I-tundra iyindawo ye-bioclimatic enezinga lokushisa elibanda kakhulu, elinamazwe angenawo uhlaza oluningi futhi okuncane okungatholakala kufingqiwe ngama-lichens, amakhambi, ama-mosses nezihlahla eziphansi. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana izici ze-tundra, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda lokhu okuthunyelwe.
Iyini iTundra?
Ama-tundra acishe abe ugwadule olushisayo, lapho isimo sezulu sibanda kakhulu futhi kukhona imvula encane noma cishe alukho nhlobo, e-tundra kunemimoya enamandla futhi inhlabathi ayinazo izakhi, yingakho izimila zilula, kukhona ukuhlukahluka okuncane kwezinto eziphilayo ezinokwakheka kwezwe lapho okuwukuphela kwento engabonwa iqhwa neqhwa.
Konke lokhu kusho ukuthi i-tundras iwuhlobo lwamathafa angenamithi, lezi zingatholakala ngokuyinhloko enyakatho nenkabazwe, cishe ngasogwini lolwandle i-Atlantic Ocean naseningizimu ye-Antarctica.
Izinhlobo ze-Tundra
Kunezinhlobo ezi-3 eziyinhloko zama-tundra anezici ezihlukene, kodwa umehluko obaluleke kakhulu yilapho akha khona. Lokhu okulandelayo:
- Alpina: Ama-alpine tundras angatholakala ezintabeni noma kuphi emhlabeni, ezindaweni eziphakeme lapho kungekho zihlahla nhlobo, nalapho inhlabathi ngokuvamile ikhishwa kahle kakhulu.
- I-Arctic: I-Arctic tundras ingatholakala enyakatho yezwe, ngaphansi kweqhwa le-arctic futhi ingadlulela emaphethelweni amahlathi e-coniferous e-taiga.
- I-Antarctica: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Antarctic tundra iyona engavamile kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile kunzima ukuyithola, kodwa lezi zitholakala kwezinye iziqhingi, njenge-Kerguelen, i-South Georgia ne-South Sandwich.
Izimpawu ze-Tundra
Njengoba lolu kuwuhlobo oluthakazelisa kakhulu nolukhangayo lwe-ecosystem, enezindawo ezibandayo nezinabantu abambalwa, lokhu kubangela izici ze-tundra zikhethekile kakhulu, futhi zinzima kakhulu ukuzithola kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.
Indawo kanye nobukhulu beTundra
I-Alpine tundra itholakala ezintabeni ezishisayo nezishisayo zase-Eurasia, futhi ingxenye yeNyakatho Melika. Manje, i-arctic tundra itholakala enyakatho nenkabazwe futhi ihlanganisa i-Alaska, iSiberia, enyakatho yeCanada, eningizimu yeGreenland kanye nogu lwe-arctic yaseYurophu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Antarctic tundra itholakala eNingizimu Melika, ikakhulukazi eChile nase-Argentina, naseziqhingini ezingaphansi kwe-subantarctic, njenge-Kerguelen, i-Malvinas, i-South Georgia nezindawo ezincane zogwini lwase-Antarctic.
Ukuhluka kokukhanya kwemini eTundra
I-arctic tundra ithola ukukhanya kwelanga okuncane, ngoba kuye ngobukhulu bendawo, ilanga lizocasha isikhathi eside futhi lingaba yizinyanga ezimbili, isikhathi lapho i-tundra izoba sebumnyameni obuphelele ngesikhathi futhi ihlale ifihliwe, noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi sasehlobo liyakuthola ukukhanya kwelanga, kodwa umfutho walo uphansi.
Isakhiwo Sezimila
Isikhathi lapho ilanga liphuma kuma-tundras, ingaphezulu lomhlabathi kuphela elingancibilika, ngakho-ke lesi yisizathu esikhulu esenza kukhule izitshalo eziqinile kuphela. Kulokhu, izimila ezenzeka e-tundra zakhiwa ikakhulukazi izihlahla notshani.
Umhlabathi kanye ne-Permafrost
Inhlabathi yama-tundra iwuhlobo lwe-gley, okungukuthi, inothile ngensimbi eyinsimbi, evame ukumila emathafeni ezikhukhula. Inhlabathi engaphansi ijwayele ukuhlala iqhwa unyaka wonke, yakha iqhwa elivimbela amanzi emhlabathini, libangele amaxhaphozi, amachibi kanye namachibi.
Uhlobo lwe-Gley floor
Umhlabathi wohlobo lwe-gley unephesenti elikhulu lensimbi eyinsimbi, yingakho umbala wawo umpunga-luhlaza. Ukuthungwa kwayo ku-tundra kuyi-polygons, imifantu egcwele amanzi kanye nezindunduma ze-peat, lokhu kungenxa yemiphumela yokuguguleka kweqhwa.
Inhlabathi ye-Permafrost
I-Permafrost iyingqimba yomhlabathi ehlala iqhwa unomphela, ayihlali imbozwe yiqhwa, kodwa ihlala iqhwa ngaso sonke isikhathi. I-Permafrost iyisinki yekhabhoni futhi lokhu kuyingozi enkulu, ngoba uma izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, khona-ke i-permafrost izoncibilika futhi lokhu kuzoqala ukusabela kweketanga okungabangela umonakalo omkhulu emhlabeni.
i-peat
I-Peat ingaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yamalahle, isiponji nokukhanya okungatholakala emhlabathini we-tundra, lokhu kwenzeka ngokubola kwemfucumfucu emhlabathini lapho igcwele izikhukhula, ku-tundra sithola izindawo ezinamaxhaphozi zinkulu kakhulu, okuyinto. yizo ezakha ingxenye enkulu ye-mosaic yale ndawo.
Isimo Sezulu saseTundra
Isimo sezulu se-tundra sihlala singaphansi kuka-zero cishe unyaka wonke, cishe izinyanga ezingu-6 kuya kwezingu-10, konke lokhu kugqugquzelwa ukuthi iseduze kakhulu nezigxobo. Endaweni ye-arctic, i- izinga lokushisa le-tundra Isuka ku-12° kuye ku-6° C cishe, kodwa ngesikhathi sasebusika ifinyelela ku--34° C kanti ngesikhathi sasehlobo ifinyelela ku--3° C.
Kuma-alpine tundras amazinga okushisa angazizwa efudumele, njengoba ehlobo angaba ngu-10° C, nokho, ebusuku ehla ama-degree ambalwa ngaphansi kweziro. Ubusika e-tundra bungabanda kakhulu, bube mnyama, bubude futhi bome, kangangokuthi amazinga okushisa lapha angenakucatshangwa, cishe -70 ° C.
Esikhathini esiningi sonyaka kuba neqhwa, ehlobo isimo sezulu singaba kancane sibe yiqhwa futhi sibe phakathi kuka-28 ° C, ngalesi sikhathi kungase kube nemvula encane kakhulu, izimvula cishe izikhathi eziningi ezinetha endaweni. uhlobo lweqhwa. Ezintaba noma iziqongo, ehlobo zingafinyelela ku-10° C, futhi ebusuku zibe ngaphansi kuka-zero.
i-tundra flora
I-tundra ayinazo izihlahla ngenxa yamazinga okushisa akhona kuleyo ndawo, noma kunjalo, singathola ezinye izinhlobo Izihlahla eziqhakazayo noma ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo, okukhona kuzo cishe izinhlobo ezihlukene ezingama-400, ngokuvamile lezi zincane, zihambisana nezimo zezulu.
Inezinye izimo ezingakuvumeli ukukhula kwezihlahla ezinkulu, njengokuntuleka kwemvula, ukuntuleka kokubola kwezinto eziphilayo, ezingakhiqiza inhlabathi ecebile izakhi, ezidingekayo kakhulu ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, ezikhula kude kakhulu. komunye nomunye.
Ku-arctic tundra kanye ne-subarctic tundra kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaba ngu-1.700, lapho singathola khona utshani nama-liverworts. Izitshalo ezivamile ze-tundra ziyi-mosses, efinyelela cishe ngamasentimitha angu-10 kuphela, okusho ukuthi iphansi kakhulu futhi iseduze nomhlabathi, okubenza bakwazi ukubekezelela imimoya enamandla ngaphandle kokusiphula futhi phakathi nenkathi yasebusika bavikelekile ngaphansi kweqhwa. lokho kuyasibekela.
Ku-tundra singathola nohlobo lwesihlahla esincanyana, njengama-lichens, ngaphezu kwama-heaths, sedges. Izitshalo ze-Cushion nazo zihlala kulawa, atholakala phakathi kwamadwala amatshe, lapho embozwe khona ama-gales aqinile futhi athole kule ndawo indawo efudumele kancane.
Kodwa-ke, e-tundra ezinye izitshalo zizalwa ezikhula endaweni encane kakhulu noma engenawo nhlobo futhi ngesikhathi sasehlobo, zigcwele izimbali eziningi ezincane ze-alpine, ezigcwalisa leyo ndawo emnyama ngokuphila nombala; futhi iyiguqule ibe yindawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enobulembu, ulele, utshani nezihlahla ezincane.
Izimila Zezitshalo
Izitshalo ezikhona e-tundra ngokuvamile zincane kakhulu, zinde, lokhu ngenxa yezizathu ezithile eziyinhloko, izici futhi zibaluleke kakhulu kulezi zindawo:
- Umhlabathi we-tundra awuqukethe noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezakhamzimba.
- Izitshalo ezikhula e-tundra, ngenxa yobufushane bazo, zikuthola kulula kakhulu ukumunca ukushisa emhlabathini omnyama, okusiza ukuthi zingaqandi.
- Lapho izitshalo ze-tundra zizincane, kulapho zivikeleka ngokwengeziwe emimoyeni ebandayo nenamandla, futhi izimpande zazo ziba zifushane kangangokuthi zikhula zibheke eceleni, ngoba azikwazi ukungena ku-permafrost.
- Ngokuvamile zikhula ngamaqembu, okwenza zikwazi ukuvikelana emakhazeni, kanye nezinhlayiya zeqhwa neqhwa ezidonswa umoya onamandla.
- Izimila ze-Tundra zakhiwe ngamakhambi angapheli, ama-warbler, ama-lichens, ama-mosses, nezihlahla ezincane.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6fPzneE8So
Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezivame kakhulu eTundra
- U-Yagel Mosses: I-Yagel moss uhlobo lwe-lichen oluzalwa e-tundra, lezi zingaphila isikhathi eside esingaphezu kweminyaka engu-500.
- Igwababa Elimnyama: Inohlobo lwamajikijolo anokunambitheka okumnandi, lesi sitshalo esincane siqukethe izinto zokwelapha.
- i-lichen jelly: Iwulwembu olukhulu kakhulu oluhlala e-tundra, lungalinganisa phakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-10 no-15.
- I-Lingonberry: I-Lingonberry isitshalo esincane kakhulu, futhi inamajikijolo amnandi.
- I-Dwarf Birch: Kuyisitshalo esingafinyelela ku-70 centimeters ukuphakama, yingakho kubhekwa njengohlobo lwe-shrub.
I-Tundra Wildlife
I-Los izilwane ze-tundra zijwayele ukuhlala kuloluhlobo lwendawo, lezi zinhlobo zinoboya obude, futhi zinezimbobo eziwugqinsi zamafutha ngaphansi kwesikhumba ezivikela emakhazeni. Umbala kwezinye zalezi zilwane umhlophe futhi uyazisiza ukuthi zicashe eqhweni, ngale ndlela zikwazi ukubalekela izilwane ezizidlayo kalula.
Phakathi kwezilwane esingazithola e-tundra, yi-reindeer, i-caribou, onogwaja, izimpungushe zase-arctic, ILobos, ama-falcons, izinkabi ze-musk, amabhere amhlophe kanye nezinhlobo eziningana zezinyoni, izimvu zamanzi namabhubesi olwandle nazo zihlala ogwini.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala e-arctic tundra njengezimpisi, izimpungushe, amabhere amhlophe, ama-loon, ama-seagull, ama-arctic bumblebees, amabhu, izimpukane ezimnyama, ama-lemmings, izingwejeje, onogwaja base-arctic, i-caribou, ama-arvicolins, amagwababa, oklebe nezintethe. Ngenkathi izilwane ze-alpine tundra zingenawo amabhere ase-polar nezinye izilwane ezizalelwa e-Arctic, phakathi kwazo kukhona izimbuzi zasezintabeni, ama-pikas, ama-marmots, izimvu, izimvemvane nezintethe.
Kunezilwane eziningi e-arctic tundra kunase-alpine tundra, ngoba ukudla okuningi kutholakala e-arctic. Ngendlela efanayo okwenzeka ngayo ngezitshalo ze-tundra kuyafana okwenzeka ngezilwane, okusho ukuthi izimo ezimbi ze-tundra zenza ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo ezingenakwenzeka. Phakathi kwezilwane ezihlala e-tundra, singathola okulandelayo:
- i-caribou: I-reindeer evela e-tundra ye-hemisphere esenyakatho, nakuba isijwayele ukuhlala endaweni eyizungezile, futhi namuhla le-reindeer ingatholakala eziqhingini ezingaphansi kwe-subantarctic.
- Ermine: I-Ermine isilwane esincelisayo esincane esidla inyama, esifana ne-weasel ehlala enyakatho ye-United States, eCanada nase-Eurasia.
- Ibhele elihlala kwiqhwa: Yisilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke esingasithola e-tundra, futhi sitholakala emazweni afana ne-Alaska neCanada, kodwa ngeshwa, lesi silwane okwamanje sisengozini yokushabalala.
- Impisi yase-Arctic: Impisi yase-arctic incane kunempisi empunga futhi lesi silwane siphinde siguqule umbala woboya baso ngokuvumelana nenkathi yonyaka, ngaphezu kwalokho lezi zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene ze-Arctic.
- onogwaja we-polar: Ihlala ezifundeni zase-Alaska, eCanada, eGreenland naseScandinavia, isici esikhethekile kakhulu salesi silwane esincane ukuthi umbala wezinwele zaso uyahlukahluka kuye ngezikhathi zonyaka zonyaka, okusho ukuthi ezinyangeni zasebusika kucacile futhi phakathi nenkathi ubusika buvame ukuba mnyama.
- Isikhova seqhwa: Le nyoni enkulu eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi isikhova seqhwa, inezimpaphe ezimhlophe, nakuba ezinsikazini nasezinsizweni ezincane ungabona amabala amnyama esiswini.
Isikhathi sokuzalanisa izilwane zasendle
Esinye sezici eziyinhloko ze-tundra yisikhathi esifushane sokuzalana kwezidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala lapho, lokhu kungenxa yesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, esingathandi le nqubo ukuthi ihlale isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke inobubanzi bamasonto amafushane kuphela.
Ukuma komhlaba
Siyazi kakade ukuthi i-tundra iyindawo ewugwadule lapho singabona khona izindawo ezihlanzekile neziningi Izintaba Zamatshe. Esikhathini sasehlobo ungabona izitshalo eziningi nezinye izimbali, noma kunjalo, ngenkathi yasebusika le ndawo imbozwe ngokuphelele yiqhwa.
Mayelana nokuma kwe-Arctic tundra, kuyabonakala ukuthi inhlabathi ihlala iqhwa unyaka wonke, lesi simo saziwa ngokuthi yi-permafrost. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zindawo zingaphansi kosongo oluqhubekayo, ngoba ama-tundras angenye yezindawo ezisengozini kakhulu emhlabeni.
Midnight Sun eTundra
Ilanga laphakathi kwamabili liyisimanga esingasibona e-Antarctic tundra nase-Arctic tundra, lokhu kubangelwa ukusondela kwezigxobo, lapho ezikhathini zasehlobo ilanga lihlala lingaphezu komkhathizwe noma kunalokho licashile, lidale isimangaliso. ubusuku obumhlophe noma lokho okubizwa ngelanga laphakathi kwamabili.
Ubusuku be-Polar eTundra
Ubusuku be-polar be-tundra esikhundleni sento ephambene eyenzeka kusukela elangeni phakathi kwamabili, okungukuthi, ngesikhathi sasebusika, ezindaweni eziseduze nezigxobo ilanga lifihliwe izinsuku, futhi lingahlala kuze kube yizinyanga ezifihliwe, isimo esandayo. ubusuku e-tundra. Ukungabi bikho kwelanga kungenye yezinto eziqinisekisa ukuqhwa kwenhlabathi e-tundra.
Ukubaluleka Kwemvelo kweTundra
Ukubaluleka kwe-tundra kungaphezu kwanoma yini ezindaweni ezihlala iqhwa unomphela, ngoba ngaphansi kune-permafrost, lapho inani elikhulu lekhabhoni livaleleke okuthi, uma likhishwa, lingangcolisa kakhulu umkhathi, njengoba ukuncibilika okwenzeka e-tundra. ehlobo, ingaphezulu kuphela, njengoba okunye kuhlala kuyiqhwa.
izinsongo ze-tundra
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, enye yezinsongo eziyinhloko ezikhona e-tundra ihlobene nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke, ngoba ngenxa yalokhu, iqhwa elimhlophe liyancibilika, liphinde lithinte i-tundra, liguqule libe usongo olukhulu ekukhululweni kwekhabhoni eliqukethe. Ngokufanayo, ungqimba lwe-ozone luba buthaka ezindaweni eziseduze nezigxobo, okushiya kukhululekile ukudlula emisebeni ye-ultraviolet ewohlokayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-tundra kukhona uhlobo lwezitshalo olubizwa ngokuthi i-lichen, oluzwela kakhulu ukungcola, ngoba lungahlala kuphela ezindaweni ezinenani elikhulu le-oxygen, futhi lesi sitshalo siwukudla kwezilwane eziningi ze-tundra, okungukuthi. ukusho ukuthi ukungcoliswa kuzothinta yonke i-ecosystem jikelele.
