenye yezakhiwo zeRenaissance, okuwubufakazi balokhu ukwakhiwa okusha kwezinqaba zokuhlala e-Loire Valley nase-Ile de France.
Njengesinye sezibonelo ezindala kakhulu zezakhiwo zeRenaissance yiChâteau de Montsoreau ngonyaka we-1461 elandelwa yiChâteau d'Amboise ngonyaka we-1495.
Kuyisigodlo sokuqala esinethonya lase-Italy esizweni saseFrance lapho umdwebi omkhulu u-Leonardo Da Vinci achitha khona iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe njengesivakashi senkosi.
Esinye sezigodlo kwakuyiGaillon, eyakhiwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-1502 kuya ku-1509. Ungabala futhi iChenonceau, eyakhiwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-1513 kuya ku-1521. Kukhona ne-Azay le Rideau, eyakhiwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-1518 kuya ku-1523.
Singakhuluma ngisho ngeVillandry eyakhiwa phakathi kweminyaka ye-1532 kuya ku-1536, inqaba yase-Ancy eyakhiwa phakathi kweminyaka engu-1544 kuya ku-15550 enye yezigodlo i-Ecouen eyakhiwa phakathi kweminyaka engu-1538 kuya ku-1555 ngaphandle kokukhohlwa inqaba ka-Anet phakathi neminyaka. 1547 kuya ku-1555.
Lesi sigodi saseLoire sifakazela inani elikhulu lezigodlo nezindlu ezinezakhiwo zeRenaissance ezaziwa ngokuthi izinqaba zaseLoire.
Ziyizakhiwo ezivelele kakhulu ze-French Renaissance, ezivumela i-UNESCO ngo-2000 ukuthi izimemezele njengeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba e-Loire Valley.
Phakathi kwabadwebi abavelele bezakhiwo zeRenaissance esizweni saseFrance, singabala uGiovanni Giocondo phakathi kuka-1496 no-1508, bese kuba yiDomenico da Cortona phakathi kuka-1495 no-1549.
Phakathi neminyaka engu-1532 kuya ku-1570 singabona imisebenzi eyenziwa nguFrancesco Primaticcio. Omunye umakhi odumile kwakungu-Giacomo Vignola phakathi kweminyaka engu-1541 kuya ku-1543 kanye no-Sebastiano Serlio owakha phakathi kweminyaka engu-1541 kuya ku-1554.
Ngenxa yaleli thonya lase-Italy ekwakhiweni kwe-French Renaissance, abaklami balesi sizwe babefunda imibono emisha.
Ukuqashelwa ezweni lakhe phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesithupha abaklami bezakhiwo uPhilibert Delorme phakathi kweminyaka engu-1510 kuya ku-1570. Singaphinde sikhulume ngoJacques Androuet du Cerceau phakathi kweminyaka engu-1510 kuya ku-1584 owaqashelwa esizweni ngemidwebo yakhe emihle kakhulu ekwakhiweni.
Singaphinde sikhulume ngoPierre Lescot phakathi neminyaka engu-1515 kuya ku-1578 ephethe ukwakha i-facade yangaphakathi yophiko oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeCour Carrée eParisian Louvre kanye noJean Bullant phakathi kweminyaka engu-1515 kuya ku-1578, lapho izakhiwo ze-French Renaissance zihlukaniswe ezine. izigaba noma izikhathi yilezi ezilandelayo:
- Isitayela sikaLouis XII esenziwe phakathi kweminyaka ye-1495 kuya ku-1530 lapho kwenziwa khona uguquko phakathi kwenhlangano yamaGothic kuya kuRenaissance.
- I-Renaissance yokuqala phakathi kweminyaka ye-1515 kuya ku-1540
- I-Second Renaissance noma eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Classical Renaissance phakathi kweminyaka ye-1540 kuya ku-1559.
- I-Mannerism phakathi kweminyaka ye-1559 kuya ku-1564 ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi zikhathi zokwakhiwa kwe-French Renaissance zinobudlelwane nesizwe sase-Italy, kanye nakwamanye amazwe akha izwekazi laseYurophu, ziphuzile ngandlela-thile, ngakho azikwazi ukuvela kuzo zonke izifunda ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance esizweni saseFrance kusebenzisa obunye ubuciko ukuhlobisa njengefenisha ekubuseni okuhlukahlukene ngokwezitayela zamakhosi ayephethe njengoFrancisco I, u-Enrique II, u-Enrique IV phakathi kwabanye. Ngakho ungabona i-High and Low Renaissance.
I-Spain kanye ne-Renaissance Architecture
Esizweni saseSpain, izigaba ezimbalwa zibonwa ngokucacile maqondana nezakhiwo zeRenaissance, yilezi ezilandelayo:
Isiteji sokuqala se-Plateresque
I-Renaissance Architecture eSpain yangena ngezindlela zokunyakaza kwamaGothic phakathi namashumi eminyaka okugcina ekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, ikhiqiza ukubonga okukhulu kubadwebi bezakhiwo ababehlobene nesiko lesi-Spanish-Flemish.
Imvelaphi yomndeni yalaba bakhi bezakhiwo yavela enyakatho yezwekazi laseYurophu ngaphezu kwethonya lezombangazwe lase-Italy elaliseCrown of Aragon kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nantathu, ngakho yaqhubeka eCastile ngomshado wamakhosi amaKatolika.
Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance kubonise izici zayo lapho ithonya le-Mudéjar libonakala ngaphezu kwe-Flamboyant Gothic.
Ngaphandle kwethonya lase-Italy, yingakho igama layo le-platelesque laliyi-eclectic, ngenxa yezindawo ezihlotshisiwe ezakhiweni zayo ezazikhumbuza umsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi futhi onemininingwane eminingi yezingcweti ezaziwa ngokuthi abakhandi besiliva.
Purism Isigaba Sesibili
Ngemuva kwalesi sigaba sokuqala sezakhiwo zeRenaissance, kuyabonakala ukuthi ukunyakaza kwamaGothic kuncipha, kufinyelela kwisitayela esihlanzekile nese-orthodox lapho ukuqina kusetshenziswa emihlobiso yezakhiwo.
Ngakho-ke, inesibopho sokuhlobisa ngokusebenzisa izakhi ezicacile eziphefumulelwe impucuko yasendulo njengesiGreki namaRoma.
Mayelana nezakhiwo ezisobala ezinobuso obungaphambili obunokuthula nobulinganiselayo, okufinyelela ukuthi abanye abadwebi bazophinda basebenzise kabusha imisebenzi yabo yezakhiwo kusukela endaweni engasekho yamaGothic ukuze kuqale kulesi sigaba esisha sezakhiwo zeRenaissance.
Phakathi kwabaklami bezakhiwo abagqamayo kulesi sigaba kukhona u-Alonso de Covarrubias, uPedro Ibarra kanye noRodrigo Gil de Hontañón, okuyidolobha lase-Andalusia elinentuthuko enkulu yobuciko.
Abanye abadwebi bezakhiwo bayagqama lapha, abafana no-Diego de Siloé, owayengumdali wamathempeli amabili enkolo njengeSacra Capilla del Salvador e-Úbeda kanye neKhathedrali laseGranada.
Kukhona noPedro Machuca, owayengumfundi wakudala kakhulu, akha i-Alhambra eGranada kanye neSigodlo sikaCarlos V. Omunye wabadwebi bezakhiwo ngu-Andrés de Vandelvira, owayephethe ukuklama amabhishobhi aseJaén naseBaeza.
Ngaphandle kokukhohlwa u-Diego de Riaño owakha umsebenzi womphakathi owaziwa ngokuthi yiHholo Ledolobha laseSeville. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lesi sigaba sesibili saziwa nangokuthi iSigaba SeSerlian.
Ngenxa yezincwadi zikaSebastiano Serlio ngalokho athuthuke ezincwadini zakhe zezakhiwo phakathi kwezincwadi ze-Renaissance architecture, phakathi kwazo u-Diego de Sagredo angashiwo ekwakhiweni kwakhe Izinyathelo ZaseRoma ngonyaka we-1526.
I-Herrerian Third Stage
Maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, kwaqala ukwakhiwa komsebenzi wezakhiwo ezifana ne-Monastery yaseSan Lorenzo de El Escorial, okwakuwuphawu olwalumelela amandla eNkosi uFelipe II.
Okwenziwa umakhi uJuan Bautista de Toledo owashona ngo-1517 ngakho uJuan Herrera uyaqhubeka nomsebenzi.
Ngesitayela esisha lapho izakhi ezakhayo zezakhiwo zeRenaissance zibusa ngokungabi bikho kokuhlobisa, imigqa eqondile iyabonwa futhi umthamo osetshenziswayo ungama-cubes lapho ukunyakaza kweMannerist kwesizwe sase-Italy kunqoba ngokuhluzeka okumelela uCastile.
Ngakho-ke, lesi sitayela esisha saziwa ngegama elithi Herreriano ngokuhlonipha umakhi uJuan de Herrera, owayeyithonya elibonakala kulesi sigaba ekwakhiweni kweSpanish Renaissance.
Iminyaka engaba yikhulu, izifanekiselo zale nhlangano bekungabakhi abalandelayo: uFrancisco de Mora, uJuan Gómez de Trasmonte noJuan Gómez de Mora.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izakhiwo ze-Renaissance yaseSpain zidluliselwa emhlabeni omusha namuhla owaziwa ngokuthi yizwekazi laseMelika.
Lapho athola khona insimu ebanzi yokwakha izakhiwo zakhe cishe amakhulu amathathu eminyaka, kamuva ethola ukunyakaza kweBaroque neNeoclassical.
I-Portugal kanye ne-Renaissance Architecture
Izakhiwo zeRenaissance esizweni sase-Portugal zivezwa ngesitayela sika-Manueline kodwa ngobuhle bawo zisebenzisa i-Renaissance kanye nama-elementi akamuva e-Gothic afana kakhulu nesiteji sokuqala saseSpain esaziwa ngokuthi i-Elizabethan Plateresque.
Okuqhelelene ne-classicism, enye yemihlobiso evame ukusetshenziswa kulesi sizwe yintambo ephothiweyo yomkhumbi, emele imisebenzi yabashayeli bemikhumbi yamaPutukezi.
Esikhathini esingokomlando sokutholwa kwamazwe amasha eZweni Elisha, okuvumela ukwanda kwezinga lezombangazwe, ezomnotho nezenhlalo, ukuguqula lesi sizwe sibe umbuso wezwe.
Phakathi kwezakhiwo esingaziqamba kulesi sizwe ezingaphansi kwezakhiwo zeRenaissance kukhona amasonto amakhulu aseLeiria ngaphezu kwePortalegre, singabala futhi Ikolishi LamaJesuit lase-Évora kanye nethempeli lezenkolo laseSan Roque eliseLisbon.
I-Germany ne-Renaissance architecture
Kulokho okuhambisana nesizwe saseJalimane mayelana nezakhiwo zeRenaissance kunezazi zefilosofi ezimbalwa kanye nabaculi abafana no-Alberto Durero noJohannes Reuchlin abanethuba lokuthuthela e-Italy.
Ngakho ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance okugqama kakhulu kwalesi sizwe yinqaba yaseHeidelberg kanye nenqaba yaseJohannisburg edolobheni lase-Aschaffenburg ngaphandle kokukhohlwa iHholo Ledolobha lase-Augsburg.
Ngisho nangenyanga kaJulayi wonyaka ka-1567, umkhandlu wedolobha laseKoloni wawuphethe ukugunyaza ummeleli omusha wephrojekthi ye-Renaissance architecture eyenziwa ngumdwebi wamapulani uWilhelm Vernukken weHholo Ledolobha lapho isakhiwo esinezitezi ezimbili. kwakhiwa.
Esinye sezethulo zalo mnyakazo wobuciko yisonto laseSan Miguel eliseMunich, okuyisonto elifanekisela izakhiwo ezinkulu zeRenaissance enyakatho ye-Alps.
Leli sonto lakhiwa uDuke William V waseBavaria phakathi kuka-1583 no-1597 futhi lalifanekisela isikhungo somoya se-Counter-Reformation. akwaziwa.
I-Eastern Europe kanye nomthelela wokwakhiwa kweRenaissance
Ibanga lala mazwe ukusuka esizweni sase-Italy lalisho ukuthi izakhiwo zeRenaissance zingahlanjululwa, nakuba izibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zeRenaissance zingabonakala ezakhiweni zabo ngamasiko ezakhiwo zendawo, njengaseHungary.
Lapho inkosi yaseHungary u-Matthias Corvino yayiphethe ukuqasha abaqophi nabakhi bomdabu wase-Italy ukuthi bakhe izindlu zesitayela sase-Italy phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX.
Phakathi kwazo, kungakhulunywa ngo-Aristotle Fioravanti owasuka eHungary waya eMoscow ukuze akhe iKhathedrali LeDormition phakathi kuka-1475 no-1479 edolobheni laseKremlin.
EHungary, ngaphansi kokubusa kukaLouis II, kwakhiwa i-Bakócz Chapel ye-Esztergom Cathedral, lapho kubonakala khona umhlobiso wezakhiwo zeRenaissance.
Ngisho nemisebenzi yezakhiwo emele iRenaissance itholakala ePoland, njengeWawel Castle.
Kukhona neSigismund Chapel eseKrakow kanye nasemadolobheni aseZamosc naseTarnów atholakala eLithuania lapho kwakhiwa khona iRoyal Palace kanye namathempeli enkolo aseSan Miguel naseSan Esteban de Vilna.
ECzech Republic edolobheni laseTelc isigodlo sasehlobo seNdlovukazi u-Anne eBelvedere kanye nenqaba yasePrague kanye nenqaba yaseCeský yizibonelo zezakhiwo zeRenaissance.
I-England kanye ne-Renaissance architecture
Mayelana nesizwe samaNgisi, kwathatha isikhathi ukuthonywa ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye izizwe ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu.
Phakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX, kwasungulwa isitayela esisha esaziwa ngokuthi i-Tudor, esasiyisandiso sobuciko be-Gothic esinezimfanelo ezivamile zesizwe samaNgisi.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, izakhiwo zika-Elizabethan zazivulekele amathonya angaphandle, okuhlanganisa nezakhiwo zase-Italy Renaissance kanye nezakhiwo zamaDashi.
Kodwa ngekhulu le-1573, kwakungenzeka ukuphoqelela izindinganiso zakudala zokwakhiwa kweRenaissance ngokusekelwe emsebenzini owenziwa u-Iñigo Jones phakathi kuka-1652 no-XNUMX, owafunda e-Italy futhi wathonywa u-Andrea Palladio.
Lapho ebuyela esizweni samaNgisi, uJones wanikwa umsebenzi wokuklama izakhiwo ezifana neQueen's House eGreenwich ngo-1616 kanye ne-Banquet House of the Palace of Whitehall ngo-1619.
Okuyizakhiwo ezinemigqa elula kanye ne-symmetry eyayiyinto entsha esizweni lapho amafasitela ahlukene ayengakakhiwa ngaphezu kwama-cushioning nama-turrets.
Maqondana neHatfield House, iwukwakhiwa okwagunyazwa u-Earl wokuqala waseSalisbury, uRobert Cecil, phakathi kuka-1607 no-1611, okuwumfanekiso omuhle wesitayela sikaTudor maqondana nezakhiwo zeRenaissance.
Lesi sakhiwo sihlanganisa isitayela se-Tudor namafasitela lapho kungabonwa khona uphahla lwe-mullion kanye ne-crenellated, kanye namaphiko amabili ahlotshiswe yi-facade yezigodlo zase-Italy.
Ngokuqondene ne-façade yayo emaphakathi, eklanywe u-Iñigo Jones, yayinezingoma zesitayela sika-Jacobe kanti izitezi ezibaziweyo zibonisa izakhiwo zeRenaissance yase-Italy ngaphezu komhlobiso wesiNgisi.
Nakuba izakhiwo zikaJones zase zivele zifakwe ku-classicism ye-Baroque movement futhi zimelelwa ongcweti abanjengoChristopher Wren ekwakhiweni kweSaint Paul's Cathedral eLondon.
Kodwa izakhiwo eziningi kumelwe ukuba zakhiwa ngemva komlilo omkhulu edolobheni laseLondon ngo-1666, okuyithuba elihle lokuba abadwebi bezakhiwo benze izakhiwo ezilinganisweni ezintsha ezingakaze zicatshangwe kuleli dolobha.
Umakhi wezakhiwo waseVenetian u-Giacomo Leoni wasebenza ekuguquleni izakhiwo endaweni yesiNgisi nokunambitha, nakuba ithonya lezakhiwo ze-Italian Renaissance libonakala ezakhiweni ezifana neLyme Hall e-Cheshire.
Umthelela wokwakhiwa kwe-Italian Renaissance nawo wangena emkhakheni wamaNgisi ngenxa yezifundo zika-Andrea Palladio kwaze kwaba sekungeneni i-Neoclassicism ngekhulu le-XNUMX, lapho i-neo-Renaissance ibonwa kulokho okubhekisela esizweni sama-Anglo-Saxon ngakho-ke eNyakatho Melika. .
I-Russia kanye nomthelela wezakhiwo ze-Renaissance
Ngokuqondene nezakhiwo zeRenaissance eRussia, nguNkosana u-Ivan III owethula le nhlangano yobuciko njengoba emema abaklami bezakhiwo base-Italy abambalwa abalethe amasu abo amasha nezinto zeRenaissance kodwa ahlanganiswe nezakhiwo zaseRussia.
Ngonyaka we-1475 umdwebi wezakhiwo wase-Italy ogama lakhe lingu-Aristotle Fioravanti wayephethe ukuklama kabusha iKhathedral of the Dormition etholakala eMoscow Kremlin eyacekelwa phansi ukuzamazama komhlaba.
Ukuguqulwa Kwezakhiwo
I-Renaissance Architecture ayiyona ikhophi yempucuko yasendulo yamaGreki namaRoma kodwa ukuvuselelwa kwesiko lasendulo ngokusebenzisa amafomu amasha obuhle endaweni ezungeze isakhiwo esizokwakhiwa.
Umuntu ophethe i-Architecture yeRenaissance akayena umakhi noma umqophi nje, ungumuntu oqeqeshwe ngethiyori kweminye imikhakha yobuciko, njengoba ephethe ukudweba nokuklama amapulani ukuze abanye bahambisane nezinkomba ezikhonjisiwe.
Ngokwalokho umnikelo wezakhiwo ze-Renaissance ungowohlelo lobuhle, isitembu sobuntu bakhe sibekwe emsebenzini wakhe esigabeni sokuqala ngokuchazwa kokuvumelana, ubulula nobuhle besiko lasendulo ngenkathi esigabeni sesibili kubhekwa imiphumela eyisikhumbuzo.
Abaqambi abakhulu benkathi yeRenaissance
Laba bakhi esizokwethula bona esigabeni salesi sihloko babengabantu ababeka indinganiso ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance ngenxa yolwazi lwabo olumangalisayo ekwakhiweni, okuvumela ukwanda kwalokhu kunyakaza emazweni ahlukahlukene aseYurophu. Ukuba okulandelayo:
UFlippo Brunelleschi
Waqala umcabango oyisisekelo wezakhiwo zeRenaissance ngokusebenzisa ugqozi lwempucuko yasendulo efana namaGreki namaRoma, ehlanganisa lokhu kuhlangana kwezakhi ezakhiweni zakhe ngendlela eyayingaziwa ngaphambili eYurophu.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi esemqoka yalo mlingiswa singabala iKhathedrali laseSanta Maria del Fiore lapho adala khona idome lokuqala, iPazzi Chapel kanye nomsebenzi womphakathi iNdlu Yezemfundo.
Ibonise umbono womdwebi wezakhiwo eqokomisa iphrojekthi yakhe yobuhlakani kanye nokwenziwa kwezinto ezizosetshenziswa.
Leon Bautista Alberti
Ungomunye wabameleli abakhulu bezakhiwo zeRenaissance yeQuattrocento wafunda futhi wabhala. incwadi yezokwakha lapho ayefundisa khona ngezokwakha ngaphezu kokuqasha imithetho esebenzayo yokwenziwa kwayo.
Iphrojekthi yethemu isuselwa kulo mlingiswa, okuwumnyombo womsebenzi wobuciko okufanele wenziwe ethwele lesi sitayela esisha edolobheni laseFlorence, ngenxa yamandla emindeni ebusayo edolobheni, iRucellai Palace ingashiwo.
Ngaphezu kweBandla laseSan Andrés elitholakala eMantua kanye neThempeli laseMalatesta ngokuba yigama lomndeni owaxhasa ngezimali umsebenzi wokwakha, nakuba kuyiCathhedral yaseSan Francisco de Rimini emele ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance kusukela ngonyaka we-1450. .
Ngenxa yezinkinga zezomnotho, akukwazanga ukuqedwa umsebenzi owenziwa u-Alberti, njengoba ithempeli lezenkolo laphela ngodome omkhulu owawuzodlula iSonto LaseSanta Maria del Fiore.
Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola
NgeNhlangano kaJesu, umakhi uJacopo Barozzi da Vignola wabonisa umthelela wakhe ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance ngokugcina izinkomba zeSivumelwano sase-Alberti encwadini.
Ukuzuza umehluko we-Mannerist ngokukhanyiswa kwamathempeli ngokukhanya okuhlungiwe okuvela kuma-chapel aseceleni, okuvumela ukuqhuma kokukhanya ngokusetshenziswa kwe-dome.
Ngokuqondene ne-facade, idala i-pediment ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukulingana noma ukuhleleka okufundiswa ngu-Alberti, lapho amandla okwakhiwa kweRenaissance kubonakala khona.
UDonato Bramante
Omunye wabaklami abavelele kakhulu bale nkathi, umsunguli wezimiso eziyisisekelo zokwakhiwa kweRenaissance, waba nethuba lokuhlangana noLeonardo Da Vinci mathupha, owathonya umbono wokudala walo mklami omkhulu, ngoba kwakuwumbono womuntu we-Renaissance.
Njengoba ayenezici eziningi ngenxa yokuthi wayengumsunguli, umqophi, umdwebi, phakathi kwezinye izici, eyingqapheli enkulu yomuntu, isizathu sokuba umklami wethu asebenzise ubuhlakani bakhe ukuze aklame izindlu zezwe ezinhle zikanokusho kanye nezakhiwo zakudala ngaphandle kokudebeselela indalo yakhe siqu.
Okubaluleke kakhulu kulo mlingiswa yi-Basilica of Saint Peter edolobheni laseRoma, esele nanamuhla njengokusungulwa kweVatican.
John of the Herrera
Njengoba nje uVignola ekhonjwa neBandla lamaGesu, lo makhi ukhunjulwa ngokungenelela kwakhe esigodlweni sezindela sase-El Escorial nezinye izakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu, njengeCathedral of Valladolid ngo-1585.
Waqala umsebenzi wakhe e-El Escorial Monastery ngo-1563 ngaphansi kwemiyalo kaJuan Bautista. Khona-ke kusukela ngonyaka ka-1572 wayephethe ukuqondisa ukwakhiwa kwaze kwaba yilapho kuqedwa ngo-1584.
Ungomunye wabadwebi bezakhiwo ababonise umbono osebenzayo ohambisana nekhono lokuhlanganisa nokuhumusha imibono ehlukahlukene nengavamile ngenkathi begcina ukuhleleka kwezakhiwo zeRenaissance.
Ulwazi lwakhe lwamvumela ukuba aqinise umbono wokudala umsebenzi ofana neThempeli likaSolomoni futhi wamelela iSonto LamaKatolika LaseSpain.
Wagqamisa i-facade eyinhloko ngaphezu kokwakha isembozo ngaphandle kwesizinda, ekwazi ukuvala uvulandi phambi kwethempeli ngokusebenzisa izimo zejiyomethri kusuka kumbono olula kanye ne-hermetic.
Giulio Romano
Ingomunye wabamele i-Late Renaissance futhi isetshenziswe umhlobiso nobuhle kuhlanganiswe nobulukhuni ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance.
Ngaphandle kwama-classics we-Renaissance, wahlukana nama-paradigms, ethuthukisa izakhiwo ngezithombe nezithombe eziqoshiwe emkhakheni wokwakha wokulinganisa.
Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa okwenziwa uGiulio Romano kuhlinzekwa ngezinto zokuhlobisa ngaphezu kwemidwebo, omunye wabameleli balo mlingiswa yi-Villa del Duque Mantua.
UMichelangelo kaLodovico Buonarroti USimoni
Wayengomunye wabamele izakhiwo zeRenaissance enyakatho ye-Italy owethula izici ezivamile zasendulo ekwakhiweni kwakhe okuvelele kakhulu.Phakathi kwemisebenzi emele lo mdwebi wezakhiwo omkhulu kunedome yaseSan Pedro, iCapitol yedolobha laseRoma kanye Ithuna Labelaphi.
Enezici eziningi, wayengumakhi, umdwebi, umqophi, phakathi kwezinye izici, wayengummeleli omkhulu weCinquecento, isitayela sakhe esakhiweni seRenaissance.
Imisebenzi evelele ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance
Phakathi kwemisebenzi egqama kakhulu kulesi sikhathi somlando we-Renaissance Art yilena elandelayo ngemininingwane yayo emikhulu kanye nezici abaklami bazo abahlanganisile, okubonisa ubuhlakani babo obukhulu kanye nokudala ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance.
I-Old Saint Peter Basilica Lesi sakhiwo singesinye sezakhiwo ezidume kakhulu zeRenaissance.
Liyithempeli lamaKhatholika elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni futhi lisedolobheni laseRoma.Cabanga nje ubukhulu balo lapho kudingeka iminyaka engaba ngu-120 ukwakhiwa kwalo, kusukela laqala ngo-1506 futhi umsebenzi wokwakha waqedwa ngo-1626.
Esinye sezimangaliso ze-Renaissance Architecture yi- ISistine Chapel lo msebenzi wokwakha wawuyingxenye yendawo yokuhlala esemthethweni kaPapa eVatican City.
Kuyaziwa emhlabeni wonke ngezithombe ezinhle ezitholakala ophahleni lwethempeli ezaklanywa futhi zapendwa nguMichelangelo ngokwakhe.
Leli thempeli ngaphambili lalaziwa ngokuthi iCapilla Magna kodwa ngo-1475 uPapa Sixtus IV wayala ukuba libuyiselwe futhi baqala ukubiza umsebenzi ngokuthi iSistine Chapel.
Ngaphandle kukaMichelangelo, abanye abaculi basebenze kulo msebenzi wokwakhiwa kweRenaissance, njengoSandro Botticelli, uPietro Perugino noDomenico Ghirlandaio.
Kuthiwa emfanekisweni ongokomfanekiso wokudalwa kuka-Adamu owenziwe nguMichelangelo, isiphuku esizungeza uNkulunkulu sivezwa njengomfanekiso obhekisela ebuchosheni babantu, njengoba lo mdwebi onezici eziningi wayethanda ukwakheka komuntu.
I-Pitti Palace eyakhiwa ngo-1458 yenkampani yasebhange yaseFlorentine okuthiwa uLuca Pitti kamuva yaba indawo yokuhlala esemthethweni yoMbuso Womndeni wakwaMedici, yingakho ukubaluleka kwayo okukhulu kanye nezakhiwo eziye zanezelwa kamuva kulo msebenzi wokwakha.
Ngokufanayo naye Farnese Palace eyakhiwa enkathini ye-High Renaissance edolobheni laseRoma futhi imelela izakhiwo zeRenaissance yayiphethwe umndeni wakwaFarnese.
Omunye wemisebenzi emikhulu ye-Renaissance Architecture Lahla umsebenzi omkhulu wokubaza owenziwa eSpain ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX ngomyalo weNkosi yaseSpain, eyakhiwe ngezikwele ezilinganiselwe ezihlelekile, abaningi bacabanga ukuthi uhlelo lwalo msebenzi lwalufana neThempeli likaSolomoni.
Omunye wemisebenzi emele kakhulu ye-Renaissance architecture esingeke sehluleke ukuyibala I-Pazz Chapelmina ubuciko bobuciko bomakhi uFilippo Brunelleschi, nakuba bungazange buqedwe kwaze kwaba yiminyaka engamashumi amabili ngemva kokunyamalala komzimba kombhali wawo.
Ngokuqhubeka nalo makhi oyisibonelo singabala Basilica of San Lorenzo ukuthi kusukela ku-facade yayo yangaphandle ayithakazelisi neze ngoba ishiywe ingakaqedwa futhi yayisezandleni zikaMichelangelo.
Kodwa ukwakheka kwayo kwangaphakathi kuyamangaza.Wenziwa uBrunelleschi phakathi nekhulu leshumi nanhlanu kanti umndeni owawuxhasa ngezimali lezi zinsiza kwakuyiMedici.Lokhu kwakhiwa kwaqedwa ngemva kokushona komdwebi wezakhiwo.
Kungumsebenzi wezakhiwo zeRenaissance owenziwe ngendlela enengqondo nevumelanayo edalelwe umuntu ofuna ukusungula ukuxhumana noNkulunkulu.
Singasho futhi igama elithi I-Basilica yaseSan Andres in Mantua yaklanywa uLeon Battista Alberti edala ithempeli elikhulu lezenkolo elakhiwa i-nave eyodwa enendawo yangaphakathi ebanzi enamakhothamo amakhulu amaphakathi.
I-San Pietro e-Montorio Itholakala edolobheni laseRoma, yakhiwe ngokuhlonipha iNkosana uJohn, indodana ewukuphela kwayo yamaKhosi angamaKhatholika, eyadalwa umakhi omkhulu uDonato Bramante, okungenye yezakhiwo zezakhiwo zeRenaissance.
Idala i-innovation ngokunikeza ukuphakama okukhulu futhi ekugcineni kukhona i-dome ye-hemispherical, ibe yimpumelelo enkulu ngaleso sikhathi, ngakho ungangabazi ukubukeza izithombe zayo.
I-Arch of Alfonso V eCastel Nuovo eNaples Wayeyinkosi yoMqhele wase-Aragon.Wayaziwa ngokuthi nguMagnanimous.Lesi nqaba kwakuyinkantolo yakhe kusukela ngo-1443. Namuhla kuwumsebenzi ohanjelwa kakhulu izivakashi.
Le nqaba kwakungeye-Anjou lapho wawukwazi ukungena khona olwandle.Inkosi u-Alfonso yayala ukuba kwakhiwe i-Arc de Triomphe enkulu eduze kwemibhoshongo emibili emikhulu. Yayihlale ifuna ukuba inkosi yase-Italy kodwa uSegismundo Malatesta wamvimbela ekulweni. lokho kwenzeka ePiombino.
IBandla loMhlengi e-Venice ingenye yemisebenzi emikhulu ka-Andrea Palladio lapho ubuhlakani bakhe buqashelwa lapho edala ukugqagqana kanye neziphambano.
Njengoba ingomunye wabamele izakhiwo ze-Renaissance, kwenye ye-facade idonsa ububanzi besakhiwo ngenkathi kwenye i-facade ukuphakama, zombili i-facade zinamakholomu azo, afakwe ngodonga lwangemuva.
Ine-dome enkulu ngaphezu kwemibhoshongo yensimbi emise okwesilinda, enikeza umphumela we-eclectic esakhiweni, okubonisa ukulangazelela kwayo ukuziphatha naphezu kokunamathela kwayo esikimini sakudala.
I-Renaissance Movement kanye neminikelo yayo Emhlabeni
Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zeRenaissance, kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu ngenxa yeRenaissance, okuyisinyathelo esisha emcabangweni wefilosofi nakuBuciko Oluhle.
Kwakukhona le nhlangano egqugquzelwe ukutholwa kabusha kwempucuko yasendulo njengamaGreki namaRoma kusuka embonweni wesintu ophikisana nenkolo yobuorthodox.
Phakathi nalokhu kunyakaza kwatholakala okukhulu mayelana nesayensi efana nethiyori ye-heliocentric emelelwa uNicolaus Copernicus lapho iLanga laliyisikhungo se-Universe futhi uMhlaba uzungeza iLanga.
Namuhla leyo theory ijwayelekile kodwa ngesikhathi sayo yaletha ukungaboni ngaso linye nebandla elalithatha abavundululayo njengabahlubuki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba nokunye okusunguliwe okwathinta abantu abaphakeme bemiphakathi, i-Printing Press ngonyaka ka-1450 eyasungulwa nguJohannes Gutenberg.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umbono wesintu kusukela umuntu wayenesiphiwo sokucabanga futhi wawungakwazi, ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo zeRenaissance, udlulise ukuvuselelwa kwesiko lempucuko yasendulo yamaGreki namaRoma.
I-Renaissance ingumnyakazo wenguquko phakathi kweNkathi Ephakathi neNkathi Yesimanjemanje, inomthelela kuzo zonke izindawo ngokufunda okusha okwakuvela kuyo yonke imikhakha.
Ngakho-ke ubuciko buhlanganiswe nezakhiwo zeRenaissance kanye nesayensi ngesikhathi seRenaissance. ULeonardo Da Vinci unikele ngolwazi olukhulu maqondana nokwakheka komzimba womuntu, ekwazile ukuphinda adale isibalo somuntu ngokunemba okungajwayelekile.
Ngokusetshenziswa kwezibalo, kwakungenzeka ukuthola ulwazi olwaluzovumela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zeRenaissance, kwakhiwe izakhiwo ezimangalisayo kanye namadomu anomlingisi wokuhlobisa, okubonisa ukuhleleka phakathi kobuhle nokulingana.
Ngakho-ke ongqondongqondo abafana noCopernicus, uDescartes noGalileo bavumela intuthuko entsha kusayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nezibalo okwakuyisisekelo sezakhiwo zeRenaissance, ukufeza ukudalwa kwemisebenzi emikhulu yezakhiwo.
Kungombono wesintu okufakazelwa kuyi-Renaissance ukuthi izakhamuzi zakwazi ukufunda, ukubhala nokuhumusha ukufundwa ezazikwenza kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX.
Ngenxa yale nhlangano eyavumela ukutholwa kabusha kwempucuko yasendulo futhi iBhayibheli laliyingxenye yalolu shintsho olusha.
Nokho, lapho kusetshenziswa umshini wokunyathelisa, imibhalo enjengeBhayibheli yandiswa, ngakho abantu abaningi bakwazi ukulifunda ngokokuqala ngqá kule nkathi yomlando futhi kanjalo benza izincazelo zabo, okwabangela inkolo yobuProthestani ezandleni zendela. UMartin Luther waseJalimane.
Okufanayo kwaba negalelo emculweni ngoba kwakuvumela ukuphrinta amaphuzu nokuwasakaza emhlabeni wonke njengolimi lomhlaba wonke.
Kwavumela ukutholakala kwemizila emisha yasolwandle evumela ukwanda kwezohwebo kanye nokuhweba ngonxiwankulu kuvela ngaphezu kokunqotshwa kwezwe elisha laseMelika.
Izithakazelo zezomnotho zaletha izinguquko emkhakheni wezenkolo, okuvumela ibandla ukuba likhululeke kusukela ngekhulu le-XNUMX ngenqubo yokufunda ukwakha ulwazi ngesayensi.
Izisekelo zalokhu esikwazi namuhla njengocwaningo lwesayensi zabekwa ngenxa yeqhaza emikhakheni eyahlukene yolwazi njengesayensi yezinkanyezi, imithi, i-metallurgy, ukuvumela ukufunda ngoomakhenika.
Ifa le-Renaissance Architecture
Bathola umbono kanye nomqondo wokungapheli kanye nephuzu elishabalalayo elasetshenziswa njengezinto eziyinhloko zokusebenza endaweni engalawulwa ngesizathu.
Ngisho nomdwebo wawuyingxenye ebalulekile yezakhiwo zeRenaissance ukwenza imiklamo enikeza isici esiyingqayizivele nesomuntu ngamunye sochwepheshe ongasenagama.
Ngakho-ke, ukwakhiwa kweRenaissance kuthonya indlela yendawo yokwakha izakhiwo okufanele zenziwe ngombono ongokoqobo, abameleli bayo abakhulu kakhulu yiVignola, Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo Buonarotti, kuhlanganise noLeonardo Da Vinci.
Njengeqiniso elithakazelisayo, lo mculi wokugcina wayeyi-polymath kanye ne-multifaceted, ephakathi kwezici zakhe: umdwebi, isazi sefilosofi, umculi, i-anatomist, umdwebi wezakhiwo, umhleli wedolobha, usosayensi, umsunguli, isazi sezitshalo, umlobi, umqophi, isazi sefilosofi, unjiniyela, imbongi kanye nedolobha. umhleli.
Nakuba engazange akufundele ukuklama izakhiwo njengesifundo semfundo, wenza imiklamo nemidwebo yamathempeli enkolo ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yomphakathi, waze wanikeza iseluleko kwabanye abaklami bezakhiwo ngemiklamo yokuhlela yasemadolobheni ngokuphathelene nokuhlela kwabo indawo ekahle yomsebenzi ozokwakhiwa.
Isiphetho
Ngokuqondene nezakhiwo zeRenaissance, kwakuyizakhiwo ezichazwe ngesikhathi esihambisana ne-European Renaissance eyayiphethe ukumboza kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu kuya ekhulwini leshumi nesithupha.
Enye yezimfanelo zayo ukugqashuka emlandweni wezokwakha ngesitayela sezakhiwo ngaphambili esasimelwe njengamaGothic athola ugqozi empucukweni yasendulo yasendulo njengeGrisi namaRoma.
Njengoba ingenye yamamodeli afaneleka kakhulu e-Fine Arts, i-Renaissance architecture yakhiqiza izinto ezintsha eziningana ezindaweni ezahlukene zokukhiqiza ngenhloso yokusungula amasu amasha okwakha nokusebenzisa izinto ezintsha ezingaziwa kuze kube manje.
Okuvumela ukwandisa ulimi lwezakhiwo futhi basekele ulwazi lwabo ngokusebenzisa i-theorization ephelele ngaphezu kwesimo sengqondo esisha samangcweti asuka ekungaziwa.
Emcabangweni omusha owubuchwepheshe, ukumaka ngamakhono abo isitayela somuntu siqu emisebenzini abayenzayo, okuletha ukuthuthuka nokuqashelwa emphakathini.
Ngakho-ke, laba baculi babenezici eziningi futhi babe nombono ophelele ovela ku-humanism ekwakhiweni kweRenaissance eyayigxile emisebenzini yomphakathi kanye namathempeli enkolo lapho babedala khona imiklamo futhi bazibhale phansi ukuze bafeze indalo yabo ngezivumelwano.
Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ze-Renaissance zinombono wobuntu futhi elinye lamaphuzu ayo ayinhloko inqubekelaphambili yomuntu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene efana nesayensi, ngokomoya, ezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho kanye nezombusazwe, okubonisa umbono omusha wezwe.
Ngenxa yalokhu, kuyabonakala ukuthi i-Renaissance Architecture inemikhakha eminingi njengoba igxile olwazini nasekucabangeni, ngakho-ke akukho ukwehlukana phakathi kolwazi nobuciko, okuletha umkhakha ovundile njengokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo.
I-classic yethulwa nge-Renaissance architecture ngaphandle kwe-neoclassical ngoba yathola izincwadi ezingaphelele futhi ezempucuko yasendulo njengencwadi ka-Vitruvius futhi kamuva wayiqeda ngobuhlakani bakhe be-Alberti.
Ukuvumela ukufundwa okusha kwezakhiwo zeRenaissance kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kulo mnyakazo omusha ngokuhleleka nobuhle kusetshenziswa ulwazi ukuze kwakhiwe amadome nama-arcade sibonga izibalo, izici zolimi lwakudala lwasendulo nazo zahlanganiswa.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: