Kunezici ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kokuphila kulo lonke iplanethi, okugqamisa kulokhu amanzi, kuyinto ekhona kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo kanye nokubalulekile ekulondolozeni ibhalansi yomuntu nemvelo yemvelo, ngezansi sizogqamisa Izimpawu Zamanzi Okuphuza esintwini, aziwa ngokuba wuketshezi olubalulekile futhi afanele ukuphuzwa umuntu.
Amanzi okuphuza
Iplanethi enguMhlaba yakhiwe ngezinhlobonhlobo zemithombo yemvelo edingekayo ukuze kugcinwe ukuphila kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo (izitshalo, izilwane, abantu kanye nezilwanyana ezincane); okunye okubaluleke kakhulu amanzi, kuwuketshezi olusobala, olunganuki nolungenambala olwakhiwe ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen nomoya-mpilo owodwa (H2O). Bakha amaphesenti angama-70 oqweqwe lomhlaba wonke futhi iyisici esichichima kakhulu kuwo wonke umhlaba; Futhi zimelela enye yezindawo ezinkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ezihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zemvelo yasemanzini ecebile ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Amanzi anezifunda ezintathu eziqinile, eziwuketshezi negesi; okuqinile ngendlela yeqhwa, isibonelo izinguzunga zeqhwa, izinguzunga zeqhwa, ezitholakala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho naseningizimu yeplanethi; igesi, njengokungathi umusi ungabonakali ngokuphelele kodwa ubamba iqhaza emijikelezweni yemvelo (umjikelezo wamanzi) ohlelweni lweplanethi yomhlaba, ngaphezu kokubambisana nokuzinza komkhathi weplanethi noketshezi, okubonisa ingxenye enkulu yemizimba yamanzi esatshalaliswa ngokusho kwawo. imvelo enosawoti (izilwandle, izilwandle, izixhobo, phakathi kwabanye) kanye noshukela (imifula, amachibi, amachibi, phakathi kwabanye). Izifunda ezintathu zamanzi zinesibopho sokungenelela ekulinganiseni kwemvelo, ukubamba iqhaza ezinqubweni ezibalulekile ze-biochemical ukuze kulondolozwe ukuphila emhlabeni.
Amanzi awuketshezi amelelwa cishe ngama-70% amboza uqweqwe lomhlaba, ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe, u-96,5% kuthiwa uvela emanzini anosawoti olwandle, u-1,74% ulingana nezinguzunga zeqhwa nezinguzunga zeqhwa, u-1,72% umelela amadiphozithi angaphansi komhlaba, kuyilapho okunye, cishe u-0,04%, kubhekiselwa kumachibi, amachibi neziphethu. Lokhu kokugcina kuhlanganisa lawo manzi afaneleka ukusetshenziswa ngabantu aziwa ngokuthi amanzi okuphuza, nephesenti elincane elisatshalaliswa kwamanye amazwe emazwenikazi ahlukene kodwa okuphawuleka ukuthi kunezifunda ezingenakho ukufinyelela kulolu hlobo lomthombo wemvelo.
Amanzi okuphuza yilawo athathwa njengokufanelekile ukusetshenziswa komuntu ngaphandle kwezinhlayiya ezingalimaza impilo, angadliwa ngokuqondile, abuye asetshenziswe ukugeza nokulungisa ukudla. Imele uketshezi oluhambisana nemithetho ye-European Union edinga ukuthi uketshezi oluzosetshenziswa abantu kufanele lube nosawoti omncane, amaminerali nama-ion (sulfates, chlorate, nitrites, ammonium, calcium, phosphate, arsenic, magnesium, phakathi kwabanye), ngaphezu kokuba ne-pH engathathi hlangothi noma eyisisekelo kancane ephakathi kuka-6,5 no-9,5.
Kunamachibi athile kanye namachweba anamanzi ahlanzekile alungele ukusetshenziswa abantu, kodwa amanzi okuphuza ngokuvamile enziwa ukuthi aphuzwe ngezinqubo eziqinisekisa ukuthi awanawo amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, nama-pathogenic microorganisms, phakathi kokunye; futhi banesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukungabikho kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe nezinto eziphilayo. Konke lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlanzeka kwemidiya ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iwuketshezi olufanele ukusetshenziswa kwamahhala nokwansuku zonke.
Ukuphuza Amanzi Emvelweni
Kuyaziwa ukuthi amanzi ayincibilikisi yendawo yonke esetshenziswa umphakathi, akhiwa izakhi eziningi nezinto ezincibilikisiwe kuwo njengama-sulfate, ama-chlorate, ama-nitrites, i-ammonium, i-calcium, i-phosphate, phakathi kwabanye; Lezi zinhlobo zamaminerali azibonwa ngeso lenyama kodwa zinesibopho sokuguqula ukunambitheka, umbala kanye nephunga; Njengoba ziyizinguquko, zingamelela ingozi emzimbeni womuntu, njengoba imvelaphi yazo ingase ivele emithonjeni yemvelo njengokuthintana nomhlabathi nokugeleza, noma emithonjeni ekhohliswa umuntu osebenza njengokungcola.
Amanzi atholakala ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene anqunyelwe emifuleni, emachibini, emachibini, phakathi kokunye, kunamazwe ambalwa kakhulu anamadamu noma imithombo enoketshezi olufanele olusetshenziswayo. Ngakho-ke, amanzi okuphuza awaningi kakhulu emhlabeni, umuntu kuye kwadingeka enze izindlela ezihlukahlukene ezivumela ukuhlanzwa kwawo, ngoba ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi, ukuhlelwa kwedolobha noma umphakathi kuhlotshaniswa nempilo yomphakathi, ngakho-ke kuyisici esibalulekile ukuthuthuka kwesintu.
Izigameko eziningi zezifo eziwumshayabhuqe nokudakwa zibe khona emlandweni womuntu ngenxa yezinto ezithathelwanayo ezitholakala emanzini eduze kwamadolobha noma imiphakathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, namuhla ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, inhlabathi nomoya kungenye yezinsongo ezinkulu emanzini okuphuza emhlabeni; njengoba bedale ukulahleka kwezindawo ezihlala emanzini ahlanzekile kanye nokunciphisa ukufinyelela ukuze kusetshenziswe, ngakho-ke kubikezelwa ukuthi esikhathini esizayo enye yezinkinga ezinkulu kuyoba ukuntuleka kwamanzi, ngenxa yokuthi amanzi avela olwandle nezilwandle Awafanelekile. ukusetshenziswa kwezidalwa eziphila emhlabeni.
Ukuphuza Amanzi Izimpawu
Amanzi anezimpawu ezehlukene kuye ngohlobo noma isifunda atholakala kuso, isibonelo, amanzi omfula anezimpawu ezihlukile kunamanzi anosawoti aphuma olwandle, kodwa uma amanzi okuphuza anezimpawu ezithile ngoba asetshenziswa futhi anamanzi ahlanzekile. imithelela empilweni yomuntu, ngakho-ke zilawula izingxenye eziyingxenye yazo. Kucatshangelwa ikhwalithi yoketshezi okufanele lusetshenziswe abantu, ezinye zezici ezidingekayo zigqanyiswe ngezansi:
hlanzeka futhi uphephe
Amanzi asetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa komuntu kanye nokulungiswa kokudla kufanele aqinisekise amathuba aphansi okuthola izifo ezithathelwanayo njengekholera, i-typhus, i-leptospirosis, i-amebiasis, phakathi kokunye; kanye nalezo zifo ezingatheleleki njenge-methemoglobinemia. Kungenye yezinto eziyinhloko ekusetshenzisweni ngokwanele koketshezi, njengoba kunemithombo eminingi yamanzi angcolile esakaza izifo emadolobheni angomakhelwane.
engenambala
Amanzi awuketshezi olungenambala olusezingeni eliphezulu, ukuba khona kwanoma yimuphi umbala kungase kube inkomba yento ethile yangaphandle eyehlisa ikhwalithi yawo; ngakho-ke, kufanele kube sobala, nakuba umbala omhlophe ubonwa ngezinye izikhathi futhi lokhu kubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-chlorine ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwayo.
engenaphunga
Into engenaphunga ayinalo iphunga, uma kuphuzwa amanzi akufanele kube nalutho ekubunjweni kwayo okukhiqiza iphunga kuwo. Ngezinye izikhathi iphunga le-fetid noma elibolile lingagqanyiswa, lokhu kubangelwa amapayipi lapho ajikeleza khona, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukuba kugcinwe ukugcinwa okuqinile kwawo.
buthule
Igama elithi insipid libhekisela kokunganambitheki, amanzi okuphuza akufanele abe nokunambitha, uma enakho, kubangelwa ukuba khona kwezakhi ezishintsha ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali.
Mahhala Ezintweni Ezimisiwe
Izakhi ekumisweni okukhona emanzini zingaba amaminerali, ama-ion noma ama-cations ashintsha impahla yawo, ngezinye izikhathi lapho ehamba ngamapayipi i-cloudiness encane ibonakala ngemva kwesikhathi esifushane iyanyamalala, uma kungenjalo, kungenxa yokuba khona kwento ethile. kuye.
Ukungcola Mahhala
Amanzi awuketshezi oluzwela kakhulu futhi kulula ukulushintsha, ngakho-ke i-organic (izibulala-zinambuzane, indle isala, phakathi kokunye), izinto ezingaphili (amaminerali nama-ion) noma izinto ezingcolisa imisebe (imfucuza yezimboni) kufanele zilawulwe. Ngakho-ke, ukuthintana oketshezi olunabo ngezindawo ezihlukene kanye nezinhlayiya ezingabambelela kuzo kufanele kucatshangelwe.
Ukulawulwa Kwegesi Nosawoti
Emanzini kukhona amagesi ancibilikisiwe njenge-nitrogen, isikhutha, nomoya-mpilo; lapho uhlanza amanzi la magesi aba buthaka futhi ahlukaniswe. Ezinye zazo zengezwa oketshezini ngokuthintana nomhlabathi nokubamba iqhaza kwazo emijikelezweni ye-biochemical, kodwa ukugxila kwazo kungandiswa ngama-agent athile angcolisayo.
Akufanele ibe nama-microorganisms we-pathogenic
Ama-microorganisms we-Pathogenic anesibopho sokubangela izifo ezidalwa eziphilayo, angaba amagciwane, amabhaktheriya, i-protozoa kanye nesikhunta esikhona emanzini; kuleli cala ukuhlolwa okuphelele kokugxila kwamagciwane oketshezini kufanele kugcinwe. Njengamanje imele isici esibalulekile, njengoba uma isithintekile ayikwazi ukuhlanzwa ukuze isetshenziswe, kuhle ukuqeda i-ejenti ukugwema ukwanda emiphakathini nasemadolobheni.
Inqubo yokwenza amandla
Ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi kuyisenzo sokukhulula amanzi kuma-agent angaphandle, okuwenza afaneleke ukusetshenziswa ngabantu.Lokhu kwelashwa kwenziwa ezitshalweni zokuhlanza, ukugcwalisa izigaba ezilandelayo okumele zigqanyiswe:
- Ukuqoqwa kwamanzi emithonjeni yemvelo
Imithombo yamanzi emvelo ivame ukuvela kumadamu, iziphethu, amachweba ngisho nangaphansi komhlaba, lawa akamuva anconyelwa ukwethula izinga eliphansi lokungcoliswa. Kusetshenziswa amaphampu kagesi anesibopho sokuqoqa amanzi nokuwahambisa, konke lokhu kwenziwa ngochungechunge lokuhlunga lwemigoqo yobukhulu obuhlukahlukene egcina okuqinile nezinhlayiya ezikhona.
- I-Coagulation kanye ne-Flocculation
Kulesi sigaba sesibili, ukuguqulwa kwesimo somzimba wezinto ezikhona kulindelekile, lokhu kwenzelwa ngokwengezwa kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali ekwazi ukuguqula ama-agent angaphandle abe yizinhlayiya ezingahlukaniswa yi-sedimentation. Ukuvumela ukuqeda algae, plankton, phakathi kwabanye. Amakhemikhali asetshenziswayo, aziwa ngokuthi ama-coagulants (usawoti wensimbi) kanye nama-flocculants (ama-polymers of solids), angaveza iphunga kanye nokunambitha emanzini.
- Inzungu
Kubhekwa njengenqubo enesibopho sokuhlukanisa ama-sediments akhona emanzini, okubangela ukuthi aqongelele phansi kwendawo ukuze ekugcineni ahlukaniswe isenzo samandla adonsela phansi, ukuhlunga noma amanye amasu. Phakathi nale nqubo, ama-flocs asemanzini ayasuswa.
- Ukuhlunga
Amasistimu okuhlanza amanzi afakwe isethi yezihlungi noma izindawo ezinezimbotshana ezinesibopho sokunciphisa ukuthuthumela kwamanzi kanye nokuqeda noma iyiphi enye insalela ezinambuzaneni nasezilwanyaneni ezincane. Kulokhu, ikhabhoni ecushiwe ingasetshenziswa, efanele izakhiwo zayo ezinama-porous kanye nokungasebenzi kwamakhemikhali.
- Ukubulala amagciwane
Isiteji sokubulala amagciwane sigxile ekuqedeni ama-microorganisms e-pathogenic abangela izifo ezitholakala emanzini. Ngaphezu kokuqeda izinto ezinobuthi eziyingozi kubantu njenge-zinc, i-chromium nomthofu. I-chlorine yengezwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungabi khona kwamagciwane oketshezini.
Amanzi okuphuza uhlelo olufinyeleleka kubo bonke abantu, kunezifunda ezingenakho ukuxhumana okuqondile nemithombo yamanzi okuphuza noma ukwelashwa okwanele kwamanzi okuphuza, kodwa ngemithombo yemvelo yamanzi ahlanzekile. Kulesi simo, uhlelo lokuhlanza olulula futhi olwenziwe ekhaya luhlinzekwa, kungukubilisa amanzi ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa; Ngale nqubo, kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi izinto eziphilayo ezikhona (amagciwane, amabhaktheriya nama-microorganisms) ziqedwa ukushisa okuphezulu. Ngemva kokubilisa amanzi, ayadliwa futhi asetshenziselwe ukugeza ukudla.
Kulokhu, amagama amabili e-potabilization kanye nokuhlanzwa agqamile, ahluke ngokuphelele kodwa adidekile kwezinye izimo, lokhu okulandelayo kubhekisela ekuphathweni kwamanzi angcolile emadolobheni nasemadolobheni ukuze kamuva aphinde asetshenziswe kwezinye izinjongo kodwa angadliwe, ngale ndlela ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi emzimbeni futhi kunciphisa amathuba okuba nezifo.
Ukubaluleka Kwamanzi Okuphuza
Amanzi amelela i-60% yesisindo somzimba, ekubeni ingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke, enza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ebalulekile, njengokwakhiwa kwamaseli, ingxenye yawo wonke uketshezi lomzimba oluhambisa izakhi ezidingekayo emzimbeni womuntu, futhi unesibopho sokuqeda umzimba. imfucuza ngomchamo futhi ngokulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba lihwamuka ngenxa yomjuluko. Ukubuka ngayinye yalezi zimpawu kubonisa ukubaluleka kwamanzi kubantu, okuqinisa ukusetshenziswa koketshezi olubalulekile.
Isetshenziswa ngokuqondile ukuphuza, ukupheka, ukugeza ukudla okuzodliwa. Ukugcizelela ukuthi nazo zisetshenziswa lapho ushawa futhi unisela izitshalo, kwamanye amazwe ukwelashwa okuhlukene kuyenziwa kuye ngokuthi inhloso yoketshezi, lezo ezitholwe ngamapayipi azibonisi ukwelashwa okuqinile njengoba kusetshenziswa amanzi amaminerali (athengwe ezitsheni) ukuphuza.
Kuthathwa njengento ebalulekile ezinqubweni zezimboni ngoba ziyingxenye yokwelapha okusebenzayo, ikakhulukazi izinkampani zokudla, ngoba ukudla okutholwe ensimini kuphathwa ngamanzi ahlanzekile noma asetshenziswe kabusha, ngakho-ke kufanele kufakwe esigabeni sokukhucululwa kwendle ngaphambi kokuphathwa. . Zibuye zisetshenziselwe ukulungisa ukudla neziphuzo, kuyingxenye yenqubo yokukhiqiza imithi, eminye imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, ukuhlanzwa kwesibhedlela, phakathi kokunye.
Ukubaluleka kwamanzi okuphuza kubalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukene yomphakathi njengezomnotho (ukusabalalisa nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo), ezenhlalakahle (ukusetshenziswa koketshezi), ezempilo (ukugcinwa komzimba womuntu), phakathi kokunye. Njengamanje kunokukhathazeka ngokuthi amanzi okuphuza angumthombo olinganiselwe, amazwe ambalwa anemithombo yamanzi eqondile ukuze asetshenziswe, okuveza inkinga enkulu, ngenxa yokuthi amaphesenti aphezulu abantu abafa ngenxa yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni noma ukusetshenziswa kabi koketshezi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici ezingcolisayo zinethonya kalula, kube lula ukungcolisa ilitha lamanzi kunokuwelapha ukuze alungele ukusetshenziswa futhi; Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi ayisici esizwela kakhulu kuma-ejenti anobuthi nangaphandle angawashintsha, ngakho-ke izinga lokungcoliswa koketshezi liyanda emhlabeni wonke. Ukuthonya isidingo sezigidigidi ezisetshenziswa emadolobheni, okubangela ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuhlanza kube kukhulu, ngenxa yezindawo eziguquliwe ze-aquifer ecosystem.
Namuhla, iNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba (i-WHO) iveza izehlakalo eziphezulu kanye nokugula okuhlobene nezifo zohudo nezinye izimo, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi angathandeki empilweni. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukugcina ukunakekelwa kwamanzi okuqinile, ukunciphisa umthelela omubi emphakathini futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise imiphumela empilweni yabantu.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile: