Izici ze-Uranus: Isakhiwo, izinyanga, ilukuluku nokuningi

I-Uranus iyiplanethi yesikhombisa ezungeza iLanga, ayikwazi ukubonakala ngeso lenyama, futhi yaba iplanethi yokuqala ukutholwa kusetshenziswa isibonakude, kulesi sihloko sikufundisa konke mayelana Izici ze-Uranus.

I-Uranus inesimo sezulu esiyingqayizivele futhi esimangalisa ngempela uma kubhekwa ukuthi ihamba endaweni ezungezile ekude kakhulu, lapho ukukhanya okuncane nokushisa kuvela eLangeni, lokhu kwenza i-Uranus ibanda kakhulu futhi izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingaphansi -200 degrees Celsius, Ngendlela efanayo, lokho akuvimbi ingcebo enkulu yezigigaba emkhathini wayo.

I-axis yayo yokujikeleza isendaweni yendiza ye-orbit yayo, kuyilapho i-axis yamaplanethi icishe ibe yi-perpendicular noma okungenani itsheke ngokuqinile uma iqhathaniswa nale ndiza, lokhu kuthambekela kwe-axis yokujikeleza kwe-Uranus kuholela ekutheni yiziphi izigxobo, ezibanda kakhulu. izifunda zitholakala ezindaweni ezihambisana eMhlabeni nezindawo ezishisayo futhi isigxobo esingene ebumnyameni size sikwazi ukufudumala kunesigxobo esivezwe eLangeni.

Izici zeplanethi i-Uranus

I-Uranus inesici sayo, i-equator yeplanethi itsheke kakhulu ngokuphathelene nendiza ye-orbit, kangangokuthi ukujikeleza kwayo kubonakala, njengalokho Iplanethi venus, buyisela emuva. I-Uranus inamasathelayithi cishe angamashumi amabili futhi ngokungafani nezinye izindikimba zeSolar System ezinamagama athathwe kuzinganekwane zasendulo. 

Phakathi kwezici ezifanele kakhulu ze- Iplanethi ye-Uranus Yilezi ezilandelayo:

• I-Uranus yaziwa njengeplanethi yesithathu ngobukhulu esimisweni sonozungezilanga kanye neyesine ngobukhulu ngokwesisindo.
• Yiplanethi ebanda kunazo zonke esimisweni sonozungezilanga enezinga lokushisa elincane elingu -224°C.
• Isilinganiso esimaphakathi se-Uranus singamakhilomitha angama-25 ± 362, noma cishe ama-7 ama-Earth radii.
• Ubuso Uranus kuyinto 8.1156 billion amakhilomitha square.
• Isilinganiso sokuminyana kwe-Uranus singamagremu angu-1.27 ku-cubic centimeter ngayinye.
• Ukusheshisa ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi e-Uranus ngamamitha angu-8.87 ngomzuzwana wesikwele (0.886 g).
• I-Voyager 2 ithole indawo ethile kazibuthe ku-Uranus eyi-1/3 yerediyasi yeplanethi esusiwe enkabeni yayo yejiyomethri futhi yatsheka ngo-59° uma kuqhathaniswa ne-eksisi yokuzungezisa.

Ezinye izici zomzimba

• Isisindo: 8.69 * 1025 kg (ubukhulu obuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-14 kunoMhlaba)
• Ububanzi enkabazwe: 51118 km (ubukhulu obuphindwe ka-4 kunoMhlaba)
• Ububanzi bepali: 49 km
• Ukutsheka kweshaft: 98°
• Izinga lokushisa lezingqimba ezingenhla: cishe -220 ° C
• Isikhathi sokuguqula i-axis (usuku): amahora ayi-17 imizuzu eyi-15
• Ibanga ukusuka eLangeni (isilinganiso): 19 ae noma 2.87 billion k
• Isikhathi sokujikeleza kweLanga ku-orbit (unyaka): iminyaka engu-84.5
• Isivinini sokuzungeza ku-orbit: 6.8 km/s
• I-orbit eccentricity: e = 0.044
• Ukuthambekela kwe-orbit ku-ecliptic: i = 0.773°
• Ukusheshisa kokuwa kwamahhala: cishe 9 m/s²
• Amasathelayithi: kukhona izingcezu ezingama-27.

Isakhiwo

Ngokusho kokubonwa kwesathelayithi, i-ironstone core enezinga lokushisa elingaba ngu-7000 K ikhona I-Uranus, kodwa akukho mifula noma izilwandle ezibonwayo, ukungabikho kwe-metallic hydrogen kunciphisa inani lokushisa okukhiqizwa iplanethi ku-30%, ukuze i-Uranus ithole u-70% wamandla ashisayo eLanga.

Ngemuva komnyombo, umkhathi ominyene kakhulu uqala ngokushesha, ngokuqina okungaba yizinkulungwane eziyi-8 km, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emkhathini we-Uranus kanje:

• 83% i-hydrogen (H2),
• 15% i-helium (He)
• 2% imethane (CH4).

I-Methane, njenge-hydrogen, ibamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo ekumunceni imisebe yelanga futhi ngenxa yalokho i-spectra ye-infrared nebomvu, lokhu kuchaza umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka weplanethi, imimoya ephakathi kwezingqimba, ehamba ngesivinini esingama-250m / yebo. 

I-Uranus iyiplanethi eyingqayizivele esimisweni sonozungezilanga, ukutsheka kwe-axis of rotation cishe ngama-degree angama-98, okusho ukuthi iplanethi cishe igcwele udoti ohlangothini olulodwa, ukuze kucace, uma wonke amaplanethi afana nesivunguvungu esijikelezayo , I-Uranus ifana nebhola le-bowling.

Ngenxa yesimo esinjalo esingavamile, ukuguqulwa kwemini, ubusuku nezinkathi emhlabeni, qhubeka, ukubeka kancane, okungajwayelekile, kuvela ukuthi iminyaka engu-42 isigxobo esisodwa sisebumnyameni, ilanga likhanya kwelinye. , bese beshintsha, ososayensi bachaza ukuma kweplanethi okuyinqaba kangaka, ukungqubuzana nenye indikimba yasezulwini, okwenzeka ezigidini zeminyaka edlule.

I-Atmosphere

I-Uranus idinga indawo ezinzile futhi echazwe kahle ngaphakathi, nokho, ingxenye engaphandle yeplanethi ezungezwe umhwamuko okwazi ukuzwa ukude yaziwa ngokuthi umkhathi, umthamo wendawo uthuthukiswa ufike kumakhilomitha angaba ngu-300, nokucindezela okulinganayo kwamabha ayi-100. kanye nezinga lokushisa elingu-47 ° C.

Umkhathi wayo ngokuyinhloko uhlanganisa i-molecule ye-hydrogen:

• Helio
• UMethane
• Amoniya
• Amanzi
• I-Hydrogen sulfide
• ama-hydrocarbon ahlukahlukene
• Umusi wamanzi
• I-carbon monoxide
• I-Carbon dioxide

Mhlawumbe kungenxa yomthombo wangaphandle njengothuli oluwayo kanye nenkanyezi enomsila.

Umkhathi wayo ungahlukaniswa ube izingqimba ezintathu:

I-Troposphere: Phakathi kokuphakama kwe--300 no-50 km, nezingcindezi ze-100 kuya ku-0.1 bar, iyingxenye ephansi futhi eminyene kakhulu yomkhathi, izinga lokushisa liyehla ngokuphakama.

I-Stratosphere: Ihlanganisa ukuphakama phakathi kuka-50 no-4.000 km, nengcindezi ephakathi kuka-0.1 no-10 ^-10 bar, amazinga okushisa akhuphuka kancane kancane nge-altitude engu-53 K.

I-Thermosphere: Njengoba inweba ukusuka ku-4,000 km kuya ku-50,000 km, iyingqimba engaphandle kakhulu yomkhathi kanye ne-corona, enezinga lokushisa elifanayo eliphakathi kuka-800 kuya ku-850 K.

i-orbit ye-uranus

I-Uranus izungeza iLanga ngebanga eliyisilinganiso 2.875 billion km, ukusuka ku-2.742 billion km ku-perihelion kuya ku-3.000 billion km e-aphelion, enye indlela yokuyibuka kungaba ukusho ukuthi izungeza iLanga ngebanga eliphakathi kuka-19.2184 AU, ngaphezu kwebanga eliphindwe ka-19 phakathi koMhlaba. kanye neLanga.

Umehluko phakathi kwebanga eliphansi neliphezulu ukusuka eLangeni lingama-269.3 million km, okuwumqansa ukwedlula yonke iplanethi yelanga, ngaphandle okungenzeka ngaphandle kwePluto kanye isivinini esimaphakathi se-orbital esingu-6.8 km, I-Uranus inenkathi ye-orbital elingana ne 84.0205 Iminyaka yoMhlaba, lokhu kusho ukuthi unyaka owodwa e-Uranus uthatha izinsuku ezingu-30,688.5 zomhlaba.

Nokho, njengoba kuthatha i-Uranus amahora angu-17 nemizuzu engu-14 imizuzwana engu-24 ukuzungeza kanye eksisini yayo nangenxa yebanga layo elikhulu ukusuka eLangeni, usuku olulodwa lwelanga e-Uranus lucishe lufane, lokhu kusho ukuthi unyaka owodwa e-Uranus uthatha i-solar engu-42.718. ezinsukwini ze-Uranus nanjengeVenus, i-Uranus izungeza ibheke kolunye uhlangothi lwe-orbit yayo ezungeze iLanga, into eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuzungezisa emuva.

izinyanga ze-uranus

I-Uranus inezinyanga ezingu-27 ezaziwayo, kunokuba iqanjwe ngezibalo zezinganekwane zamaGreki noma zamaRoma, izinyanga zayo ezine zokuqala ziqanjwe ngemimoya yemilingo ezincwadini zesiNgisi, njengencwadi kaWilliam Shakespeare ethi "A Midsummer Night's Dream" neka-Alexander Pope ethi "The Abduction of the Lock". ", kusukela lapho, izazi zezinkanyezi ziye zaqhubeka nalesi siko, zidweba amagama ezinyanga emisebenzini kaShakespeare noma uPapa.

UWilliam Lassell, usosayensi ohamba phambili futhi ongowokuqala ukubona inyanga emzileni ozungeza iNeptune, wembula izinyanga ezimbili ezilandelayo zika-Uranus, i-Ariel kanye ne-Umbriel, cishe kwakuyiminyaka eyikhulu ngaphambi kokuba isazi sezinkanyezi saseDutch-American uGerard Kuiper, athole uMiranda ngonyaka. 1948.

Ngonyaka ka-1986, iVoyager 2 yavakashela uhlelo lwe-uranium futhi yathola ezinye izinyanga eziyishumi, zonke zisuka ku-26 kuya ku-154 km ububanzi:

• Juliet
• puck
• Cordelia
• Ofelia
• Bianca
• I-Desdemona
• Portia
• Rosalind
• Cressida
• Belinda

Zonke izinyanga zika-Uranus zenziwe ngeqhwa nedwala ngayinye ihlukaniswe phakathi, okusho ukuthi abacwaningi abasebenzisa i-Hubble kanye nezindawo zokubuka izinto ezisekelwe phansi sebekhule ingqikithi yaba yizinyanga ezingamashumi amabili nesikhombisa ezigqamile futhi zingamakhilomitha ayi-12 kuya kwayi-16 kuphela ububanzi, zimnyama ngombala futhi zingamakhilomitha ayi-4.8 kuphela. cishe XNUMX billion km kude.

Ngaphezu kwezinyanga, u-Uranus angase abe neqoqo le-Trojan asteroids, izinto ezihlanganyela ngokuzungeza okufanayo neplanethi, endaweni ekhethekile eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Lagrange point, eyokuqala eyatholwa ngo-2013, naphezu kwezinsolo zokuthi iphuzu Lagrange. iplanethi izoba engazinzile kakhulu ukuba ingabamba imizimba enjalo.

ukuhlolwa kwe-uranus

I-Uranus phakathi kwamaplanethi asendulo iyona kuphela esendizeni yenkabazwe ithambekele endizeni ye-orbit nge-engeli ye-98 degrees, ngakho-ke iplanethi izungeza i-eksisi eyodwa njengokungathi ilele ngohlangothi.

Ngenxa yalokhu, I-Uranus ibhekene neLanga ngokushintshana ukusuka esigxotsheni esisenyakatho, bese isuka eningizimu, bese isuka enkabazwe, bese isuka endaweni ephakathi nendawo kanye nobude bemini nobusuku kuyo idlula kakhulu isikhathi se-axial sokujikeleza kweplanethi, endaweni engama-30 amadigri, imini nobusuku kugcina iminyaka engu-14, endaweni engama-degrees angu-60 - iminyaka engu-28, nasezigxotsheni - iminyaka engu-42.

Isiqondiso sokujikeleza kweplanethi siphambene nesiqondiso sokujikeleza kweLanga, okungukuthi, okuphambene, imodeli yethiyori yesakhiwo se-Uranus kanje, ungqimba lwaso olungaphezulu luyi-gas-liquid layer, ngezansi lapho kukhona khona. iqhwa, ingxube yamanzi neqhwa le-ammonia, futhi ngisho nokujula, umnyombo wetshe eliqinile.

Njengamanye amaplanethi amakhulu, umkhathi we-Uranus uqukethe ikakhulukazi i-hydrogen, i-helium ne-methane, iplanethi inesistimu yendandatho ephinyiselwe kancane, ehlanganisa izinhlayiya ezinobubanzi obungamamilimitha ambalwa kuya kumamitha ayishumi.

I-Uranus izungezwe uhlelo lwamasathelayithi, okujikeleza kwawo cishe konke kuhambisana nendiza yenkabazwe yeplanethi, amasathelayithi e-Uranus awahambi endizeni yawo. I-Orbit, njengoba kwenzeka ngamasathelayithi awo wonke amanye amaplanethi, kodwa acishe abe yi-perpendicular kuwo, kuze kube unyaka ka-1986, kwakwaziwa amasathelayithi amahlanu kuphela eplanethi.

Ukuhlola i-Uranus kunzima ngenxa yokuba kude kwayo, idatha entsha mayelana neplanethi kanye nesistimu yayo yesathelayithi yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kwe-American space probe i-Voyager 2, eyenziwa ngoJanuwari 24, 1986, i-Voyager-2 okokuqala futhi kuze kube manje ukuphela komkhumbi-mkhathi okwazile ukusondela ngangokunokwenzeka e-Uranus.

Ngesikhathi sohambo lwe-Voyager 2 oluya e-Uranus, ososayensi nonjiniyela kwadingeka baxazulule izinkinga eziningi ezihlobene nokusebenza kwemishini esiteshini, eyayinkulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunalokho okwakucatshangwa eposini lomyalo.

Amakhompiyutha asebhodini ahlelwe kabusha ngokuphelele.Omunye wawo wayenikezwe umsebenzi wokucindezela amasiginali wevidiyo ukuze kwehliswe isikhathi sokudluliselwa eMhlabeni, ukuze bathole isignali yomsakazo ebuthakathaka kakhulu iVoyager 2, izimpondo ezihlukahlukene ezivela kunethiwekhi yeziteshi zomsakazo. Ukulandelela isikhala esijulile kwahlanganiswa nge-elekthronikhi. okuthiwa i-array ukuthuthukisa amandla abo okwamukela.

Umkhumbi-mkhathi weqa umzila we I-Uranus endleleni yendiza, ulwazi oluningi mayelana neplanethi lutholwe emahoreni ambalwa, kuyilapho i-Voyager 2 iseduze, indiza ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-81.5 ukusuka ebusweni bamafu.

Amakhamera abekwe endaweni ejikelezayo ahlala ehlola iplanethi namasathelayithi, azungeza ngokuzenzekelayo ngokohlelo olunqunywe kusengaphambili. Ngenxa yebanga elide ukusuka eLangeni, i-Uranus ithola ukukhanya kwelanga okuncane kakhulu, ngakho inhlolovo yenziwe ngokuchayeka okuphansi kakhulu. isikhathi eside ukuthwebula. izithombe zeplanethi namasathelayithi ayo.

Ngokudubula okunjalo, isiteshi sasizungeza ngekhamera nge-shutter evulekile ngemva kweplanethi, njengomthwebuli oqondisa i-panorama yento ehamba ngokushesha.

Amaqiniso ayi-10 ajabulisayo nge-Uranus

I-Uranus igcwele imininingwane ethakazelisayo nemangazayo, kusukela enyangeni yayo eminingi, kuya ohlelweni lwayo lwendandatho kanye nokwakheka komkhathi wayo wasemanzini, nazi izinto eziyishumi nje mayelana nalo mdondoshiya wegesi neqhwa.

• Yiplanethi ebanda kunazo zonke: Amazinga okushisa aphezulu efu ku-Uranus isilinganiso -197.2 degrees Celsius, kodwa angehla aze afike ku-226 degrees Celsius, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ngokungafani namanye amaplanethi amakhulu kuSolar System, i-Uranus empeleni ikhipha ukushisa okuncane okukubamba emvelweni. Ilanga.

Ngenkathi amanye amaplanethi amakhulu anezinsimbi ezishisa kakhulu, ezikhipha imisebe ye-infrared, umongo we-Uranus usupholile kangangokuthi awusawakhiqizi amandla amaningi.

• Orbit the Sun eceleni: I-axial movement ye-Uranus ingama-degree angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye, lokhu kusho ukuthi iplanethi igingqika ohlangothini lwawo, wonke amaplanethi anokufana okufanayo naphezulu lapho ezungeza iLanga, kodwa i-Uranus inokufana kakhulu nebhola. lokho kugoqa ngephethini eyindilinga futhi lokhu kungenye into eyivelakancane ku-Uranus.

• Isizini ithatha usuku olude: Usuku olunenkanyezi I-Uranus Kuthatha amahora angaba ngu-17 kuphela, kodwa ukutsheka kuka-Uranus kungumqansa kangangokuthi isigxobo esisodwa noma enye ivame ukukhomba ngaseLangeni.Lokhu kusho ukuthi usuku endaweni esenyakatho ye-Uranus luthatha ingxenye yonyaka we-uranium, iminyaka engu-84 yomhlaba.

Ngakho-ke uma ungase ume esigxotsheni esisenyakatho ye-Uranus uzobona iLanga liphuma esibhakabhakeni futhi lihamba iminyaka engu-42, ekupheleni kwaleli hlobo elide elidonswe ngaphandle ilanga lingagcina lishona phansi komkhathizwe, lokhu kuzolandelwa Iminyaka engu-42 yobumnyama, eyaziwa nangokuthi inkathi eyodwa yasebusika e-Uranus.

• Iplanethi yesibili engaminyene kakhulu: Ngesilinganiso sokuminyana kwe-1.27 g / cm ³I-Uranus inobuningi besibili obuphansi kunawo wonke kunoma iyiphi iplanethi ku-Solar System, lokhu kuminyana okuphansi kunomphumela ohlangothini othakazelisayo.
• Inezindandatho: I-Uranus iyisethi yesibili yezindandatho ezimangalisa kakhulu ku-Solar System, lezi zindandatho zakhiwe izinhlayiya ezimnyama ngokwedlulele ezinobukhulu ukusuka kuma-micrometer ukuya engxenyeni yemitha, yingakho zingabonakali njengalezo Iplanethi iSaturn.

• Umkhathi we-Uranus uqukethe iqhwa: Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi kukhona "amaqhwa" athile emkhathini we-Uranus, idivayisi yesithathu egcwele injabulo emkhathini we-Uranus yi-methane, okuyiyona echaza umbala we-aquamarine we-Uranus.
• Inezinyanga ezingama-27: Njengamanje, izazi zezinkanyezi ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba khona kwamasathelayithi emvelo angu-27, kodwa ingxenye enkulu, lezi zinyanga zincane futhi azivamile.
• Kwakuyiplanethi yokuqala eyatholwa enkathini yesimanje: I-Uranus kwaba iplanethi yokuqala eyembulwa ngemva kokudalwa kwesibonakude, yaqoshwa okokuqala ngqa ngonyaka we-1690 nguJohn Flamsteed, owayecabanga ukuthi inkanyezi emlaza weTauri.
• Ungabona u-Uranus ngeso lenyama: I-Uranus isike yabonwa izikhathi eziningi esikhathini esidlule izazi zezinkanyezi zasendulo nezangaphambi kwesimanje, kodwa ngenxa yokukhanya kwayo okuphansi uma iqhathaniswa namanye amaplanethi, ivame ukubhekwa iphutha njengenkanyezi.
• Ivakashelwe kanye kuphela: IVoyager 2 yeNASA yasondela kakhulu e-Uranus ngoJanuwari 24, 1986, yadlula ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angama-81,000 ukusuka esiqongweni samafu sase-Uranus, awukho omunye umkhumbi-mkhathi owake wathunyelwa ngase-Uranus futhi okwamanje azikho izinhlelo zokuthumela okunye.