I-Andean Condor inyoni enkulu okuthi, naphezu kwesisindo sayo esikhulu, ikwazi ukundiza. Njengoba inolunye lwamaphiko amakhulu kunawo wonke, kudinga usizo oluthile ukuze uhlale emoyeni, njengokuhlala ezindaweni lapho umoya uvunguza ngamandla ukuze ukwazi ukuntweza. Ngokuvamile idla izinsalela zezilwane ezifile. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana Nezimo ze-Andean Condor, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nalokhu kufunda.
Izici ze-Andean Condor
I-Andean Condor iwukuphela kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingezona zasolwandle ezinamaphiko amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ingowomndeni wamanqe aseMelika okuyiwona kuphela omele wona njengamanje njengoba ingenazo izinhlobo ezincane. Ivame ukutholakala e-Andes nasogwini lwePacific eNingizimu Melika. Lesi sibonelo sibhekwa njengenyoni enkulu kunazo zonke endizayo eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe, njengoba amaphiko ayo mancane kuphela kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-albatross (ezulazulayo nesasebukhosini) kanye namapelican amabili (apinki nama-curly).
I-condor ihlukaniswa njengenyoni edla inyama edla inyama efile, ikhetha izidumbu ezinkulu njengezinyamazane noma izinkomo. Ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili lapho ineminyaka emihlanu noma eyisithupha ubudala futhi ngokuvamile ihlala izidleke ezifinyelela ukuphakama okungamamitha angu-5.000 (amafidi angu-16.000), ngokuvamile ezindaweni ezinamadwala okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo. Inyoni ivamise ukubeka iqanda elilodwa noma amabili futhi ithathwa njengenye yezinyoni eziphila isikhathi eside emhlabeni, ephila iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-70 kwezinye izimo.
Incazelo ye-Andean Condor
I-Vultur gryphus, igama lesayensi le-Andean condor, ibizwa nangokuthi i-Andean condor noma i-condor yamagquma. Iyingxenye yomndeni wakwaCathartidae (amanqe Omhlaba Elisha) futhi iyilungu lodwa lohlobo lwe-Vultur. Ubukhulu bamaphiko aso bungamamitha angu-3,3 (amamitha angu-10 namayintshi angu-10), okwedlula kuphela izinyoni ezine zasolwandle nezamanzi, ezingaba ngamamitha angu-3,5 (amamitha angu-11 amasentimitha angu-6) njengesiqongo se-albatross ezulazulayo, i-southern royal albatross, i-pelican emhlophe kanye ne-Dalmatian pelican.
I-condor iyinqe elikhulu elimnyama elinomgexo wezimpaphe ezimhlophe ezizungeze umsuka wentamo yalo. Eyeduna ikakhulukazi inamachashaza amakhulu amhlophe ezimpikweni zayo, kanti ikhanda layo nentamo, cishe ezingenazo izimpaphe, zibomvu ngokumnyama ngombala futhi zingashintsha zibe bomvu nakakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela ishintshe umbala ngokuvumelana nesimo semizwa yeduna. Eyeduna inentshebe entanyeni yayo kanye ne-crest enkulu emnyama emnyama noma i-caruncle emqhele, futhi ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni eziningi ezidla inyama, eyeduna inkulu kunesikazi.
Le nyoni ibanjwe njengophawu lukazwelonke lwezizwe ezifana ne-Argentina, iBolivia, iChile, iColombia, i-Ecuador kanye nePeru futhi ngaphezu kwalokho idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni nasezinganekwaneni zezindawo zase-Andean. Kwamanye amazwe kuye kwasungulwa nezinhlelo zokuzalanisa izithunjwa ukuze zivikeleke.
I-Andean condor isohlwini "njengaselusondele ekusongelwa" yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokulahlekelwa indawo yokuhlala kanye nobuthi ngenxa yokungenwa inyamazane edakiwe noma izithiyo ezinoshevu ezihlelwe ngendlela engekho emthethweni abazingeli nabafuyi. Amazwe amaningana aseqalile izinhlelo zokuzalanisa ezithunjiwe.
Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nezinhlelo
Kwesinye isikhathi le condor ibizwa nge-Argentina condor, Bolivian condor, Chilean condor, Colombian condor, Ecuadorian condor noma Peruvian condor, njengenkokhiso esizweni ngasinye esivela kuyo.
I-condor yase-Andean yabuyekezwa ngo-1758 yisazi semvelo esazalelwa eSweden uCarlos Linneo oshicilelo lweshumi lwencwadi yakhe ethi Systema naturæ, futhi igcina ihlelo lokuqala lamagama amabili eVultur gryphus. Igama elijwayelekile elithi Vultur livela kwelesiLatini elithi vultur noma voltur, okusho ukuthi 'inqe', nokho, i-gryphus livela egameni lesiGreki lasendulo elithi γρυπός (grupós, 'uqhwaku olumise okwehhuku').
Iwuhlobo oluxhumene ne-California condor kanye ne-jungle condor noma i-royal condor. Lesi sakamuva, ngokombono wofuzo, isihlobo saso esiseduze kakhulu.Abanye ababhali baze babeka lezi zinhlobo ezimbili emndenini omncane ngaphandle kwamanye amanqe aseMelika, nakuba iningi labo lingakubheki njengokubalulekile lokhu kuhlukaniswa.
Isimo esinembayo se-taxonomic se-Andean condor kanye nezinhlobo eziyisithupha ezisele zamanqe e-New World kusangabazeka. Nakuba lezi zimbili zifana ngokubukeka futhi zidlala indima efanayo yezemvelo, amanqe e-New World kanye ne-Old World avela okhokho abahlukene ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba futhi awahlobene eduze.
Ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwemindeni yomibili kuyindaba-mpikiswano njengamanje, futhi iziphathimandla zangaphambilini zaphikisana ngokuthi amanqe e-New World ahlobene kakhulu nonogolantethe. Iziphathimandla zamuva nje zigcina ukubekwa kwazo okujwayelekile ngokulandelana kwe-Halconiformes eduze kwamanqe Omhlaba Omdala noma ziwahlele ngokulandelana kwawo, i-Cathartiformes.
Ukwengeza kulokhu, iKomidi Lokuhlukanisa laseNingizimu Melika liye laqhubeka nokuqeda amanqe e-New World ku-Ciconiiformes futhi esikhundleni salokho liwafake ohlwini njengama-incertae sedis, kodwa libonisa ukuthi kukhona ithuba lokuwadlulisela ku-Falconiformes noma i-Cathartiformes. I-Andean condor ukuphela kwezinhlobonhlobo eziphilayo ezivunyelwe zohlobo lwayo, njengenqe. Ngokuphambene ne-Californian condor (Gymnogyps californianus), eyaziwa ngezinsalela zayo ezinkulu nezinye izici ezicacile, irekhodi lezinsalela ze-Andean condor elitholiwe lincane kakhulu kuze kube manje.
I-posteriori kwaqashelwa ukuthi izinhlobo okuthiwa i-Plio-Pleistocene zamakhondori aseNingizimu Melika zazingahlukile kunezinhlobo zanamuhla, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi eyodwa eyaziwa kuphela emathanjeni ambalwa amancane kakhulu atholakala endaweni ye-Pliocene eMnyangweni we-Tarija. , eBolivia, kwakungase kube i-paleosubspecies encane, i-V. gryphus patruus.
I-Phylogeny
Naphezu kokuthi kuze kube muva nje ama-condors abehlukaniswa phakathi kwamanqe, okwamanje kuyabonakala ukuthi uzalo lwawo lusondelene nolwezinkonjane nezindwandwe, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukwehlukana kwemvelo kuye kwabaqhelelanisa kakhulu. ukubukeka nemikhuba. Mhlawumbe i-Argentavis magnificens yayingomunye wokhokho bama-condors, noma kunjalo okuqinisekiswa ukuthi ama-condor anqoba izindawo zawo ezifundeni ezibandayo eziseningizimu yeNingizimu Melika, lapho kwakhiwa ukhahlamba lwezintaba zase-Andes, ama-biotopes anesimo sezulu esibandayo asakazeka. ukuya eColombia neVenezuela yanamuhla futhi ngisho nasenyakatho yeCalifornia.
Igama
Ngo-1553, incazelo yokuqala yomhlangano wabanqobi baseSpain ne-Andean condor yanyatheliswa embhalweni othi "La Crónica del Perú" nguCíes de León. Kakade ekubonweni kokuqala okwenziwa abahambi baseYurophu balezi zinyoni, kwakungenzeka ukuqaphela ukuthi ezinye zazo zikhuphukela ezindaweni eziphakeme ze-Andes, lapho ukuba khona kwe-condor kuwukuphela kwempilo ephilayo. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho umhloli wamazwe waseJalimane u-Alexander von Humboldt, ngemva kokucabangela i-condor endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha acishe abe ngu-7.000 XNUMX ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, akwazi ukubhala umfanekiso omangalisayo ngalezi zilwane.
Igama elithi kúntur livela olimini lwesiQuechua. Esichazamazwini sesiQuechua sika-Diego González Olgin (1608) singathola la magama alandelayo:
- I-Cuntur iyinyoni ye-condor
- U-Cuntur hina purik ungumhambi osheshayo.
Ukubukeka ngokomzimba
Yinyoni ebonakala kalula, ngaphandle kokuthi mhlawumbe uma indiza phezulu lapho ingadidaniswa nenqe le-turkey (i-Carthates aura) noma i-American black vulture (i-Coragyps atratus). Zombili zingama-scavenger ngokulinganayo futhi zivame ukuba khona endaweni ye-condor lapho zindiza ziyindilinga phezu kwezinsalela zezilwane.
Kodwa-ke, ingahlukaniswa ngokucacile ngobukhulu bayo obukhulu kanye nentamo emhlophe echazwe kahle. Njengezinyoni eziningi ezifile, ayinazo izimpaphe ekhanda layo. Lokhu ukuguquguquka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo okubangelwa iphethini yabo yokudla, lapho amakhanda abo egezwa egazini futhi le ndawo kunzima kakhulu ukuyihlanza. Ngokuphambene nenkambiso evamile ye-dimorphism yobulili ezinyoni ezidla inyama, insikazi incane kuneyeduna.
Izimpiko zayo zinde futhi zibanzi, futhi imilenze yayo, hhayi i-prehensile, inezinzipho ezimfushane futhi ezigobile ngandlela-thile, kanye nokufaka uzwane oluphakeme lwangemuva. Zilungele ukunyakaza futhi azisetshenziswa kancane njengezikhali noma izitho zokugcina njengezinyoni ezidla inyama namanqe oMhlaba Omdala. Uzwane oluphakathi ezinyaweni zalo lude kakhulu kunezinye, futhi uzwane lwangemuva luthuthukile nje kancane, kanti izinzipho zazo zonke izinzwane ziqondile futhi zibuthuntu. Uqhwaku lumise okwehhuku futhi lubukhali kakhulu futhi luklanyelwe ukuklebhula inyama ebolayo.
Ubukhulu nesisindo
Nakuba ubude bayo ukusuka emlonyeni kuye emsileni, ngokwesilinganiso, bufushane ngamasentimitha amathathu kuya kwamathathu kunale-condor yaseCalifornia, i-condor yase-Andean inamaphiko amakhulu, asuka kuma-intshi angu-270 kuya kwangu-320. Iphinde ibe nesisindo esiningi, ikhombisa amakhilogremu ayi-11 kuye kwayi-15 (amakhilogremu angama-24 kuye kwangama-33) kwabesilisa kanye namakhilogremu ayi-8 kuye kwayi-11 (amaphawundi ayi-18 kuye kwangama-24) kwabesifazane. Ubude obuphelele bale nyoni bungasukela ku-100 kuya ku-130 amasentimitha.
Ngaphakathi kwethebula lezinye izilinganiso ezijwayelekile singabala okulandelayo: izilinganiso zephiko lokuhlanganisa ukusuka ku-75,7 kuya ku-85,2 amasentimitha (kusuka ku-29,8 kuya ku-33,5 amayintshi), umsila unobude obungamasentimitha angu-33 kuya kwangu-38 (kusuka ku-13 kuya ku-intshi angu-15) kanye netarsus ingu-11,5 kuya ku-12,5 amasentimitha (4,5 kuya ku-4,9 amayintshi). Lezi zinyathelo ngokuvamile zibhekisela ezinhlotsheni ezifuywe zivalelwe. Isisindo esijwayelekile singamakhilogremu angu-11,3 (amakhilogremu angu-25), lapho abesilisa isilinganiso sekhilogremu elilodwa ngaphezulu, amakhilogremu angu-12,5 (amakhilogremu angu-28), kanti abesifazane ngekhilogremu eyodwa ngaphansi, amakhilogremu angu-10,1 (amakhilogremu angu-22).
Ngokocwaningo lwamuva nje lwezindimbane zezinyoni, lolu hlobo lunesisindo esilinganiselwe esiphezulu kunanoma iyiphi inyoni esekhona noma isilwane esindizayo, ludlula izimbangi ezinjenge-trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) ne-Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus). Nokho, eminye imithombo ithi isisindo somzimba esivamile salolu hlobo singamakhilogremu angu-10,3 (amakhilogremu angu-23) kule condor yase-Andean.
I-Andean condor inyoni yasemhlabeni enkulu kunazo zonke futhi ehamba emoyeni kakhulu uma ikalwa ngesisindo esimaphakathi kanye nobude bezimpiko, nakuba izinhlobo ezinkudlwana zama-bustards wesilisa (osayizi wobulili obuningi kakhulu) zingase zibe nesisindo esikhulu. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinyoni eziphilayo, i-albatross enkulu kuphela kanye nezinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu ze-pelican ezedlula i-Andean condor ngokwesilinganiso kanye nobukhulu bezimpiko.
Imibala
Izimpaphe ezivezwa abantu abadala balezi zinyoni zimnyama kakhulu, ngaphandle nje kwezimpaphe ezimhlophe ezizungeza cishe yonke indawo yentamo futhi, ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye kweyeduna, amachashazi amakhulu amhlophe noma imigqa. amaphiko angabonisi kuze kudlule i-moult yokuqala yenyoni. Ikhanda nentamo kubomvu kuya komnyama ngokubomvu futhi kunezimpaphe ezimbalwa.
Le condor igcina ikhanda nentamo yayo ihlanzekile ngokucophelela, futhi impandla yayo iwukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngezinjongo zenhlanzeko, njengoba ivumela isikhumba ukuba sichayeke emiphumeleni ebulalayo yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kanye nokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet lapho indizela phezulu. Umqhele wekhanda uyisicaba. Endodeni, ikhanda lihlotshiswe nge-caruncle ebomvu emnyama noma i-crest, kuyilapho isikhumba sentamo sigoqiwe, senze intshebe.
Kokubili isikhumba esisekhanda nesentanyeni singababomvu ngokuphawulekayo, siveze isimo somzwelo salenyoni, esiwusizo ekukhulumeni nontanga yayo. Intsha ibonisa umbala onsundu ngokumpunga, isikhumba esimnyama ekhanda nasentanyeni, nentamo ensundu. Iris yeduna insundu, kanti eyensikazi ibomvu ngokujulile. Amajwabu amehlo awanawo ama-eyelashes.
Ukudla
Icondor yase-Andean iwukudla okudliwayo njengoba idla ikakhulukazi izilwane ezibolayo. Izindawo zabo zivame ukuhlanganisa izindawo ezinkulu, ezivame ukundiza kuzo amakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-200 (amamayela angu-120) usuku ngalunye zifuna inyama efile. Bavame ukudla izidumbu ezinkulu ezitholakalayo, ezingase zihlanganisa ama-llamas (Lama glama), ama-alpacas (Vicugna pacos), ama-rheas (i-Rhea ssp), i-guanacos (i-Lama guanicoe), inyamazane, nama-armadillo.
Idlani i-Andean Condor?
Izibonelo zasendle zingathola ama-carotenoid engeziwe asekelwe odabeni lwezitshalo olutholakala ku-viscera yezidumbu kanye nezimila ezintsha. Nokho, ama-condor amaningi aphakathi nezwe aphila kakhulu ezilwaneni ezifuywayo, manje esezisakazeke kakhulu eNingizimu Melika, njengezinkomo (Bos primigenius taurus), amahhashi (Equus ferus caballus), izimbongolo (Equus africanus asinus), iminyuzi, izimvu (Ovis aries) , izingulube (Sus scrofa domesticus), izimbuzi (Capra aegagrus hircus) nezinja (Canis lupus familiaris).
Baphinde badle izidumbu zezinhlobo zezilwane ezisanda kwethulwa ezifana nezingulube zasendle (Sus scrofa), onogwaja (Oryctolagus cuniculus), izimpungushe (Vulpes vulpes) kanye nezinyamazane ezibomvu (Cervus elaphus). Kumacondor ahlala eduze nogu, ukudla kuqukethe ikakhulukazi izidumbu zezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi ama-cetaceans. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ama-condor ase-Andean abamba izilwane eziphilayo ezinobukhulu obuncane, njengamagundane, izinyoni nonogwaja, okuthi, ngenxa yokuntula amandla, imilenze yabo ingabambeki ngokwanele noma indlela yokuzingela ethuthukisiwe, njalo igcine izibulala ngokuphindiwe. .kusuka emlonyeni wayo.
ukudla
Izindawo ze-Littoral zihlinzeka ngokuhlinzekwa kokudla okuqhubekayo, futhi ezindaweni lapho kuchichima khona, amakhondori athile ase-Andean akhawulela indawo yawo yokudla ibe amakhilomitha ambalwa omhlaba eduze nolwandle. Lapho, athola ama-scavenger ngokubona noma ngokumane alandele amanye ama-scavenger, kuhlanganise nama-corvids noma amanye amanqe. Ungalandela amanqe ohlobo lwe-Cathartes, njengenqe le-turkey (Cathartes aura), i-savanna aura (Cathartes burrovianus) kanye ne-jungle aura (Cathartes melambrotus) uze uthole izidumbu.
Amanqe angama-Cathartes athambekele ephunga, ebona iphunga le-ethyl mercaptan, igesi ekhiqizwa njengezilwane ezifile ziqala ukubola. Lamanqe anesizotha awanayo imilomo ewavumela ukuba aklebhule izikhumba eziqinile zezilwane ezinkulu ezisebenza kahle njenge-condor enkulu, futhi ukusebenzisana kwawo kuvame ukuba isibonelo sokuncika okuhambisanayo phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Amanqe amnyama (i-Coragyps atratus), amanqe enkosi (i-Sarcoramphus papa) kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincelisayo, ngezinye izikhathi, zingase zilandele amanqe e-Cathartes lapho zifuna izidumbu, kodwa i-condor ivamise ukuba yiyona ehamba phambili phakathi kwama-scavenger ebangeni layo.
Ama-Andean condors adla ngezikhathi ezithile endle, evamise ukuhamba izinsuku ezimbalwa engadlile futhi apakishe amakhilogremu amaningana ngesikhathi, ngezinye izikhathi aze angakwazi ukundiza. Njengoba imilenze nezinzipho zayo zingajwayele ukubamba, kufanele idle phansi. Njengabanye abadobi, benza indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lwabo lwezemvelo ngokukhipha ingcuba, obekungaba indlela yokuthuthukisa izifo.
Ukukhwelana Nokukhiqiza
Ukuvuthwa kwezocansi kanye nokuziphatha kwakho kokuzala okulandelanayo akubonakali ku-Andean condor kuze kube yilapho le nyoni ifinyelela eminyakeni emihlanu noma eyisithupha ubudala. Empeleni bangumuntu oyedwa, okungukuthi, bakhetha umaqondana futhi bahlale naye ukuphila kwabo konke, futhi uma kwenzeka kubhubha oyedwa wabo, omunye uzofuna umlingani omusha.
Ngesikhathi sokuboniswa kokuqomisana, isikhumba sentamo yowesilisa siba bomvu, sihluka kusuka kokubomvu okufiphele ukuya kokuphuzi okukhanyayo, kanye nokuvuvukala. Isondela kweyensikazi ivule intamo, iveze intamo evuvukele kanye nesiqephu esisesifubeni, lapho ishaya ikhwela, ivule amaphiko ayo ihlale iqondile njengoba icofa ngolimi. Njengengxenye yesiko lokuqomisana, ikhwelo kanye nokukhonkotha kufakiwe ngenkathi ugxuma amaphiko evuleke kancane, nokudansa. I-Andean condor ivame ukuhlala futhi izalela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-3.000 kuya ku-5.000.
Izidleke kanye Neqanda
Isidleke saso, esakhiwe ngezinti ezimbalwa ezihlelwe eduze kwamaqanda, sakhiwe phezu kwezingongolo okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo eziqongweni ezinamadwala, ezivikelwe emoyeni nasemoyeni, futhi ubukhulu bazo bungahluka kakhulu. Nokho, ezindaweni ezisogwini lwasePeru, lapho kunamawa ambalwa khona, ezinye izidleke zimane ziyimifantu enemifantu emithambekeni. Ngokuvamile zizalela iqanda elilodwa noma amabili amhlophe ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, anesisindo esingaba amagremu angu-280 (9,9 ounces) futhi ayahluka ngobude ukusuka ku-75 kuya ku-100 amamilimitha (3,0 kuya ku-3,9 amayintshi), phakathi nezinyanga zikaFebhuwari no-March njalo ngonyaka wesibili.
Iqanda lichanyuselwa ezinsukwini ezingama-54 kuya kwezingama-58 ngemuva kokufukanyelwa ngabazali bobabili. Uma itshwele noma iqanda lilahleka noma likhishwa, elinye iqanda libekwa ukuze lithathe indawo yalo. Izazi nabafuyi basebenzisa lokhu kuziphatha ukuze kuphindwe kabili izinga lokuzala ngokususa iqanda lokuqala ukuze likhulise isandla, okwenza abazali bakhulule iqanda lesibili, elivunyelwe njalo ukuzala.
Amatshwele Nabancane
Ama-specimens amancane ahlala embozwe ngokumpunga phansi aze afinyelele usayizi ofanayo nowabazali bazo. Abantu abasha abanempilo enhle abanazo izilwane ezidla ezinye zemvelo, kodwa izinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo ezifana nezimpungushe zingaba amaqanda, abasha, abasha abangakwazi ukundiza, noma abantu abadala abagulayo.
Ukudlwengulwa akuvamile, njengoba abazali abacophelelayo bevame ukuxosha izinyoni ezidlayo ezisondelayo, futhi indawo yezidleke eziningi ezindaweni eziwumqansa, ezinamadwala kwenza ukufinyelela kube nzima ezilwaneni ezincelisayo.
Indawo yokuhlala nokusatshalaliswa
I-Andean condor ingatholakala eNingizimu Melika e-Andean Cordillera, lapho kufakwe khona izintaba zaseSanta Marta, futhi enyakatho, indawo yokusabalalisa yayo iqala eVenezuela naseColombia, lapho ubukhona bayo bungavamile kakhulu, bese buqhubekela eningizimu eduze. i-Andes e-Ecuador, ePeru naseChile, kulo lonke elaseBolivia nasentshonalanga ye-Argentina kuya eTierra del Fuego.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-50, i-condor yase-Andean yakwazi ukuzala kabusha isuka entshonalanga yeVenezuela yaya eTierra del Fuego, kuyo yonke i-Andean Cordillera, kodwa indawo yayo yokusabalalisa inciphe kakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu. Ingenye yezinyoni eziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, ekwazi ukuhlala endle iminyaka engaba ngu-XNUMX noma ngaphezulu, kuyilapho ekuthunjweni ingafinyelela eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu.
Ihlala kuphi i-Andean Condor?
Ithambekela ngasezindaweni ezivulekile, ngaphandle kokuba khona kwamahlathi, okuyivumela ukuthi ibone inyama efile isuka phezulu, njengezindawo ezinamatshe noma ezinamatshe, izintaba ngokuvamile. Ekugcineni ingatholakala ezindaweni eziphansi ezisempumalanga yeBolivia naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBrazil, ingakwazi ukwehlela ezindaweni eziwugwadule eChile nasePeru, futhi ingatholakala ngaphezu kwamahlathi e-beech eningizimu yePatagonia.
Eningizimu yePatagonia, izimfunda zinentshisekelo enkulu kuma-Andean condors, njengoba kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye izilwane ezidla uhlaza zikhona kule ndawo. Kulesi sifunda, ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Andean condor kuthintwa indawo yezimfunda, kanye namawa okuzalela nokuphumula.
izidleke
Izidleke, ezihlala abantu abadala, abancane kanye nabancane bobubili ubulili, zihlala zitholakala emaweni aphakeme futhi zivikelekile emvuleni, umoya kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye. Ezimweni eziningi ezicatshangelwayo, ama-roosts athandwayo nama-roosts, ngakho-ke umthombo wezingxabano, yilawo abona imisebe yokuqala yelanga ekuseni.
Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ingcuba isatshalaliswa ngokungahleliwe, lezi zilwane zisebenzisa ngokuphindaphindiwe izindawo ezimbalwa zokuphumula noma ukuchitha ubusuku ngokuvumelana nobukhona bokudla endaweni, futhi zingafinyelela ukugxila okufika kuma-specimens ayikhulu namashumi amabili nane.
Isimo sokulondoloza
I-Andean condor ithathwa ngokuthi "iseduze nokusongelwa" yi-IUCN futhi yaqala ukufakwa ohlwini lwezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala e-United States ngo-1970, isimo okuthiwa sibangelwa isilwane esisengozini. indawo enkulu yayo.
Njengengxenye yezinsongo kubantu bakhona, ukulahlekelwa kwendawo edingekayo ukuze idliwe kanye nobuthi ngenxa yokumunca inyamazane edakiwe noma izithiyo ezinobuthi ezifanayo ezibekwe ngokungemthetho abazingeli nabafuyi. Lolu songo lukhona ikakhulukazi endaweni esenyakatho yendawo yokusabalalisa, futhi kuyaqabukela eVenezuela naseColombia, lapho luye lwehla khona kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje.
Njengengxenye yokulahlekelwa kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuhlala ukusha kwehlathi ezindlini zezilwane, izimayini, ukuhlinzekwa kwezithiyo ezifana nezintambo zikagesi kanye nokwelulwa komngcele wezolimo, okuhlobene nokuguqulwa kokusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye nokulima okukodwa okunomthelela emisebenzini endaweni. ama-paramos. Ukuzingela okungekho emthethweni kuyinqubo ebilokhu yenzeka ngokuphindaphindiwe, njengoba kunezizathu eziningi zokwenzeka kwalokhu, phakathi kwazo okungaqondakali mayelana nezilwane kanye nehaba maqondana nokuhlaselwa kwemfuyo.
Ngokwabacwaningi nabalondolozi bemvelo, ngemva kokuba isilwane esizingelayo, njenge-cougar noma impungushe, sibulale esinye sezilwane zabo, abafuyi bafaka i-carbofuran phezu kwesidumbu. Ngale ndlela, uma izilwane ezidla inyama zibuya futhi ziqhubeka nokwanelisa indlala yazo, zidla ushevu okufuthwe ngawo inyamazane yazo bese zibhubha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abalimi baphinde bajove lobu buthi ezithelweni ukuze zibe yizithako ezinobuthi ezitshalweni futhi ngaleyo ndlela zibulale izinyoni ezifika eduze nokucofa. Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho izilwane ezidla ezinye zifa zinoshevu, izinhlobo ezidla ezinye njenge-condor zidla izinsalela zazo futhi zibhekane nemiphumela efanayo.
Ngenxa yokuthi ijwayela ukufa okuphansi kakhulu futhi inamazinga okuzala aphansi, isengozini enkulu yokushushiswa abantu. Leli zinga eliphezulu lokushushiswa lisuka ekutheni lithathwa njengosongo kubalimi njengoba libhekene nezinsolo zokuhlaselwa kwemfuyo. Abalondolozi bemvelo baye benza izinhlelo zemfundo ukuze basuse lo mbono oyiphutha.
Izinhlelo zokubuyisela ziye zasungulwa lapho kwasetshenziswa khona ama-condors ase-Andean ekuthunjweni kuma-zoo aseNyakatho Melika lapho izinyoni zazalelwa khona ukuze zidedelwe endle futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuqinise inani labantu e-Argentina, Venezuela naseColombia. Ama-condors okuqala ase-Andean azalelwa ekuthunjweni akhululwa ngo-1989.
Lapho la ma-condors engabalimi, ukuthintana kwabantu kwakuncane. Amatshwele aphiwa opopayi bepulasitiki abafana namacondor ama-Andean amadala ukuze avimbele amatshwele ekubeni axhumane nabantu. Lokhu kungababeka engozini ngemva kokukhululwa, ngoba babengeke bangabathembi abantu.
Ama-condor ase-Andean afakwa ezindizeni izinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kokukhululwa kwawo ukuze akwazi ukujwayela indawo ayezodedelwa kuyo kamuva. Ama-condor akhululiwe alandelelwa ngesiphuphutheki ukuze alandelele ukunyakaza kwawo futhi abone ukuthi izinyoni zisaphila yini.
Kwenziwani ukuze kuvikelwe?
Esabela ekuthunjweni kwawo wonke amakhondomu asendle aseCalifornia, ngo-1988 i-United States Fish and Wildlife Service yaqala ukuqulwa kwecala lokwethulwa kabusha okuhilela ukukhululwa kwamakhondomu ase-Andean ayethunjiwe endle eCalifornia. Kwakhululwa izibonelo zesifazane kuphela ukuze kuvinjwe ukuba kube uhlobo oluhlaselayo.
Icala libe yimpumelelo kakhulu, futhi wonke ama-condors ase-Andean aphinde athathwa futhi aphinde akhululwa eNingizimu Melika ngaphambi kokwethulwa kabusha kwama-condors aseCalifornia. NgoJuni 2014, iziphathimandla zendawo endaweni yase-Ancasmarca, ePeru zahlenga amakhondomu amabili ase-Andean ayevaleleke ukuze akhonjiswe emakethe yendawo njengendlela yokuheha izivakashi.
Ngo-1991, ePampa de Achala, eCórdoba, e-Argentina, i-Andean Condor Conservation Project (PCCA) yaqala. Le phrojekthi ihlelwe yi-Buenos Aires ZOO, i-Temaikén Foundation kanye ne-Fundación Bioandina Argentina futhi inokusekelwa yizinhlangano ezidumile zezwe nezamazwe ngamazwe. Inhloso yawo eyinhloko iwukunikeza usizo ukuze kulondolozwe lezi zinyoni ezimangalisayo kanye nesimiso sazo semvelo esihle, kulo lonke uhla, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusinda kwalowo ohlonishwa njengoMoya ophilayo wase-Andes.
I-Ecology kanye Nokuziphatha
I-condor indiza indiza izimpiko zayo zibanjwe zivundlile futhi izimpaphe zayo eziyinhloko namathiphu azo zivuleleke phezulu. Ukungabi bikho kwe-sternum enkulu yokunamathisela imisipha yayo emikhulu yokundiza kuyenza ifane nekheshi ngokomzimba. UCharles Darwin wakwazi ukukuchaza ngemininingwane ngesikhathi esithile ngemva kokuzindla isigamu sehora ngaphandle kokubona ukubhakuzisa kwamaphiko azo, ngisho nakanye.
Ijwayele ukuhlala ezindaweni eziphakeme lapho ingandiza khona ngaphandle komzamo omkhulu wokubhakuzisa. Ama-Andean condors avame ukubonakala lapho endizela eduze kwamadwala, esebenzisa ukushisa okushisayo ukuwasiza ukuba afinyelele ukuphakama.
Njengamanye amanqe Ezwe Elisha, lawa makhondomu anomkhuba ongavamile we-urohidrosis: ayazikhulula noma achamele ezindaweni ezinamascaly emilenzeni yawo njengendlela yokupholisa. Indlela yokupholisa ehwamukayo iye yaphakanyiswa njengembangela yalokhu kuziphatha, kodwa kubonakala kunengqondo endaweni ebandayo ye-Andean yenyoni. Ngenxa yalo mkhuba, izinyawo zabo zivame ukungcoliswa idiphozithi ye-uric acid emhlophe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo esithuthuke kahle siyaziwa phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu ama-condors, ngenxa yokuthi "ukuhlelwa kwe-pecking" kunqunywa ngolimi lomzimba, ukuziphatha kokuncintisana nokucula. Ngokujwayelekile, abesilisa abavuthiwe bavamise ukuba phezulu ngokulandelana kokucofa, kanti amaduna angakavuthwa ngemva kokuhlakazeka ngokuvamile aseduze naphansi kokucofa.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani i-Andean Condor?
Njengoba iyinyoni ekhula kancane, engenazo izilwane ezidla ezinye zemvelo ezaziwayo ngesikhathi sokukhula kwayo, i-Andean condor ingajabulela ukuphila isikhathi eside. Akwaziwa ukuthi amazinga okuphila isikhathi eside nokufa kwabantu asephenywe kabanzi yini endle. Izilinganiso zeminyaka yokuphila yezilwane zasendle sezidlule iminyaka engu-50.
Ngo-1983, i-Guinness Book of World Records yabhala ukuthi inyoni eyaphila isikhathi eside kunanoma iyiphi inyoni enobude bokuphila okuqinisekisiwe kwakuyi-condor yase-Andean eyashabalala ngemva kokuhlala iminyaka engu-72 ekuthunjweni, ngemva kokubanjwa endle njengengane.
Kunemibiko yezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zopholi okungenzeka baye baphila iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, kodwa izilinganiso ezinjalo, kuze kube ngo-1983, azikaze ziqinisekiswe. Esinye sezifanekiso zokuqala ze-condor ekuthunjweni zikwazi ukuphila iminyaka engama-71. Kodwa-ke, le minyaka yokuphila idlulwe ngowesilisa, owayenesidlaliso esithi "Thaao", futhi egcinwe e-Beardsley Zoo e-Connecticut. UThaao wazalelwa ekuthunjweni ngo-1930 futhi washona ngoJanuwari 26, 2010, okumenza abe neminyaka engu-79 ubudala. Lena bekungaba iminyaka efakazelwe endala kunazo zonke ezake zaziwa ngenyoni.
I-Condor in Culture
I-El Cóndor Pasa (Indiza YeCondor), iyi-zarzuela evela ePeru, eyabhalwa ekuqaleni nguJulio de La Paz futhi umculo wadalwa ngo-1913 ngumbhali uDaniel Alomia Robles (1871-1942). Umsebenzi womculo osuselwe kuma-folkloric motifs futhi unodumo olukhulu emhlabeni wonke. Lesi siqeshana sixoxa indaba yokungqubuzana okubi phakathi kwezizwe zomdabu kanye nabanqobi baseSpain baseMelika. Iculo elidumile lizwakala ekupheleni komsebenzi, futhi i-Andean condor imelela kuyo inkululeko ekahle. Ngo-2004, le motif yaqashelwa njengefa lesizwe labantu basePeruvia.
Ngezinye izikhathi ama-Condors asebenza njengamaqhawe ezincwadi zokubhala, isibonelo, encwadini kaJules Verne ethi "Izingane ZikaCaptain Grant" kulo lonke uhambo lwakhe oludlula ePatagonia, i-condor yahlasela umfana uRobert futhi yamphakamisela esibhakabhakeni ngezidladla zakhe . Ngokuqinisekile, lokho kwakungeke kwenzeke, njengoba ukwakheka kwemilenze yalezi zinyoni akuzivumeli ukuba zisekele inyamazane emoyeni.
I-Andean condor ibanjwe njengophawu lukazwelonke emazweni ase-Argentina, eBolivia, eChile, eColombia, e-Ecuador, ePeru naseVenezuela. Futhi iyinyoni kazwelonke yaseBolivia, eChile, eColombia nase-Ecuador, edlala indima ebalulekile emlandweni nasezinganekwaneni zezifunda zase-Andean eNingizimu Melika. Imelwe ngobuciko base-Andean kusukela ngonyaka ka-2500 BC futhi iyingxenye yezinkolelo zama-Andean zabantu bomdabu.
Ngokufanayo, le nyoni ibhekwa njengophawu lwamandla nempilo ngamasiko amaningi ase-Andean, futhi amathambo nezitho ze-condors zase-Andean kwakucatshangwa ukuthi zinamandla okwelapha, okwaholela, ngezikhathi ezithile, ekuzingeleni nasekubulaweni kwama-condor. amathambo nezitho zabo. Ezinguqulweni ezithile zokulwa nezinkunzi zasePeruvia, i-condor iboshelwa ngemuva kwenkunzi, lapho icofa khona isilwane kuyilapho abalwa nezinkunzi bebhekene nayo. I-condor ngokuvamile iyasinda futhi kamuva ikhululwe.
EPeru, ngezinye izikhathi bayadutshulwa, kodwa ngokuvamile bayahlonishwa futhi basetshenziselwa izinjongo zesiko. I-Yawar Festival iyisikhumbuzo esifike umvuthwandaba wayo lapho i-Andean condor iboshelwe ngemuva kwenkunzi, okuvumela i-condor ukuthi ibulale inkunzi ngosizo lwezinzipho zayo ngaphambi kokuba ikhululwe.
Lo mkhosi uwukubonakaliswa okungokomfanekiso kwamandla abantu base-Andean (abamelwe yi-condor) phezu kwabaseSpain (abamelelwe inkunzi). Kuphinde kube nomcimbi owaziwa ngokuthi ukuqala kwe-condor lapho kulengiswa khona i-condor ephilayo yase-Andean ohlakeni, lapho abagibeli abahamba ngamahhashi beyishaya yaze yafa.
Ukwenziwa Komuntu Kwesizwe
E-Chile, ngaphezu kokuba uphawu lwesizwe, kuwumuntu kazwelonke, osetshenziselwa ukufanekisela isizwe ngokwaso noma i-Chilean yendabuko, izibalo eziningi zomlingiswa we-zoomorphic zidalwe ukumela amaChile ngokuthi "Copuchita" kusukela kufilimu imidwebo eyizinkulungwane ezingu-15 noma umfanekiso we-"Chago" i-mascot ye-ODESUR Santiago 2014 Sports Games.
I-Condorito iyincwadi yamahlaya enemvelaphi yaseChile lapho ikhonsathi iboniswa isesimweni somuntu ehlala edolobheni elicatshangelwayo elibizwa ngokuthi i-Pelotillehue, idolobhana elincane esifundazweni saseChile. Kucatshangwa ukuthi iwuphawu lwabantu baseChile. Umbhali uGabriela Mistral encwadini emfushane ebhalelwe iphephandaba i-El Mercurio, ebizwa ngokuthi "I-condor encane ne-huemul eningi", ugxeke ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu ne-condor futhi waphakamisa i-huemul, esinye isilwane esiwuphawu lwaseChile.
I-Condor ne-Art
Kukhona i-Mochica ceramic noma izingcezu zegolide lapho i-condor imelelwa khona futhi ezenziwe ngabantu bangaphambi kwe-Columbian abasungulwe ngasogwini olusenyakatho yePeru, ezindaweni ezivundile ezisogwini nasezintabeni zokhahlamba lwezintaba zase-Andean, kusukela eminyakeni eyi-100 kuya kwengama-700. Umdwebi wezilwane waseFrance uFrançois Pompon (1855-1933) wenza izithombe eziqoshiwe eziningana ezinomfanekiso we-condor. Umfanekiso wecondor owenziwe yilo mdwebi utholakala ethuneni lakhe emathuneni aseSaulieu eFrance.
I-Andean condor iyisithombe sokuba khona okukhulu ezitembuni noma ezitembuni zamazwe amaningi. Uke wamelwa kweyodwa yase-Ecuador ngo-1958, e-Argentina ngo-1960, ePeru ngo-1973, eBolivia ngo-1985, eColombia ngo-1992, eChile ngo-2001 naseVenezuela ngo-2004. . I-condor iboniswa ezihlangwini ezihlukahlukene zezizwe zase-Andean ukuze zifanekisela izintaba zase-Andean.
Imfihlakalo yokufa kwakhe
AmaInca ayebheka i-condor njengengunaphakade. Ngokwalokho okushiwo inganekwane, lapho isilwane sinomuzwa wokuthi sesiqalile ukuguga nokuthi amandla aso aphelile, sifika esiqongweni sezintaba esiphezulu nesigqame kunazo zonke ukuze siqoqe amaphiko aso nemilenze futhi sizivumele siwele phansi endaweni ephansi. imihosha, lapho ukubusa kwakhe kuphelela khona. Lokhu kufa kungokomfanekiso, njengoba ngeqiniso elinjalo i-condor ibuyela esidlekeni, eziqongweni, lapho izozalwa kabusha ibheke emjikelezweni omusha, ubukhona obusha.
I-condor imele amandla, ithalenta kanye nokuphakama noma ukuphakanyiswa. Kuyisidalwa esihlonishwa yibo bonke ababehlala e-Andes kusukela ezikhathini ngaphambi kokutholwa kweMelika, ngoba kwakungeyena nje umthwali wezibika ezinhle nezimbi, kodwa futhi kwakunesibopho sokuphuma kwelanga njalo ekuseni, kusukela ngamandla alo. yayinamandla okuthatha inkanyezi futhi iyiphakamise phezu kwezintaba ukuze iqale umjikelezo wokuphila.
Curiosities
I-Andean condor (i-Vultur gryphus) iyinyoni edla inyama eyingxenye ye-oda i-Accipitriformes. Ingowomndeni wakwaCathartidae, le nyoni efile iwukuphela kwezinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Vultur futhi ihlala eNingizimu Melika, kulo lonke uhla lwezintaba zase-Andean kanye nogu lwasePacific. Inezimpiko ezingamamitha angu-3,20, njengoba ibhekwa njengenyoni enkulu kunazo zonke endizayo eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe, lapho ingadlulwa ngokulambisa i-Howler Albatross, inyoni yasolwandle enkulu enamaphiko acishe abe ngamamitha angu-3,70.
Inqe elikhulu elimnyama elinokhololo lwezimpaphe ezimhlophe elizungeze umsuka wentamo yalo futhi, ikakhulukazi abesilisa, libonisa amachashaza amakhulu amhlophe ezinhlangothini. Ikhanda nentamo cishe azinazo izimpaphe futhi zibomvu ngokufiphele, zombili ezingase zibebomvu ngenxa yokusabela esimweni semizwa yenyoni. Amaduna aveza intamo eminyene kanye ne-crest enkulu phezu kwekhanda.
Ngokungafani nama-raptors amaningi, eyeduna inkulu kakhulu kuneyensikazi. Ihlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-3.000 kuya ku-5.000, ngokuvamile emadwaleni okunzima ukuwafinyelela. Ukudla kwabo empeleni kuwukudla, bakhetha izilwane ezinkulu, njengezinyamazane noma izinkomo.
URoberto Rojas, wayengumdlali webhola lezinyawo waseChile, owabonisa indlela engavamile yokugxuma futhi waqanjwa ngokuthi "i-Andean Condor". Wayaziwa njengomunye wonozinti abahamba phambili ebholeni laseNingizimu Melika ngeminyaka yawo-8 futhi waduma ngaleli hlazo ngokulingisa ukulimala emdlalweni wokuhlungela iNdebe yoMhlaba neBrazil, lapho akhishwa khona impilo yakhe yonke ku-International Association of Football Federations. Ibhola (FIFA).
Ngokusho kwekhodi ye-North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO): I-Condor, "i-condor" ibhekisela endizeni yokuthutha eyi-An-124 "Ruslan" esindayo kakhulu eyakhiwe yi-Antonov Design Bureau, lapho Ithathwa njengempahla enkulu yokukhiqiza. Indiza emhlabeni (kusukela ngo-1982 kuya ku-1988, futhi kwakuyindiza enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni). I-Andean condor ifanekiselwa kulogo ye-Avianca kanye ne-Aerolineas Argentinas, akha izindiza ezimbili zezindiza ezinkulu eNingizimu Melika.
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