Imithala yandisa izimiso zothuli, igesi, izinto ezimnyama, nezinkanyezi eziyisigidi kuya kwezinkulungwane eziyizigidi ezihlanganiswe amandla adonsela phansi. Kulesi sihloko ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne- Izici Zemithala.
Iyini imithala?
Uma ubheka phezulu esibhakabhakeni ebusuku ngesibona-kude futhi ubone ngale kwalokho okubonakala ngeso lenyama, uzobona abaningi. Izinkanyezi ukuthi empeleni lezo zindawo zokukhanya ziyimithala, iqoqo lezinkanyezi eziyizigidi kuya ezigidini, imithala yakhiwe izinkanyezi, uthuli nezinto ezimnyama, konke okuhlanganiswe amandla adonsela phansi. Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi lezi zakhiwo ze-cosmic zakhiwe kanjani, ungafunda mayelana ukwakheka komthala kanye nenkanyezi.
Izazi zezinkanyezi aziqiniseki ngokunembile ukuthi imithala yakheka kanjani. Ngemva kweBig Bang, indawo yahlanganiswa cishe yonke i-hydrogen ne-helium. Ezinye izazi zezinkanyezi zicabanga ukuthi amandla adonsela phansi adonsela uthuli negesi ndawonye ukuze kwakheke inkanyezi ngayinye, futhi lezo zinkanyezi zahlangana zaba amaqoqo agcina eseyimithala.
Izici
Imithala kakhulu inezimbobo ezimnyama ezikhungweni zayo ezikwazi ukuvela amandla amakhulu, ngale ndlela izazi zezinkanyezi ziyakwazi ukubona amabanga amade, kwezinye izimo, imbobo emnyama emaphakathi yomthala inkulu kakhulu noma iyasebenza, ngisho nasemithaleni emikhulu kakhulu. kancane.
Ukwakheka
Nazi izithako ezintathu ezakha imithala:
Izinkanyezi: Ngeso lenyama, i-Milky Way ibonakala njengefu elimhlophe, izinkanyezi ezakha umthala wethu zinobunzima obuhlukahlukene namazinga okushisa.
Gas: Igesi equkethwe emithaleni (ngokuyisisekelo i-hydrogen) itholakala ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene, kukhona amafu amakhulu abandayo e-molecule ye-hydrogen emele cishe ingxenye yengqikithi yesisindo segesi esifundeni esifakwe emzileni weLanga.
Powder: imithala futhi inothuli izinkanyezi ezilukhile phakathi nokuphila kwazo okuwusizo futhi oluye lwaphonswa emkhathini ophakathi kwezinkanyezi, lezi zinhlayiya zothuli zinendawo yokumunca ukukhanya okukhishwa izinkanyezi, njengoba nje uthuli olulenga emoyeni lumunca ukukhanya kwelanga.
Color
Zombili izingalo nediski yesistimu ezungezayo kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuyilapho izindawo zakhona ezimaphakathi zibomvu njengomthala oyi-elliptical.
Izinkanyezi ezishisayo nezincane kunazo zonke ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezindala nezipholile kunazo zonke zibomvu, ngakho isikhungo se-spiral sakhiwe izinkanyezi ezindala, ezinezinkanyezi ezincane ezingalweni ezisanda kwakhiwa ngegesi nothuli.
izakhiwo ezinkulu
Ngenhla kwesakhiwo esikhulu esithandelayo somthala kukhona ukusatshalaliswa okunesiphithiphithi kwezinhlaka ezincane ngaphakathi komthala ngokwawo. Le morphology eyinkimbinkimbi iyabonakala nakweminye imithala ezungezayo nengajwayelekile futhi iphumela ngokusobala ekufakweni okuqinile kwasendaweni kwamandla endaweni ephakathi kwezinkanyezi.
Izinhlobo Imithala
Nakuba kunezinhlobo ezahlukene, umthala ngamunye uqukethe izakhi ezifanayo, kodwa lezi zihlelwe ngendlela ehlukene ohlotsheni ngalunye. Njengoba nje umuntu enziwe ngamaprotheni afanayo amiswe ngendlela ehlukile, imithala nayo yenziwa ngamagesi, uthuli, izinkanyezi, nezinye izakhi. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe, ungathintana ne- izinhlobo zemithala ekhona.
Imithala Ama-Spirals
Umthala ovunguzayo unediski, iqhubu kanye ne-halo, inkaba yomthala ifana ne-nucleus, equkethe iqhubu elimise okwembulunga elihlala izinkanyezi ezindala futhi elingenalo uthuli negesi, ukwakheka kwesiyingi somthala kwakha umthala. idiski. Izingalo zomthala zisuka kudiski futhi yilapho izinkanyezi ezintsha zizokwakheka khona emthaleni.
Ilanga elisemthaleni wethu litholakala engalweni futhi izinkanyezi zalo zakha kule ngxenye yomthala futhi linenani elikhulu kakhulu legesi, le ndawo inothe ngezinkanyezi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-Halo iyiqoqo eliyindilinga lezinkanyezi namaqoqo asendulo aziwa ngokuthi amaqoqo ama-globular atholakala onqenqemeni olungaphandle lomthala. Ungavakashela futhi isihloko mayelana imithala eduze ne-Milky Way.
Imithala eyi-Elliptical
Imithala eyi-Elliptical iyabonakala ngesimo sayo esiyindilinga eside kanye nokungabi nayo i-nucleus noma iqhubu phakathi nendawo. Nakuba ingekho i-nucleus, umthala usakhanya kakhulu phakathi nendawo futhi uyancipha ukukhazimula ngasemaphethelweni angaphandle omthala.
Izinkanyezi, amagesi kanye nezinye izinto zisakazwa kuwo wonke umthala oyi-elliptical, i-elliptical galaxy ingaba cishe iyindilinga noma ibe yinde futhi imise okwe-cigar.
Inqwaba yesisindo kumthala oyi-elliptical kucatshangwa ukuthi kungenxa yokuba khona kwembobo emnyama emaphakathi Le mithala inomsebenzi omncane kakhulu futhi iqukethe ikakhulukazi izinkanyezi ezindala, ezinobunzima obuphansi, ngoba awukho igesi nothuli oludingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe izinkanyezi ezintsha. .
Imithala Engavamile
Imithala engavamile yakhiwe ngamagesi, uthuli, izinkanyezi, ukwakheka Nebula, izinkanyezi ze- neutron, izimbobo ezimnyama nezinye izakhi ezivamile kuyo yonke imithala.
Imithala engavamile ibizwa kanjalo ngenxa yokuthi ayinakho ukuma okuqondile, kodwa njengawo wonke amagalaksi, inyakaza njalo, ihambela ngaphandle futhi iqhelelene nendawo ephakathi nendawo yethu. Imithala engavamile ihlukaniswe yaba izigaba ezimbili: Im kanye ne-IO.
Imithala ye-IM yenzeke kaningi phakathi kwemithala engajwayelekile futhi ingase ibonise umkhondo wezingalo zemithala ezungezayo, imithala ye-IO ayihleliwe ngokuphelele futhi ingabizwa ngokuthi isiphithiphithi ngokwemvelo. Cishe u-20% wemithala yethu ihlukaniswa njengengavamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ne- imithala emincane.
Igalaksi yeLenticular
Zikhombisa ngokusobala iqhubu nediski elifana nemithala ezungezayo, kodwa azibonisi zimpawu zezingalo ezisongelwe noma inani elibalulekile lezinto ezingaphakathi kwezinkanyezi, imvelaphi yemithala ye-S0 namanje akwaziwa, kodwa umqondo owodwa ukuthi ekuqaleni bekuyimithala ezungezayo eyalahleka noma eyaphela. impahla yayo ephakathi kwezinkanyezi ngokusebenzisana nomunye umthala.
Imithala Esebenzayo
Umthala osebenzayo ukhipha amandla aphindwe izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane kunomthala ovamile, iningi lala mandla awakhiphi ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo kodwa ngamanye amaza obude, ukusuka kumaza omsakazo kuya emisebeni ye-gamma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amajethi amade egesi angakhishwa emthaleni cishe ngesivinini sokukhanya, lo msebenzi oqhutshwa umgodi omnyama omkhulukazi osenkabeni yalo mthala. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, ungabheka lesi sihloko ku imithala esebenzayo kanye ne-James Webb Telescope.
I-Galaxy Formation
Kunemibono eminingi mayelana nokwakheka kwemithala lapha sibala emibili yayo:
Goqa ithiyori yokwakheka
Imithala kukholakala ukuthi yaqala emafwini amakhulu angajwayelekile e-hydrogen ne-helium, le gesi yadalwa emizuzwini yokuqala yendawo yonke, izingxenye ezithile zomhlaba. Amafu cishe ayeminyene kancane kunezinye, ngenxa yalokhu kuminyana okuphezulu, amandla adonsela phansi abangela ukuwa kwawo, le nqubo yokuwa, isinika imithala ezinzile.
Ithiyori yokwakheka kokuhlukana
Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwemithala equkethe izingqimba zegesi emincane noma amashidi okungase kuhilele ukuhlukana kwalawa mashidi abe imicu noma izigaxa, ezigcina zigoqeke zibe izinkanyezi.
Ukuhamba kwemithala
Yonke imithala inokunyakaza kwayo okujikelezayo okuzungeza umongo wayo kanye nokunyakaza kokuhumusha kanye nemithala eseqoqweni eyingxenye yalo.
Nakuba imithala ihlukaniswa amabanga amakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi imithala emibili noma ngaphezulu eseqoqweni elilodwa iqale ukusebenzisa amandla adonsela phansi anamandla komunye nomunye, ukuze iyisondeze lapho ishayisana khona.
