Kulesi sihloko sikulethela lonke ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana ne- Izici zepende, sizokutshela ngakho konke ukubaluleka umdwebo oye waba nawo emlandweni wezwe, ngoba ushiye amamaki amaningi nezindaba eziningi, yingakho lapho ubheka umdwebo obalulekile, kufanele ucabange ngezici ezihlukahlukene zokudweba. isihloko samanje ozosithanda!
Izici zepende
Ubuciko bokumela ihluzo ngokusebenzisa i-pigment exutshwe nezinto ezihlanganisayo ezihlukene zokwenziwa noma eziphilayo yilokho esikwazi njengokudweba. Ukuze usebenzise ubuciko bokudweba, kufanele ube nolwazi oluningi mayelana nethiyori yemibala kanye nokwakheka kwezithombe. izici ezihlukahlukene zopende okufanele zisetshenziswe.
Ukuze ukwazi ukwenza ubuciko bokudweba nokudweba, umkhuba wokudweba kufanele wenziwe njalo futhi lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusizakala kwendawo ethile njengephepha, i-canvas, ucezu lwendwangu, ucezu. ukhuni, udonga lapho izopendwe khona, kusetshenziswa indlela ethile ukuze kutholwe ukwakheka kwemibala, izimo, imidwebo, ukuthungwa phakathi kokunye, ngaleyo ndlela kunikeze umklamo womsebenzi wobuciko ogcwalisa izimiso ezithile zobuhle.
Ngale ndlela, ngekhulu le-XNUMX, umakhi wezakhiwo kanye nesazi semfundiso yenkolo u-André Félibien wemvelaphi yesiFulentshi wafika waqinisekisa kwesinye sezinkulumo zakhe e-French Academy mayelana nezigaba zezinhlobo ezikhona emdwebeni wakudala, okuyiwo. “indaba, isithombe, indawo, ulwandle, izimbali nezithelo”
Emkhakheni Wezobuciko Obuhle, ukudweba kungenye yezindlela zobuciko ezindala kakhulu ezikhona kweziyisikhombisa ezikhona, kusayensi yethiyori yezobuciko kanye ne-aesthetics, ukudweba kuthathwe njengesigaba sendawo yonke futhi kufaka phakathi yonke indalo yobuciko eyenziwe ezindaweni ezingaphezulu. . Esinye sezigaba ezisetshenziswa ezicini ezihlukene zokudweba uhlobo lokusekelwa olusetshenziswayo noma izinto ezisetshenziswayo futhi njengamanje izisekelo noma amasu edijithali ahlukene.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi emlandweni wokudweba kwakubuswa isikhathi esithile yinkolo noma ubuciko bezenkolo. Kunezibonelo eziningi zalolu hlobo lwemidwebo, kusukela emidwebeni ependiwe egcizelela abantu basezinganekwaneni nabezenkolo, kuya ezigcawini ezichazwe eBhayibhelini, njengophahla lweSistine Chapel eliseDolobheni laseVatican, eRome. Ngisho nezigcawu ezipendiwe ezifanayo zempilo kaBuddha, kanye nemifanekiso ehlukahlukene ependiwe enanela indikimba yenkolo yasempumalanga.
Incazelo yomdwebo
Ukuchaza umdwebo, nokukhuluma ngezici zawo eziyinhloko zokudweba, kungashiwo ukuthi kuwumfanekiso ocacile usebenzisa uchungechunge lwemibala ehlanganiswe nezinye izinto, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-organic noma i-synthetic, ukwenza inkulumo yobuciko. Kodwa kwaziwa kahle ukuthi ubuciko bokudweba buyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba budinga amasu nezindlela eziningi zokudweba, kanye nokudweba nokubunjwa okubonakalayo komdwebi kanye nendlela asebenzisa ngayo ithiyori yombala.
Ukusebenzisa lezi zindlela umdwebi angasebenzisa izindlela zokudweba i-fresco noma indlela yokudweba uwoyela. Kodwa umdwebo ungahlangabezana nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ze-thematic, kanye nezici ezihlukene zomdwebo womlando noma izinhlobo ezahlukene ezishiwo ngenhla.
Uzothola izitayela ezahlukene zokudweba ezifana nomdwebo wangaphambi komlando kanye ne-Gothic futhi kunoma yisiphi isikhathi somdwebo lapho kubhekiselwa khona. Kodwa imidwebo iyimisebenzi yobuciko, njengoba u-Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich, isazi-mlando sezobuciko saseBrithani esazalelwa e-Austria, sithi:
“Alikho iphutha uma sizijabulisa ngomdwebo wezwe ngoba usikhumbuza ikhaya lethu noma isithombe ngoba usikhumbuza umngani, njengoba nje singamadoda uma sibuka umsebenzi wobuciko sisuke sibhekene nawo. inkumbulo yezinto eziningi okuthi, ezinhle noma ezimbi, zibe nomthelela ekuthandeni kwethu.
Gombrich, Umlando Wezobuciko (2002)"
Ngendlela efanayo u-Arnold Hauser, isazi-mlando sobuciko semvelaphi yaseHungary ngemva kokufunda konke ukuphila kwakhe phakathi kweJalimane ne-Italy, uchaza umqondo wokudweba esho okulandelayo:
"Sizihumusha (imidwebo) ngokwezinjongo zethu kanye nezifiso zethu, sidlulisela incazelo kubo, umsuka wabo usendleleni yethu yokuphila kanye nemikhuba yethu yengqondo."
Isazi sefilosofi esazalelwa eJalimane u-Ernst Bloch, encwadini yakhe eyabhalwa ngo-1918 enesihloko esithi Umoya we-utopia, ubonisa ukuhlakanipha kwakhe ukuze avikele ubuciko obungewona ongokomfanekiso, futhi enze ubuhlobo nokukhulelwa kwendoda ye-utopian, enesiphetho esingavezwanga, kodwa ekhona ngokungazi ekujuleni komuntu futhi encwadini yakhe ifika ukuze iqinisekise okulandelayo:
"Uma umsebenzi wokudweba bekuwukuzibeka phambi kwamehlo omoya kanye nobukhulu obuyigugu bendawo nakho konke okunye, bekungaba ngcono ukuhamba ngokuqondile futhi sijabulele ngokukhululekile konke lokho."
Kwezinye izazi-mlando futhi ikakhulukazi uMnu Erwin Panofsky, bahlola okuqukethwe imidwebo eminingana ngokusebenzisa ifomu yabo kanye nokuqukethwe abamele, benza izifundo eziningana bezama ukuqonda ukuthi umdwebo umeleni umphakathi, khona-ke incazelo ukuthi umdwebo kwadingeka for the futhi ekugcineni iveze incazelo umdwebo owawunayo esikweni nasenkolweni.
umlando wokudweba
Kulesi sihloko, izici ezinesihloko somdwebo, sizokutshela kancane ngomlando wokudweba. Ukuze ube nolwazi oludingekayo, kusukela lapho sikhuluma ngomlando kufanele sibuyele emuva esikhathini sangaphambi komlando futhi sifinyelele eminyakeni yobudala, ehlanganisa zonke izethulo ezenziwa ngamasu ahlukene asetshenziswa ekudwebeni nasekudwebeni kobuciko.
Konke lokhu kuhambisana nomlando wobuciko esimeni samasiko nomlando, lapho sizama ukuhlaziya umlando wokudweba kufanele sibuyele emidwebeni eyakhiwe njengemidwebo eqoshiwe emigedeni ehlukene, etholakala ezindaweni zasePyrenean ingeyamazwe aseSpain naseFrance futhi ingxenye yogu lweMedithera kulokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi ubuciko beLevantine.
Kuneminye imidwebo eyenziwe kwezinye izingxenye zeYurophu ephansi kancane, etholakala emazweni alandelayo: Portugal, Italy, engxenyeni yeMpumalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Afrika. Kuneminye imidwebo ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wokudweba efana nemidwebo yasemhumeni futhi yiyona endala eyaziwa ngumuntu.
Emlandweni wokudweba umhume we-Chauvet oseFrance, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando ngophenyo olwenziwa emhumeni oshiwo, uneminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ze-32 ubudala futhi utholakala esikhathini se-Aurignacian ne-Gravettian. Izici zomdwebo owenziwe kulo mhume kwakuwukuthi abadwebi basebenzisa ubumba lwe-ocher, i-iron oxide ebomvu futhi emnyama i-manganese dioxide.
Kweminye imigede ebuye igqame ngokuba nemidwebo ehlukene yileyo ka-Altamira neLascaux, kule midwebo kudwetshwa obhejane, ama-mammoth, amabhubesi, izinyathi, amahhashi noma abantu abasesimweni sokuzingela ngokubhekiselwe ezilwaneni. Futhi izithombe ezitholakala kuma-papyri nasezindongeni ezihlukene zamathuna aseGibhithe asukela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingu-5 ngaphambi kukaKristu, ziyizigcawu zokuphila kwansuku zonke kwalaba bantu kanye nezezinganekwane nezinkolelo zabo.
Izophinde ifanekise izici nezici zalowo mphakathi ngokusebenzisa ubukhulu bezibalo njengezinga lomphakathi. NjengaseRoma Lasendulo, kwakuyinto evamile ukuhlobisa noma ukupenda izindonga zezindlu nezigodlo, okwamanje leyo esesimweni esihle kakhulu sokongiwa kwemvelo idolobha lasendulo lasePompeii kanye nedolobha laseHerculaneum.
Lapho befika enkathini yama-paleochristian emigedeni yamathuna baqala ukuyihlobisa ngokudweba izigcawu zeTestamente elisha futhi bemelela uJesu njengomfanekiso womalusi omuhle, badweba imifanekiso ngamehlo amakhulu benza inkohliso yokuthi babebuka isibukeli. Lesi sitayela sathandwa kakhulu futhi saqhubeka senziwa esikoleni saseByzantine esiseConstantinople.
Khona-ke umdwebo wothando uthuthuka phakathi kwekhulu leshumi nambili neshumi nantathu, ezindaweni ezithakazelisa kakhulu zaseYurophu eziseningizimu yeFrance nasezindaweni zaseCatalonia, nakuba imidwebo eyayenziwe yayiyizindikimba ezihlukahlukene zenkolo ezenziwe engxenyeni ephakeme kakhulu yesonto nangaphezulu. izindonga ezinkulu ukuze abantu bazibukele, esinye sezithombe ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu kwakuyi-pantocrator, engumfanekiso kaJesu waseNazaretha kanye neNcasakazi uMariya.
Baqala nokwenza imidwebo ekhombisa ukuphila kwabangcwele. Emdwebeni wamaGothic kwakukhona futhi imidwebo yezenkolo kodwa emele izingqikithi zemvelaphi yezwe kodwa yayiyingxenye enkulu emazweni ase-Italy naseFrance lapho umuntu obaluleke kakhulu kwakungumdwebi uGiotto owayesebenza njengomdwebi wezithombe kanye nomdwebi wamapulani wemvelaphi ye-Florentine.
Ngenkathi yeRenaissance, umdwebo we-classical waba nendima enkulu ekuthonyeni inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi, ngaleso sikhathi umbono womugqa wathuthukiswa futhi kufundwa umzimba womuntu kusetshenziswa umdwebo njengephuzu lokusekela, Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokudweba. kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwendlela kawoyela.
Ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona abadwebi abakhulu ababeqashelwa ulwazi lwabo nezindlela zokudweba abazisebenzisayo, phakathi kwabavelele kakhulu uLeonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael Sanzio kanye noTitian. Ezicini zomdwebo zigqama emsebenzini owenziwa uLeonardo Da Vinci lapho enza UMona Lisa, eyaziwa nangokuthi uMona Lisa, Yebo, ngisebenzisa izindlela ze-chiaroscuro ne-sfumato.
Umdwebi wezakhiwo kanye nomqophi uMichelangelo wenza omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ngokudweba uphahla lweSistine Chapel, eyaziwa njengomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu yeRenaissance, ngaphezu kwalokho abaculi abaningi basebenzise izingqikithi ezingokomfanekiso phakathi kwazo kukhona lezo ezivela enyakatho yeYurophu phakathi kwazo. kuhlanganisa nabazalwane u-Jan van Eyck no-Hubert van Eyck. EJalimane, umdwebi nomdwebi wesintu uDürer wagqama.
Nakuba lokho okubizwa ngokuthi isonto eliphikisayo noma ukuguqulwa kwebandla lamaKhatholika ayefuna ukulwisana nalo nobuProthestani, efuna ukusebenzisa ubuciko benkolo nokwenza lokhu wasebenzisa izivumelwano zokwenziwa zabalingiswa, ababebusa ubuciko. phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi izici zomdwebo ababewusebenzisa kwakuwukwenqaba imithetho nenkululeko yokubunjwa kobunjwa nemibala, kodwa kwasetshenziswa ubusha beCaravaggists.
Laba basebenzise i-radical naturalism, lapho basebenzisa khona inhlanganisela yokubuka ngokomzimba ukuze bacacise yonke into eyayidinga ukugqanyiswa futhi benza umdwebo ube nobuciko bemidlalo yaseshashalazini kanye nobuciko obumangalisayo bokusetshenziswa kwendlela ye-chiaroscuro. Nokho, wasebenzisa isithunzi nokukhanya, kulobu buciko uCaravaggio kanye no-Annibale Carracci bagqama, abadwebi ababili ababephila ngesikhathi futhi bebaluleke kakhulu ekufanekisweni kwezithombe zobuciko beBaroque.
Esinye sezici ezivelele kakhulu zomdwebo we-Baroque ukuguquguquka kwezingoma ezenziwe abadwebi uRubens Rembrandt noVelázquez. Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-XNUMX, kwakhuthazwa ukunyakaza kobuciko be-rococo, okwakujabulisa futhi kujabule kunobuciko be-baroque futhi yamukelwa kabanzi emazweni aseFrance naseJalimane.
Ukunyakaza kwamasiko kwe-romanticism eyaqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, yayiveza imizwa nemizwa ejulile, kodwa eFrance umdwebi ovelele kwakunguDelacroix, e-United States umdwebi ovelele kwakunguThomas Cole, kuyilapho ese-United Kingdom. I-United ibimelwe nguConstable noTurner kanti eSpain bekungumdwebi uFrancisco de Goya.
Maphakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ukuthwebula izithombe kwasungulwa futhi ukudweba kwaqala ukulahlekelwa injongo yomlando eyayinayo kuze kube yileso sikhathi ngokunikeza izithombe ezingokoqobo kakhulu, ngaleso sikhathi ukunyakaza kobuciko be-impressionism kwenza ukubonakala kwakho kumelelwe umdwebi wemvelaphi yaseFrance ogama lakhe lingu-Edouard Manet. obengumanduleli walo mnyakazo owenze kwaba nokwenzeka ngokusekelwe kumabhulashi akhe axegayo kanye nobudlelwano bemibala abusebenzise ukwenza ukwakhiwa kwesithombe esingokoqobo kodwa ngaphandle kokunaka kakhulu imininingwane eqondile.
Ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, izici zokudweba zigqama kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kwemisinga yezithombe, phakathi kwazo esine-Fauvism, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Fauvism futhi iyinhlangano engokomfanekiso eyazalelwa eFrance yabe isisakazekela emazweni amaningana futhi yasungulwa. ebonakala ngokwenqaba imibala yendabuko futhi asebenzise imibala enodlame noma egqama kakhulu.
Inhlangano yamasiko ebizwa ngokuthi i-Expressionism nayo yazalwa kodwa eJalimane, kodwa yayifakwe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yobuciko obuhle njengobuciko bepulasitiki, izakhiwo, izincwadi, umculo, i-cinema, yaseshashalazini, umdanso, izithombe, njll. Futhi wawubonakala ngokwenza imizwa ibe nomuzwa ongaphezu kokwenza umkhiqizo othembekile ongokoqobo.
Ngokufanayo, uCubism wazalwa njengomnyakazo wobuciko phakathi kuka-1907 no-1924, owadalwa nguPablo Picasso noGeorges Braque, walandelwa ngabaculi uJean Metzinger, u-Albert Gleizes, uRobert Delaunay, uJuan Gris, uMaría Blanchard noGuillaume. U-Apollinaire, kwakuyinhlangano yayisekelwe ekwenzeni imidwebo ngendlela yama-cubes amancane. Ukwenza izithombe ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu zibe imidwebo enezinhlangothi ezimbili.
Umdwebo ongabonakali uzuzwa njengefa kusukela kulo mnyakazo wamasiko we-cubism, okuwuhlobo lwe-abstract expressionism eyakhiwe eNew York City phakathi kweminyaka yawo-1940 no-1950.
Bese, e-United Kingdom, kuvela ubuciko be-Pop, umnyakazo wobuciko ogqugquzelwa ubuhle bempilo yansuku zonke kanye nezimpahla zabathengi ezazisetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, kwenziwa izikhangiso ezikhangisa uhlobo oluthile lwesiphuzo noma ukudla. Ukuba ngummeleli wayo omkhulu u-Andy Warhol.
Ekugcineni, ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, i-minimalism ibonakala, okuwumkhuba lapho yonke into iyancipha ibe yinto ebalulekile noma ukususa izakhi ezisele futhi kwenziwe izici zemidwebo ngokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ezincane zobuhle. Ngenkathi ekhulwini lama-XNUMX kwenziwa umqondo we-pluralism futhi namuhla kusetshenziswe izitayela ezihlukahlukene nobuhle.
Izinhlobo zobuciko ezisetshenziswa ekudwebeni
Phakathi kwezinhlobo zobuciko ezikhona futhi ezizohlukaniswa ngezindikimba, nazo eziye zahlukaniswa ngomlando wokudweba oye waba nomthelela endleleni, ubukhulu, isitayela kanye nenkulumo eyenza umsebenzi wobuciko. Ababhali abanjengoPlato (427-347 BC), u-Aristotle (384-322 BC) noHorace (65-8 BC) baqinisekisa ukuthi ubuciko buyikulingisa.
"Umqondo osetshenziswe yilaba babhali ngaleyo ndlela ubiza ukulingisa imvelo njengenhloso ebalulekile yobuciko"
Kulo mqondo, ukufaneleka kwenziwa ekusetshenzisweni kwevelu ye-didactic enayo futhi yenza ukumelela okuhle, kodwa akufanele yenze umehluko phakathi kwesithombe esenziwe umcabango kanye nesithombe sangempela. Umakhi wezakhiwo uMarco Vitruvio Polión maphakathi nekhulu lokuqala, owaqala ukuhlobisa amakamelo okudlela lapho kwabonwa khona izithombe ezinokudla okuhlukahlukene futhi kwamanye amakamelo kwenziwa izigcawu zezwe kanye nezigcawu zezinganekwane.
Ku-Renaissance, umakhi u-Leon Battista Alberti wayenombono wokuphakamisa izinga lokupenda imidwebo libe yiciko elikhululekile, waze wathi umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu umdwebi anawo umlando, kodwa umdwebi wezakhiwo esebenzisa igama elithi umlando. kubhekiselwe emdwebeni olandisayo owenza izigcawu ezidumile noma zezenkolo, bese usho lokhu okulandelayo:
"Lona oveza izenzo ezinkulu zamadoda amakhulu okufanele akhunjulwe wehlukile kulowo ochaza amasiko ezakhamuzi ezizimele, kunalowo oveza impilo yabafokazana. Eyokuqala inomlingiswa obabazekayo, kufanele igcinelwe izakhiwo zomphakathi nezindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu, kanti enye izofaneleka izingadi”
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX, imidwebo kawoyela yavela futhi yaqoqwa, nakuba iqiniso lokwenza imidwebo yasendongeni emikhulu elandisayo lingazange lilahleke, futhi kwabangela imidwebo yezohwebo kanye namafomethi ahlukahlukene alawulekayo. Ngale ndlela, izinhlobo ezihlukene zezithombe kanye nokukhethekile kweciko ngalinye kwaqala ukuhlukaniswa.
E-Italy, umdwebo womlando uyaqhubeka futhi abadwebi ababesenyakatho ye-Italy benza izithombe, kuyilapho abadwebi ababeseNetherlands baqala ukwenza imidwebo yohlobo kodwa ngezinga elincane, imisebenzi yokudweba yokuphila kwabalimi, ngaphezu kokuphila namanje. kanye nokwakheka kwezwe.
Ngale ndlela, ngonyaka we-1667, umdwebi wezakhiwo kanye ne-theoretician okuthiwa u-André Félibien weza ngendlela ethile ukuze ahlele izinhlobo zemidwebo yakudala, okuwumlando, isithombe, indawo, ulwandle, izimbali nezithelo.
Umdwebo wohlobo: Futhi okubizwa ngokuthi isiqephu sohlobo, lo mdwebo usekelwe emikhubeni yangasese yabantu ezigcawini zabo zansuku zonke nezamanje zomculi, waziwa nangokuthi umdwebo we-costumbrista. Imidwebo ethandwa kakhulu yalolu hlobo yenziwa eNetherlands ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX.
Phakathi kwabaculi abavelele kulolu hlobo lomculo uPieter Brueghel Omdala noVermeer. Nakuba kungaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi zenziwa ukuba zimelele iqiniso noma ngenjongo yokuphazamisa izibukeli emidwebeni eyayihlekisa kakhulu ngezinye izikhathi. Mhlawumbe babenenhloso yokuziphatha ngezibonelo ezehlukene abazenzile zababukeli.
Kodwa akungabazeki ukuthi emdwebeni wohlobo lwekhulu le-XNUMX, babecabanga ngayo yonke inhloso yokubhuqa noma yokuziphatha kwesimo emisebenzini ehlukene eyenziwa abadwebi uWilliam Hogarth noma uJean-Baptiste Greuze, kuyilapho eSpain umdwebi u-Diego. UVelázquez wahlakulela uhlobo lomdwebo enza umsebenzi wakhe othi Owesifazane Omdala othosa amaqanda kanye nomthwali wamanzi waseSeville, ngale ndlela umdwebi uFrancisco Goya.
Ukuma ngobude: Esigabeni sobukhosi sezinhlobo ezisetshenziswa ekudwebeni, isithombe sithatha isikhundla esibalulekile kodwa esingaqondakali ngoba ngendlela eyodwa umelela abantu ngomfanekiso kaNkulunkulu, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi bazama ukukhazimulisa umuntu ngenxa yobuze bakhe nalokho akwenzile ngokomlando. , ngoba abantu abacebile nabanamandla kakhulu bebelokhu bemelwe.
Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abaphakathi babeqasha abadwebi ukuthi baveze bonke abantu abakha umndeni, namuhla kunezithombe ezenziwa phakathi kwemindeni yalabo abaphethe, ama-corporation, izinhlangano kanye nabantu ngabanye.
Uma umdwebi enza isithombe sakhe lokhu kubizwa nge-self-portrait, omunye wabadwebi abadumile kulokhu kwakungu-Rembrandt owazakhela izithombe ezingaphezu kwamashumi ayisikhombisa. Ngokuvamile, umdwebi wenza isithombe sakhe esimmele kakhulu, njengoba kushiwo ngu-Edward Burne-Jones ongumdwebi nomklami waseNgilandi othi:
"Ukuphela kwenkulumo engavunyelwa ngesithombe esihle ukuvezwa komlingiswa kanye nekhwalithi yokuziphatha, akukho okwesikhashana, okwesikhashana noma okwenzeka ngengozi."
Enqubweni kawoyela eye yasetshenziswa omunye wabadwebi abangcono kakhulu basenyakatho yeYurophu ekhulwini leshumi nanhlanu okuthiwa u-Jan Van Eyck, owayengomunye walabo ababekhuthaza ubuciko bokuthwebula isithombe sakho, isibonelo esibalulekile salokhu kwakungenkathi umdwebi upende u-Arnolfini Marriage, kulo mdwebo umdwebi uvezwe nomkakhe okhulelwe egcwele umzimba.
Ngesikhathi seRenaissance yayimelelwe njengesimo somphakathi kanye nokuba nempumelelo enkulu yomuntu siqu abantu ababevezwa, ngale ndlela abaculi abaningi bagqama phakathi kwabo uLeonardo da Vinci, uRafael Sanzio noDurero bagqama. UFrancisco de Goya.
Okunye okwengezwe kulawa maqembu amaFrench Impressionists nawo abenza lolu hlobo lomculo, iDegas, iMonet, iRenoir, iVincent van Gogh, iCézanne njll, kwathi ngekhulu lama-XNUMX, uMatisse, uGustav Klimt, uPicasso, uModigliani, uMax Beckmann, u-Umberto Boccioni, uLucian. UFreud, uFrancis Bacon noma u-Andy Warhol.
Umdwebo womlando: Esinye isici somdwebo umdwebo womlando, obhekwa njengohlobo olukhulu emidwebeni yezenkolo, yezinganekwane, yomlando, yemibhalo nengokomfanekiso. Kulolu hlobo lomdwebo babonisa impilo yomuntu siqu kanye nengqondo noma ukuziphatha komuntu odwetshiwe. Kwenye yezinkulumo zakhe, uMnu. Sir Joshua Reynolds, owafika ezobukisa eRoyal Academy of Arts phakathi kuka-1769 no-1790, waphikisa okulandelayo:
“Inhloso enkulu yobuciko iwukuvusa umcabango… Ngokwesiko, le ngxenye yomdwebo wobuciko ngiyibiza ngokuthi i-Historical Painting, kodwa kufanele kuthiwe iPoetic. (…) Kufanele ngezinye izikhathi aphambuke emaqinisweni anenhlamba naseqinisweni eliqinile lomlando efuna ubukhulu bomsebenzi wakhe”
Khona-ke umdwebi ogama lakhe linguNicolás Poussin wendabuko yesiFulentshi wayengumdwebi wokuqala owenza uhlobo lomdwebo womlando ngefomethi encane, kodwa lokhu okusha akuzange kube yimpumelelo. Ngenkathi umdwebi u-Diego Velázquez ngonyaka we-1656 eqeda umsebenzi wakhe onesihloko esithi Las Meninas lapho echaza khona umndeni kaPhilip IV, emdwebeni omkhulu lapho kuboniswa khona ngokomfanekiso ukuthi isithombe somndeni wasebukhosini ohlotsheni lwemidwebo yomlando.
Ngemva kwalokhu kanye nokuhamba kwesikhathi, umdwebi uPablo Picasso ngonyaka ka-1937, waqeda umsebenzi wakhe odumile onesihloko esithi Guernica, ukwenza lo mdwebo wasebenzisa isici esikhulu ohlotsheni lwemidwebo yomlando.
Ukubukeka komhlaba: Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD, imidwebo enohlobo noma ingqikithi yezindawo itholakala emazweni aseShayina naseJapan, ngoba eYurophu kuvela izindawo kodwa kugcizelelwa ezigcawini ezilandisayo noma ezindabeni zekhemisi nezitshalo.
Kodwa lesi sihloko siqala ngempela ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX AD, lapho ukubonakala kokuqoqwa kwaqala ukucelwa futhi izingqikithi ezihlukahlukene ezinikezelwe emidwebeni yezwe zaqala ukucelwa, futhi abadwebi basenyakatho yeYurophu baqokwa njengochwepheshe kulo mkhakha, ngale ndlela. Ngale ndlela, uhlobo lwezindawo zaseDutch lwathuthukiswa ngendlela eqondile. Ukuthi ngangigxile ekudwebeni umkhathizwe ophansi kanye nesibhakabhaka esigcwele amafu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulolu hlobo ama-windmill aseDutch ajwayelekile, izinkomo kanye nezikebhe zokudoba ezihlukene zapeyintwa. Emazweni aseVenetian atholakala e-Italy, ayependwe uGiorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco nabafundi bakhe, le midwebo yenziwe ngendlela ezwakalayo futhi inombala omuhle.
Lolu hlobo lomdwebo lwathuthukiswa phakathi nekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, kodwa lwalubizwa nangokuthi vedutismo, ngoba kwakuwuhlobo lwase-Italy olwakhiwa eVenice lapho ukubukwa kwedolobha kwedolobha kumelelwe okufana nesitayela se-cartographic, njengoba izithombe zenziwa ama-panoramas wedolobha. idolobha.
Lapho kuchazwa imisele, izikhumbuzo kanye nezindawo ezivame kakhulu zaseVenice, ngezinye izikhathi zazipendwe yedwa noma ngezibalo zabantu, abameleli ababaluleke kakhulu balolu hlobo kwakunguCanaletto, uBernardo Bellotto, uFrancesco Guardi, uMichele Marieschi noLuca Carlevarijs.
Esikoleni sase-Barbizon, lapho kubizwa khona indawo lapho abadwebi bendawo betholakala khona, ngoba laba bekuyizinhlamvu zokuqala ukupenda ngaphandle nokwenza isifundo sendlela yokusebenza ngaphandle futhi isisekelo salolu hlobo wukukhanya nokuhlukahluka kwakho okuningi. umdwebo we-Impressionist ube nomthelela.
Impilo emile: Kuwuhlobo olumele kakhulu lokulingisa imvelo nezinto ezingaphili, ezimelelwe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke njengezithelo, izimbali, ukudla, izitsha zasekhishini, i-tableware, izincwadi, ubucwebe, njll. Kodwa esinye sezici zomdwebo kulolu hlobo ukuthi ukubhalwa okuncane.
Ukuqala kohlobo lokuphila namanje, kwenzeka ezikhathini zasendulo lapho kwakusetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa amahholo amakhulu emicimbi ekhethekile, njengamafrescoes aseRoma ePompeii, umlobi uPliny umdala wabika ukuthi abaculi bemvelaphi yamaGreki emakhulwini eminyaka adlule babe. abanekhono kakhulu kwezokudweba kanye nempilo namanje.
Lolu hlobo lokudweba lwalubaluleke kakhulu kwezobuciko baseNtshonalanga ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD Isibonelo esibalulekile salolu hlobo umdwebo onesihloko esithi. I-Butchery Kwenziwe umdwebi waseSpain u-Joachim Beuckelaer. Ngalo lelo khulu leminyaka abadwebi uCaravaggio no-Annibale Carracci benza imisebenzi emelela ukuphila okumangalisayo okusaphila.
Ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa AD, C. eNetherlands ushintsha uhlobo lwewayini olubizwa ngokuthi okuyize, Zonke izinhlobo zezinto zaqala ukubukiswa lapho, njengezinsimbi zomculo, ingilazi, isiliva nezitsha, kanye nobucwebe nezimpawu ezifana nezincwadi, izingebhezi noma izibuko zehora, okwakusebenza njengomyalezo okhuthazayo wezinjabulo zesikhathi esidlule zemizwa.
Ngenkathi i-French Academy ifanelekele le ndawo ngesizinda sokugcina sokulandelana kwezithombe. Kodwa ukufika kokunyakaza kobuciko be-Impressionism kanye nezici eziningi zokudweba, namanje impilo iphinde ibe yindikimba evamile phakathi kwabadwebi nomphakathi, imidwebo ye-sunflowers kaVan Gogh ingenye yemidwebo esakazeke kakhulu yalolu hlobo.
Abaculi beCubist nabo baqala ukuqamba ama- still lifes, okugqama kuwo uPablo Picasso, uGeorges Braque, uMaria Blanchard noJuan Gris.
ubunqunu: kulesi sihloko okuwuhlobo lobuciko lapho ukumelwa komzimba womuntu kuzogqama futhi kungenye yezimpawu zokudweba, ebunqunu. Kubhekwa njengenye yezigaba zezemfundo zemisebenzi yobuciko. Kodwa ezinye izihlakaniphi zivame ukukuhlobanisa nokuvusa inkanuko.
Kodwa uhlobo lobunqunu luhlala luba nezincazelo ezihlukahlukene nezincazelo eziningi, kusukela kusukela ezinganekwaneni kuya enkolweni futhi kugcizelela ukufundwa kwesayensi yemvelo noma njengokumelela ubuhle nokuphelela kobuhle njengoba kwakwenziwa eGreece Yasendulo. .
Emkhakheni wezobuciko, ukutadisha ukuphelela nokumelela umzimba womuntu bekulokhu kwenzeka njalo emlandweni wobuciko, kusukela emlandweni we-prehistory ngesithombe esiqoshiwe seVenus of Willendorf kuze kube namuhla. Isihloko sobunqunu saba nokumelela okwengeziwe eGreece Yasendulo, lapho ubunqunu bathathwa njengokuphelela nobuhle obuphelele.
Lo mqondo uye wahlala kwezobuciko be-classicist futhi usufinyelele namuhla futhi uhlotshaniswa kakhulu nombono womphakathi waseNtshonalanga maqondana nobunqunu nobuciko. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, umthelela wabo wafinyelela enkolweni, njengoba wawusekelwe ezihlokweni zenkolo nezigcawu zeBhayibheli, unikeza ukulungisiswa kwalolu hlobo.
Ku-Renaissance kwakukhona isiko elisha elibizwa ngokuthi i-humanist futhi laligxile kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, libeka umuntu njengesizinda sezinto zonke, futhi ngale mfundiso entsha waphinde wavuselela ukubuya kohlobo olunqunu kwezobuciko, kodwa ngokusekelwe emlandweni nasezinganekwaneni. themes.. Ukubekezela ezindabeni zenkolo.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD, uhlobo lwabanqunu lwaqala ukulahlekelwa uhlamvu lwalo lwe-iconographic ngenxa yokuvela kokunyakaza kwamasiko kwe-Impressionism futhi lwaluzomelelwa izimfanelo zalo zobuhle njengesithombe esivusa inkanuko nesihehayo, kodwa sibhekisela ngokugcwele.
amasu okudweba
Ukuze sichaze izici zamapende, kufanele sizisekele kumasu asetshenziswa kakhulu, ngoba ama-pigments ahlanjululwa kanjani futhi abekwe endaweni lapho azopenda khona, ngoba uma izingulube zingancibiliki ku-binder esetshenzisiwe. , basala behlakazekile kulo. Phakathi kwamasu abaluleke kakhulu esinawo:
Amafutha: Esinye sezici zomdwebo ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha, njengoba izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamafutha zisetshenziselwa ukulungisa umbala ne-solvent ebizwa ngokuthi i-turpentine ukuze icace, njengoba iwuketshezi oluguquguqukayo kakhulu. Ukudweba kwamafutha ngokuyisisekelo kwenziwa ngezingulube ezihlutshiwe zomile bese zixutshwa ne-viscosity efanelekile namafutha yemifino okufanele isetshenziswe, njengoba kunamafutha omile kancane kunamanye futhi akwenza nge-oxidation hhayi ngokuhwamuka.
Ngale ndlela, kwakhiwa izingqimba zama-pigments ezishumekwe phezulu, yingakho izikhathi zokomisa kufanele zilawulwe ngokucophelela ukuze upende ulungiswe kahle kungqimba ngalunye lukapende olusetshenziswa emsebenzini.
Inqubo ye-oxidation inikeza umsebenzi wobuciko ukunotha nokujula emibalabala esetshenziswa kusukela kumbala owomile osetshenzisiwe, futhi umdwebi uzokwazi ukuhluka kumafutha asetshenzisiwe kanye ne-solvent ukuze izinga likapende libonise ububanzi. yemibala nezimfanelo ukusuka kokukhanyayo kuye kokusobala kakhulu noma ukusuka ku-matte kuye kokucwebezelayo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu nokunye okuningi, abaculi bafuna ukusebenzisa amafutha angcono kakhulu futhi iyindlela eguquguqukayo kunazo zonke ehlala iyisebenzisa ngendlela elula kakhulu, ngoba upende kawoyela awushintshi neze ngesikhathi sokumisa, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uqala ukuphenduka. iphuzi uma inganakekelwa kahle ngomsebenzi owenziwe.
Nakuba umdwebo kawoyela ungamelana nezingqimba eziningi ezilandelanayo okuvumela umdwebi ukuthi abone umqondo wesithombe owenziwe ngezingqimba eziningana, isibonelo umdwebi u-Hilaire-Germain-Edgar de Gas ubize le nqubo ngokuthi ukugijima kahle kodwa isikhathi sokumisa kancane sivumela abadwebi ukuthi basuse upende owedlulele futhi badlule kuzo zonke izindawo.
Ezivivinyweni eziye zenziwa emidwebeni ehlukahlukene nge-X-ray, baye basivumela ukuba siqaphele ukuthi ochwepheshe abakhulu bokudweba benza izinguquko eziningi phakathi nenqubo yomsebenzi wobuciko.
I-Wax: Ngale ndlela esetshenziswa njalo kushisa, ebizwa nangokuthi i-encaustic, okusho ukuqoshwa emlilweni, kuyindlela esetshenziswa ukusetshenziswa kwe-wax njenge-binder ye-pigments, uma ixutshwa nale nto inemiphumela eminingi yokumboza kusukela. i-wax iminyene futhi i-creamier.
Umdwebo we-wax usetshenziswa nge-spatula noma ngebhulashi elishisayo, ngemva kokuba umsebenzi wobuciko usuphelile kufanele uphuculwe ngokwenza imivimbo ngezindwangu zelineni emgqeni we-wax osuvele usakazwa.
Ukuthi kulokhu ngeke kusebenze njengesibopho kodwa ukuvikela umsebenzi wobuciko, lo msebenzi ubizwa ngokuthi ku-causticization, futhi le nqubo ichazwa nguMarco Vitruvio Polión okwathi empilweni wayengumdwebi wezakhiwo nomdwebi owaphila phakathi kweminyaka engu-75 BC no-25 AD, okwathi ngokwalokho okwafika waqinisekisa lokhu okulandelayo:
“Kufanele wendlale ungqimba lwengcina eshisayo ependeni bese ulupholisha ngezindwangu zelineni ezomile”
Umbala Wamanzi: Umdwebo owenziwe ephepheni noma ekhadini, kodwa esinye sezici zomdwebo we-watercolor ukuthi uhlanjululwe ngamanzi futhi imibala iba sobala kakhulu noma ibe lula kuye ngenani lamanzi asetshenzisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uyayeka ukubona ingemuva lephepha uma limhlophe.
Lolu hlobo lomdwebo lwakhiwe nge-agglutinated pigments kanye ne-gum arabic noma ngoju, kule nqubo umdwebo usetshenziswa izendlalelo eziningana ezisobala ukuze kuzuzwe ukucwazimula okukhulu nokulula kokwakheka okwenzelwe ukuklanywa komdwebo. umsebenzi wobuciko. .
Ukuze usebenzise le nqubo, umdwebi kudingeka abe nokuvikeleka okuningi ekushayeni akwenzayo kanye nokuziphendulela okuningi lapho enza ama-brushstrokes, njengoba le nqubo inesici sayo esiyinhloko sokudweba ukubonakala kwayo kanye nobusha bemibala. ezisetshenziswayo.
Kukhona futhi i-hyper-realistic watercolor ezophikisana ne-postulate yangaphambilini futhi ama-varnishes asetshenziselwa ukukwazi ukususa izendlalelo zokuqala ukunikeza ama-glaze alandelanayo futhi ngalokhu kuzotholakala i-chiaroscuro ecacile kakhulu emsebenzini wobuciko kodwa ngokuguquguquka okuncane. yezindlela zakudala ze-watercolor ezisetshenzisiwe.
I-Tempera: obeye aziwe njengo gouache Kuyindlela efana kakhulu ne-watercolor, kodwa ihlukile ngoba ithwala umthwalo we-talc yezimboni owengezwa ngamabomu ukuze umbala obala kancane futhi ungashintshi ku-tempera, okwenza kube esinye sezici eziyinhloko zomdwebo we-tempera. futhi yingakho ihlukile kumbala wamanzi.
Ngale ndlela, ama-shades ahlukahlukene angasetshenziswa kusukela kokumnyama kuya kokulula kakhulu, futhi le nqubo ku-watercolor ibhekwa njengengalungile, i-tempera iyindlela enhle kakhulu yokuyisebenzisa emidwebeni ehlukene futhi ukwazi ukwenza imivimbo eyomile noma ye-impasto.
Ngendlela efanayo ne-watercolor, i-tempera kufanele ihlanganiswe ne-gum arabic, kodwa namuhla ama-tempera amaningi afakwa epulasitiki ngoba kulula ukuyithola futhi eshibhile.
Ngendlela ye-tempera, uFrançois Boucher, umdwebi ongumFulentshi, wakha ubuciko obuhle kakhulu futhi abadwebi bekhulu le-XNUMX AD, besebenzisa i-tempera kanye ne-watercolor, bakwazi ukunikeza umehluko ezindaweni ezithile ngaphakathi komsebenzi wobuciko owenziwe nge-watercolor. Kungakho umdwebi uPaul Signac ongumdwebi ongumFulentshi owayedume ngokwenza inqubo yokuhlukanisa aqinisekise lokhu okulandelayo:
"Amanye amaphinki a-purpsh esibhakabhakeni sika-Turner, okuluhlaza okuthile ku-watercolor ka-Johan Jongkind bekungeke kutholakale ngaphandle kwe-gouache encane"
I-Acrylic: ukusetshenziswa kopende we-acrylic njengendlela yokwenza izici zopende ziye zaziswa kakhulu ngabadwebi besimanje ngokomiswa kwawo ngokushesha, ngoba izingulube ziqukethe i-emulsion ye-polymer ngokuvamile eyi-vinyl glue, nakuba ingaba lula ukuyisusa noma ukuyihlanza. ngamanzi, ngemva kokumiswa ayamelana kakhulu namanzi.
Okugqama kakhulu ngale ndlela ukushesha kwayo ukushesha nokushesha, kodwa lapho isomile, ithoni yombala ivame ukushintsha kancane, ngezinye izikhathi ibe mnyama noma ibe lula kuye ngombala osetshenzisiwe. Umdwebo we-Acrylic usemusha, unemvelaphi yawo ngekhulu lama-XNUMX AD.
Inqubo ye-acrylic yathuthukiswa e-United States naseJalimane, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, umdwebi owazalelwa eMelika uJackson Pollock wasebenzisa upende we-acrylic, njengoba ufika ezitsheni, ukuze kuzuzwe ukuthungwa okusha nokuwenza abe mkhulu. Nakuba umdwebi uMorris Louis, naye ovela kulelo zwe, wasebenzisa upende we-acrylic, kodwa wawuhlanjululwa ngamanzi ukuze upende amaseyili amakhulu futhi awunike umphumela odayiwe esikhundleni sokupendwa.
Uphaya: Indlela ebaluleke kakhulu ekudwebeni iyindlela ye-pastel, ngoba iqukethe imigoqo yombala, lapho izingulube zitholakala khona kuma-powders axutshwe nenjoloba noma i-resin ukuze akwazi ukuhlanganisa futhi enze unamathisele owomile futhi ohlangene kakhulu. .
Kungakho igama elithi pastel ligcizelela igama elithi namathisela, njengoba linamathekisiwe futhi zenziwe ngendlela yenduku futhi ezinogqinsi womunwe owodwa futhi zingasetshenziswa ngqo phezulu lapho kuzoklanywa khona umsebenzi wobuciko. ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amabhulashi noma ama-spatula kanye nanoma iyiphi i-solvent.
Ukuze usebenze ngenqubo ye-pastel, iphepha lekhwalithi elihle kakhulu eline-grammage enhle lisetshenziswa njengendawo engaphezulu, limhlophe noma umbala ongathathi hlangothi ongathinti upende, ngaphezu kokuba nobulukhuni obuncane, nakuba inqubo ye-pastel Kuyinto. ivumelana nezimo kakhulu futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iyaguquguquka ngoba ingasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezihlukene njengokhuni noma ipulasitiki.
Nakuba imibala esetshenzisiwe ingaba namandla kakhulu futhi i-opaque, inenkinga yokuthi ukunamathela kwe-pigment ebusweni ukuze kupendwe, ngakho-ke ekugcineni ukunikeza ukuthuthukiswa komsebenzi wobuciko kanye nokulungiswa komdwebo kusetshenziswa ama-atomizers ( spray), ezikhethekile zale nqubo.
Kodwa ngokuvamile siyazi indlela ye-pastel njengamakhrayoni, insiza yayo esetshenziswa kakhulu yilayini lapho uchungechunge lwamafreyimu lungakhiwa khona, enye indlela yokuyisebenzisa ukuyiguqula ibe yimpushana, ngoba i-pastel ijwayele ukukhulula impushana enemibala eminingi.
Abaningi babaculi basebenzisa le nqubo yokusebenzisa impushana enemibala ukuze banikeze ubuciko emsebenzini wabo wobuciko, phakathi kwabo kukhona uLeonardo da Vinci owayengomunye wabaculi bokuqala ukusebenzisa le nqubo emdwebeni awenza ku-Isabel de Este nabanye. njengoHans Holbein Omncane, uCorreggio, uFragonard noma uDegas.
Ithempeli: Uma usebenzisa indlela yokudweba i-Tempa, isixazululo sisetshenziswa njengesibophelelo esenziwe ngamanzi kanye nomhlophe weqanda namafutha akhethekile.Into yokuqala okufanele yenziwe ukuxuba umhlophe weqanda namafutha kuze kube ne-homogeneous paste. , emva kwalokho engeza amanzi uze ube ne-emulsion noma i-medium ye-tempera technique.
Ingxenye esetshenziswayo ingxenye yeqanda lonke kanye okufanayo emafutheni, kanye nezingxenye ezintathu zamanzi, kodwa lokhu kuncike emanzini umdwebi afisa ukukufeza, baningi abaculi abengeza ivarnish encane ukuze bakwazi buyisela amafutha e-flaxseed asetshenziswa kakhulu. Lapho wenza le nqubo, inqubo yokuthambisa inikeza ukuqina okukhulu nokubamba okungcono, kanye nokomisa ngokushesha.
Kodwa ngemva kokoma, isiphetho esikunikezayo asikwazi ukungena emakhazeni amasha.Kunabanye abadwebi okuthi esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amanzi, basebenzise ubisi oluncibilikisiwe noma i-latex yesihlahla somkhiwane noma i-wax, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi bahlanganiswa namanzi.
Umdwebi nomdwebi wase-Italy u-Giorgio Vasari naye wasebenzisa igama elithi tempera ukuze akwazi ukwenza uwoyela wokuvanisha, ubuciko obuhle kakhulu benziwe ngokusebenzisa le nqubo, isibonelo uSandro Botticelli ugqama lapho enza. Ukuzalwa kukaVenus, Njengoba uDV Thompson echaza:
“Umdwebo wamaqanda owenziwe kahle uphakathi kwezindlela ezihlala isikhathi eside zokudweba ezaqanjwa ngumuntu. Ngaphansi kokungcola namavanisha, imisebenzi eminingi ye-egg tempera yangenkathi ephakathi isha futhi ikhanya njengalapho ipendiwa. Ngokuvamile imidwebo ye-tempera ishintshile kancane eminyakeni engamakhulu amahlanu kunemidwebo kawoyela eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu "
Uyinki: kulesi sihloko, mayelana nezici zokudweba ukusetshenziswa kwenqubo ye-inki noma eyaziwa nangokuthi uyinki waseShayina, le inki ngokuvamile iwuketshezi, nakuba iphinde ifike endaweni eqinile, kodwa kufanele ibe phansi futhi ihlanjululwe ukuze isetshenziswe, cishe njalo esetshenziswa ephepheni futhi imibala esetshenziswa kakhulu sepia futhi black, kodwa namuhla kukhona imibala eminingana.
Uyinki waseShayina ungasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kodwa enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-nib noma ipeni, okusebenzayo kakhulu ukwenza umdwebo noma i-calligraphy ethile, amathiphu ahlukene asetshenziselwa ipeni futhi alayishwa ngoyinki. ukwenza imigqa kanye nayo ukuze bakwazi ukubhala noma ukwenza imidwebo kodwa hhayi ukwenza imidwebo.
Enye indlela noma insiza yokukwazi ukusebenzisa uyinki waseShayina iwukusebenzisa ibhulashi, kodwa izosetshenziswa njenge-watercolor futhi ibizwa ngokuthi i-gouache, okuwukuhlanganisa uyinki waseShayina namanzi notshwala kanye nombala ozosetshenziswa. Le nqubo ifana nendlela yasendulo eyayisetshenziswa eJapane lapho benza khona i-calligraphy yabo yaseJapane, nayo eyayisekelwe kuyinki nephepha.
Enye indlela yokuyisebenzisa ukusebenzisa ipeni lokudweba, okuyishaja kayinki noma lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-rapidograph, kodwa le nqubo, kanye ne-graphite, ingaphezu kokudweba kunokudweba.
Kupholile: le nqubo iyindlela yokudweba eyesimanje, njengoba isekelwe ekushintsheni kwamakhemikhali ombala womhlaba oxutshwe namanzi ahlanzekile, lokhu kungasetshenziswa odakeni olunomcako nesihlabathi ngaphakathi, kuyilapho umcako ungaphakathi. uhlobo lwe-calcium hydroxide. Ngenxa yokuthi i-carbon dioxide etholakala emkhathini, umcako uzoshintsha ube yi-calcium carbonate.
Ngale ndlela i-pigment izocwebezela odongeni. Izindlela zokudweba nge-fresco zilula kakhulu kodwa zikhandla kakhulu futhi lapho ulungiselela ingxube kuthatha isikhathi eside. Le nqubo inesici somdwebo ukuze uhlale isikhathi eside kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Kodwa ijwayele ukonakala ngenxa yezizathu zomzimba, zamakhemikhali noma ze-bacteriological, enye yezimbangela eziyinhloko kuyoba umswakama ozoba nomonakalo omkhulu ukuguqulwa kwemibala ngenxa yokuhlakazeka kwe-calcium carbonate futhi umsebenzi uvame ukuthuthukisa lokho. bathi isikhunta .
I-Grisaille: enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa ekudwebeni, kodwa isekelwe emdwebeni we-monochromatic kulokho abakubiza ngokuthi i-chiaroscuro noma ukukhanya nesithunzi, njengoba kumenyezelwe umdwebi u-Giorgio Vasari wemvelaphi yase-Italy, umbala wenziwa ngengxube ye-iron oxides futhi ithusi elincane kanye ne-flux yengezwe, lokhu kukhiqiza ukuzwa kokukhululeka kwe-sculptural emisebenzini yobuciko.
Ngekhulu leshumi nane AD, le nqubo yayisetshenziselwa imidwebo yokulungiselela abaqophi abasebenzisa ukufeza lo mphumela wokusiza ngokwenza okuqoshiwe okuhlukahlukene kombala ofanayo. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaCharles V waseFrance, indlela yegrisaille yayisetshenziswa engilazini enamabala kanye nokudweba okuncane.
Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuzoba esinye sezici eziyinhloko zomdwebo we-Flemish njengoba ngemuva kwezitebele kukhona ukumelela Ukumenyezelwa nge-grisaille technique. Umdwebi waseSpain uJosep Maria Sert wasebenzisa le ndlela kodwa esikhundleni sokuziphendukela kwayo okukodwa.
Wayisebenzisa encike ku-monochrome yegolide njengoba lo mdwebi esebenzisa imibala eminingi ehlukahlukene yechromatic lapho asebenzisa khona izinsimbi ezifana negolide, isiliva, ithusi, umhlaba othosiwe, nokuthinta kwe-carmine, esebenzisa njengesizinda ukulungiswa okucebile kwensimbi, isiliva nesinkwa.
I-Pointilism: Ingenye yezindlela ezavela ku-neo-impressionism ngoba umdwebi u-Georges Seurat wayeyifunda futhi ezilolongela, kodwa inqubo ihlanganisa ukubeka amachashazi amancane ayindilinga emibala emsulwa, esikhundleni sokwenza inqubo ye-brushstroke endaweni oyifunayo.
Njengoba kunobudlelwane bomzimba phakathi kwemibala ehlukene, kukhona ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemibala eyinhloko kanye nehambisanayo, okuzuza ukuxutshwa kwemibala okuhle kombukeli.
Le ngxube ibonakala ngumuntu obukele ebangeni elithile ukusuka emdwebeni futhi iyakwazi ukukhiqiza umphumela omkhulu kumbukeli lapho amaphuzu ahlukene ehlanganiswa.
Ukuconsa: Kuyindlela yokwenza umdwebo ozenzakalelayo, ngoba ama-surrealists le nqubo ingafinyelelwa ngokwenza umdwebo ongavamile, wenziwa ngamaconsi kanye nama-splash amapende ahlukahlukene, kuyindlela ebizwa nangokuthi umdwebo wesenzo saseMelika (umdwebo wesenzo. ).
Inqubo yenziwa lapho umdwebi ehamba phezu ukuze apendwe ngamabhulashi amakhulu noma ngebhodwe likapende elifanayo. Futhi iwisa umbala oconsayo owenziwe yilo mdwebo, lokhu kwenziwa ngoqweqwe lwawo lwamabala asala ekusekelweni okusetshenziswa ngumdwebi.
I-Graffiti: Le nqubo isetshenziswa ngamapende apakishwe futhi avelele kakhulu ezicini zopende. Yingakho beyibiza ngokuthi i-aerosols futhi isetshenziswa lapho umdwebi ecindezela inkinobho engxenyeni engenhla lapho upende uphuma khona ngendlela yesifutho, ngale ndlela kungenzeka ukupenda ezindaweni ezinkulu.
Ngokuvamile le nqubo isetshenziswa abantu abadweba izindonga nemigwaqo, lolu hlobo lomdwebo lubizwa ngokuthi i-graffiti. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70s, abaculi basemadolobheni baqala ukwenza i-graffiti yabo kuzo zonke izindonga ababengazithola futhi ngokuhlangenwe nakho babedala imisebenzi yobuciko yangempela.
Opende be-aerosol okwamanje benzelwe laba baculi, futhi abanye sebevele benezifanekiso zabo ukuze bakwazi ukuhlukanisa indawo abafuna ukuyimaka ngomsebenzi wabo wobuciko, vele, izifanekiso zamamodeli nezinhlamvu ezahlukene zingatholakala kakade emakethe. abaculi abanolwazi oluncane abazokwazi ukuzilolonga ngalo.
Amasu ahlanganisiwe: Ekugcwalisekeni kwemisebenzi yobuciko, abanye abadwebi basebenzisa izici ezihlukene zomdwebo ngaphakathi komsebenzi ofanayo ukuze bahehe umbukeli. Isibonelo, amanye amaciko asebenzisa lokho okubizwa nge-collage, okuzoba ubuciko bobuciko obungeyona into engokomfanekiso njengoba ingapendiwe, kodwa iba ubuciko obuxubile lapho umdwebi esebenzisa indlela ethile efana ne-watercolor, tempera noma uyinki.
Kodwa ekugcineni umdwebi kufanele anqume umehluko phakathi kwenqubo yezithombe kanye nenqubo yezithombe, ngoba kuqondwa ukuthi inqubo yezithombe iwukwenza ukuhlangana kwezakhi eziningana emsebenzini ofanayo. Nakuba indlela iciko elisebenza ngayo lizokwenza indlela yesithombe.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa emidwebeni
Ukuze ukwazi ukuzinikela ekudwebeni, kukhona okungapheli kwezinto ezisetshenziswa abaculi ngokusebenzisa imibhalo ebhaliwe namanothi aqondiswe kubaculi abahlukene, kanti omunye umthombo uwukwenza ukuhlolwa kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi komsebenzi wobuciko. Ezinye zalezi zivivinyo kuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisa ubufakazi bamadokhumenti emisebenzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ingeyangempela noma cha.
Njengoba kufanele kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi izinto ezisetshenziswa umdwebi okwamanje zihlukahlukene futhi ekhulwini lama-XXI sizokwenzela uhlu oluhle lwezinto ezingasetshenziswa ukwenza umsebenzi wobuciko. Phakathi kwazo esinazo:
Isekela: Le nto inomsebenzi wokusekela isizinda kanye nezingqimba ezihlukene zopende ezisetshenziswa umdwebi, kodwa kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ezicini zomdwebo kukhona amamodeli ahlukene kakhulu ongakhetha kuwo, asetshenziswa kakhulu yilezo ezenziwe ngephepha , amakhadibhodi, ukhuni, iseyili nezindonga zomuzi. Kepha futhi ungangeza insimbi, ingilazi, ipulasitiki nesikhumba phakathi kokunye okuningi.
Kodwa zonke izisekelo zizodinga i-primer ekhethekile okuwukulungisa indawo engaphezulu ukuze umdwebi enze umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko futhi bonke babe nenqubo ehlukile yezinto ezizosetshenziswa.
Ipulangwe lezinkuni: Ingenye yezisekelo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni kokudweba, ngenkathi kusenkathini yaseGibhithe, abadwebi base bevele besebenzisa amabhodi okhuni njenge-sarcophagi, futhi ngeNkathi Ephakathi ama-altare ayesetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-altare futhi ukwakhiwa kwawo kwakulula kakhulu. faka kuphela ungqimba olulodwa lweglue kuso.
Futhi uma izinkuni kwakudingeka zenziwe ngegolide, sebenzisa i-primer eneqabunga legolide, okuyisici sopende, kodwa ngaphambi kokubeka iqabunga legolide kuso, enye i-primer kwakudingeka yenziwe ngongqimba lweglue kanye nolunye ungqimba lwe-plaster noma ubumba. nikeza ukuthinta okunamandla ebhodini lamapulangwe.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD, i-easel yaseYurophu yaqala ukusetshenziswa njengesisekelo esiyinhloko, njengoba ukhuni oluqinile olwalusetshenziswa esikhathini esidlule lwalumbozwe imicu yelineni enamathiselwe ukuze ingabonakali ukuthi ihlangene. Ukhuni kwakufanele lube sesimweni esihle futhi lugweme imifantu okungenzeka lube nayo.
Khona-ke yaqala ukusetshenziswa ku-plywood kanye ne-chipboard njengebhodi lezinkuni. Amapulangwe okhuni aqala ukwenziwa enziwe ngaphambili futhi anikeza isici esihle sokudweba, ayengase abe bushelelezi futhi amalunga angabonakali, njengoba kwakunjalo okuthiwa ibhodi. ithebula, ukuthi kwakulula kakhulu futhi kulula ukuyiphatha, ngaphezu kwalokho umdwebi wayengahlala ephethe naye futhi wayenezinhlangothi ezimbili, okubushelelezi kanye namapulangwe kanye namabhodi abaluleke kakhulu ezicini zomdwebo.
Ikhanvasi: Ngokomlobi nesosha uPliny Omdala, umbusi waseRoma uNero watshelwa ukuthi wayenomfanekiso wakhe odwetshwe kuseyili engamamitha angu-36,5 ubude namamitha angu-12 ububanzi, isazi sefilosofi uHeraclitus embhalweni wakhe wesandla onesihloko esithi From Coloribus et Artibus Romanorum from the Ngekhulu le-XNUMX BC, wachaza ukuthi ingubo yelineni kufanele ilungiswe kanjani ukuze ihlobise futhi iyipende.
Wabhala nendlela eqondile yokuyelula nendlela yokulungisa indwangu ngeglu ukuze ibe yinhle kakhulu njengesikhumba. Upende owabekwa kuseyili waqala ukusetshenziswa enyakatho yeYurophu futhi kamuva e-Italy ngenxa yokukhanya kwawo okukhulu nezindlela eziningi zokuwusebenzisa.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD, yaqala ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ngemuva kwesiteji futhi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX AD, yaqala ukukhiqizwa ngochungechunge. Amaseyili ayesetshenziswa kakhulu yilawo enziwe ngemicu yemifino efana ne-hemp, ilineni, ijute elukwe kahle noma ukotini, okuphinde kube ngesinye sezici zokudweba.
Wonke la maseyili enziwe ngezinhlamvu ezimahhadlahhadla noma ezinhle, kuye ngomphumela umdwebi ayefuna ukuwuthola emsebenzini afuna ukuwenza, kukhona nemibhalo eveza ukuthi basebenzise i-polyester canvas.
Njengamanje, wonke ama-canvases angathengwa ngenani lamamitha umculi afisa futhi angafakwa kuhlaka alufunayo, ngoba kunamamodeli ahlukene, izinhlobo namafomethi emakethe. Kodwa-ke kunenombolo yamazwe ngamazwe yokulinganisa ububanzi nobude befreyimu, kuye ngezici zomdwebo ozopendwa kukhanvasi.
Njengamanje, amafomethi amathathu ahlukene enziwe ukuze ngalinye libe nezici zomdwebo umdwebi afisa ukuwenza, njengomfanekiso, indawo kanye nolwandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi izohlala inosayizi ofanayo futhi kolunye izokwehla, ihlale kanje:
- Lowo osesithombeni uzokala u-100 cm ngo-81 cm
- Izilinganiso ze-landscape ziyi-100 cm ngo-73 cm.
- I-navy izoba nezilinganiso ezilandelayo: 100 cm by 64 cm.
Lezi yizivumelwano okufinyelelwe kuzo emazweni omhlaba, kodwa ukwazi abaculi, ababuswa yilezi zinyathelo futhi benza imisebenzi yabo yobuciko ngezinyathelo abakholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wabo kufanele ube, kumaseyili amaningi atholakala emakethe. ukudayiswa bazilungiselela ngamafutha linseed kanye pore filler.
Kodwa kukhona futhi lezo ezilungiselelwe ngokusekelwe kuma-emulsions afaneleka kakhulu ukusetshenziswa ngopende wamafutha, noma ngopende we-acrylic, ngale ndlela ukukhishwa kwama-canvases kwenziwa lula ngezici ezihlukahlukene zopende ozosetshenziswa. .umculi ngaleyo ndlela uthole umphumela olindelekile ngekhwalithi engcono kakhulu.
Ithusi: Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezici zokudweba ithusi, njengoba isetshenziswe kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nanhlanu AD. Yayisetshenziswa ngamashidi amancane kakhulu ngabadwebi ababesenyakatho yezwekazi laseYurophu. Umculi owazalelwa eJalimane u-Adam Elsheimer. Ngathola ukuzisebenzisa kodwa zibe zincane futhi lokhu kwenza abacwaningi bacabange ukuthi imibhalo emidala yayiyisebenzisa ukuze igaywe kabusha.
Ingilazi: enye indlela eyayisetshenziswa kakhulu ngabadwebi abahlukene ukudweba kwakuyingilazi, izinto ezingenakubalwa nazo zenziwa njengezimbiza, izibuko, izitsha, izikwele, onxantathu phakathi kwezinye eziningi lapho umdwebi enza khona uqweqwe lwawo futhi lapho eseluhlobise ngokubanda, lwethulwa ngo isithando somlilo esinezinga lokushisa eliphansi kunendawo yokuncibilika yengilazi eyenza imisebenzi emikhulu nenhle yobuciko.
Ngekhulu le-XNUMX AD, baqala ukusetshenziswa njengezisekelo zamafasitela engilazi, ngoba kuwukusekela okubaluleke kakhulu kwezimpawu zomdwebo emasontweni ahlukene kanye namaKhathedrali amakhulu, amakristalu amakhulu anemibala aqala ukubekwa lapho futhi ukudweba engilazini ngezithombe zenkolo nezigcawu eziningi ezithathwe eBhayibhelini.
Ngokusetshenziswa kwenqubo ye-grisaille, enye yezici zokudweba, kwafinyelelwa ukuthi ngakolunye uhlangothi inombala owodwa futhi kolunye ihlotshiswe ngomsebenzi othile wobuciko ongokwenkolo ogcizelela usanta noma isiqephu seBhayibheli. Ubuso obuningi babangcwele benziwa.
Iphepha: Ngokwemininingwane ephethwe abacwaningi kanye nokutholakele okutholakele, iphepha elasetshenziswa ukwenza imisebenzi yobuciko lavela eShayina, cishe ngonyaka wama-200 BC, futhi umsunguli walolu lwazi ungumShayina. iminyaka 50 a, C. futhi ngo-121 d, C.
Owakhonza njengomthenwa wombuso, ngoba wathuthukisa ifomula yephepha futhi wayenza enye indlela engcono kune-papyrus nesikhumba. Ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyizindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokubhala nokwenza imisebenzi yesici yobuciko bokudweba.
Njengoba lo mlingiswa engeza isitashi esasinobuciko bokuvikela imicu yemifino, iphepha libe yinto esetshenziswa kahle kakhulu abadwebi njengoba lisetshenziswa ezindleleni eziningi zokudweba futhi ezivame kakhulu kwakuyi-watercolor, tempera, pastel, noyinki waseShayina kanye noyinki wayo. imibala ehlukahlukene kodwa esetshenziswa kakhulu emnyama ne-sepia.
Mayelana nephepha, kunokuhlukahluka okukhulu kokwakheka, izisindo nemibala, okungenye yezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zokudweba, futhi ukukhetha uhlobo lwephepha kuyadingeka ukuba umdwebi abe nombono walokho akufunayo. ukwenza phakathi kwezinhlobo zephepha. thola:
- I-Hot-Press Paper: Inendawo eqinile, ebushelelezi, abaculi abaningi bayithola ishelela kakhulu ekupendeni kombala wamanzi.
- Iphepha elicindezelwe ngamakhaza: linziwe ngendlela ehlukile, liqinile, lilungele ukuwasha okubanzi nokushelelayo.
- Iphepha Elimahhadla: Ngendawo enezinhlamvu, lapho ukugeza kusetshenziswa umphumela onamabala utholakala emigodini ephepheni.
Futhi wonke umdwebi kufanele acabangele isisindo sephepha ukuze akwazi ukulikhetha, ngoba iphepha elinzima kakhulu alikwazi ukubola kalula futhi kufanele linwetshwe futhi ukusebenzisa indlela ye-watercolor i-grammage yephepha kufanele ibe phakathi kwamagremu angu-120 squared futhi ngendali engu-850 amagremu ayisikwele.
Amabhulashi: Angamathuluzi noma izinsimbi ezibalulekile kumdwebi futhi abaluleke kakhulu ezicini zokudweba, njengoba umdwebi ezisebenzisa ngezindlela ezihlukene emsebenzini wakhe ukuze enze umsebenzi wobuciko.
Amabhulashi, okuyithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu kubaculi, aklanywe ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, ububanzi, kanye nekhwalithi edingekayo, njengoba izinto ezenziwe ngazo amabhulashi zingaba eziphilayo noma zokwenziwa.
Ibhulashi lakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu futhi ziyizinwele, i-ferrule noma i-viola kanye nemilingo ukuze ikwazi ukuyibamba, zihlukaniswa kakhulu ngezinwele nangendlela ezenziwe ngayo, ezinye zibizwa ngokuthi amabhulashi olimi oluyisicaba noma lwekati. . Amabhulashi nawo avamise ukwenziwa ngezinwele eziqinile kanti lawo ayindilinga cishe ahlala ehambisana nezinwele eziqondile.
Amabhulashi akhethwa ngabaculi abehlukene ngokomsebenzi abahlose ukuwenza nangendlela abazosebenzisa ngayo upende abanawo. Uma umdwebi ezosebenzisa izindawo ezinkulu ukuze enze umsebenzi, uzosebenzisa amabhulashi esikhundleni samabhulashi.
Emabhulashini cishe njalo anendawo yangaphakathi engenalutho ukuze akwazi ukuqoqa upende owengeziwe ngesikhathi sokwenza i-stroke, amabhulashi amancane awanakho lokho kungabi nalutho okuphakathi, kukhona namabhulashi anama-bristles futhi kukhona namabhulashi nawo anawo. futhi lezi zihlale zingokwemvelo zomsuka wezinto eziphilayo futhi zivela ezilwaneni ezihlukahlukene njengamahhashi, ama-martens nezingulube phakathi kwabanye abaningi.
Izici zopende wokhefana nazo zenziwa kusukela kuma-mane okwenziwa into yokwenziwa. Ukunakekelwa kwamabhulashi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze ukwazi ukwelula impilo yawo ewusizo, kufanele ahlanzwe ngemva kokuwasebenzisa ngaphezu kokuhlanza okuqhubekayo, ukuhlanza kulula kakhulu ngoba kufanele ubeke insipho namanzi kuphela kuwo.
Ngemva kokuwageza, angomiswa ngomswakama noma nge-flannel, khona-ke kufanele agcinwe endaweni enezingqimba ngaphandle kokucindezela lapho izinwele zikhona ukuze zingaguquki. Okunye ukusetshenziswa okunikezwa amabhulashi kuyindlela yokukwazi ukuphrinta imidwebo nge-roller eyenziwe ngamasayizi ahlukene kanye nezinto zokwakha.
Phakathi kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo kukhona uboya, igwebu noma irabha ye-fiber, izipontshi zemvelo noma zokwenziwa futhi okokugcina kukhona ama-palettes, imimese nama-spatula njengenketho eyodwa ezicini zokudweba ngoba angamathuluzi enziwe ngeshidi lensimbi elilula kakhulu neliguquguqukayo noma ipulasitiki engasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene kanye nemibala ingahlanganiswa futhi idwetshwe abaculi abanolwazi kakhulu.
Imali: Ezisekelweni ezahlukene ezikhona, abaculi bajwayele ukulungisa isizinda ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi wobuciko, kuyikhwalithi enezici zokudweba. Ukwelashwa kwe-primer kuyenziwa njengoba ingemuva liyindawo umdwebi ayipenda ngombala nokuthungwa afisa ukuqala umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko lapho.
Ngaphambili, izizinda zenziwa ngamafutha emvelo noma i-glue, bese ihlanganiswa nomhlophe noma ngethoni enemibala ethandwa ngumdwebi ozokwenza umsebenzi. Nakuba lezo zindlela zokunamathela zaziyimisila yezilwane nezinhlanzi ezihlukahlukene.
Ama-emulsions asekelwe eqandeni, uwoyela noma i-resin nawo asetshenziswa Ukuyinikeza umbala, i-lime kanye netshe le-pumice lalisetshenziswa ngaphambilini, kanye ne-ocher earth. Kuncike ezintweni ezisetshenzisiwe, lokhu kuchaza ukuthi umphumela obonakalayo womsebenzi wobuciko uzobukeka kanjani. Futhi umbala wangemuva owawusetshenziswa njengesisekelo wawunikeza umbala ohlukile.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abadwebi bafuna ingemuva elimhlophe ukuze libonise izingqimba ezihlukene zopende abazisebenzisayo, kodwa uma umbala wangemuva umnyama, wawuvame ukwehlisa umbala wopende, okwenza kube mnyama.
Umdwebi wezakhiwo wase-Italy u-Giorgio Vasari waze wathi izizinda ezinamafutha zinenzuzo yokulondoloza ukuguquguquka kwamaseyili, ayenziwe ngobukhulu obukhulu futhi angasongwa ukuze ahanjiswe ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Kodwa okubi ababenakho kwakuwukuthi kwakudingeka isikhathi eside sokomisa. Phakathi kwekhulu le-XNUMX nele-XNUMX, isizinda esasisetshenziswa kakhulu yileso esasipendwe ngomhlaba obomvu, ngalokhu ezinye izikhala zazingase zishiywe zingapendiwe kodwa umsebenzi wathola ukufana okuphelele. Njengamanje, izimali ezilungiselelwa ezinkampanini zezentengiselwano zenziwa ngokwezimboni ngomthofu omhlophe kanye ne-blotter.
Imibala: izimibalabala eziwuphawu oluyisisekelo kakhulu lokudweba zivame ukuhlukaniswa zibe izinto ezingaphili futhi lokhu kulandelana kuvela kumaminerali, umhlaba, usawoti kanye nama-oxides futhi ngalezi mibala ye-ocher kanye ne-sienna iyafinyelelwa. Imibala ye-Organic nayo isetshenziswa etholakala ezitshalweni nezinye izilwane ezitholakala ngokupheka ezinye izimbewu noma ngenxa yokuthi ezinye izingxenye zezilwane zibaliwe.
Kukhona ezinye ezitholakala ngomzila wokwenziwa, njengama-anilines kanye nama-organic compounds. Imibala ye-organic ngokuvamile ayiphephile kangako kune-inorganic pigments. I-pigment esetshenziswa kanye nama-binders yakha lokho esikubiza ngokuthi upende futhi i-binder yiyona evumela ukuthi i-pigment ibe uketshezi futhi ngaleyo ndlela izuze ukunamathela kwendawo yopende ngemuva.
Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ingaba namanzi futhi ingaba namafutha, konke kuncike ekutheni ilungiswa kanjani, i-solvent iyisici esibalulekile ezicini zikapende njengoba inomsebenzi wokuhlambulula noma wokuhlakaza uhlobo lwe-binder esetshenziselwa ukuwenza. .umdlalo.
Kubuye kusetshenziswe uketshezi oluncibilikisayo olubizwa nge-turpentine, luyisincibilikisi esishintshashintshayo kakhulu futhi esingenambala esixutshwa futhi sihlanjululwe namafutha bese ngenhlaka sithanda ukuncibilika, ngendlela efanayo nasemanzini njengoba naso siyancibilika, ngokufanayo. indlela esetshenziswa ngayo ngenjoloba ephinde incibilike futhi ingaqhubeka nokuhlambulula izici zopende ngale ndlela.
Kuyadingeka ukuqaphela izinkomba ze-opacity zopende ozosetshenziswa, ngoba ngokuhamba kweminyaka isizinda somdwebo kanye nokuzisola komdwebi ngesikhathi sokwenziwa komsebenzi kungabanjwa kangcono.
Emidwebeni eyenziwe ngaphambi kwekhulu le-XNUMX, izinhlayiya zemibala esetshenziswayo zingabonwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu, futhi lokhu kwaholela esiphethweni sokuthi uhlamvu lwe-pigment luba mahhadla, kwenza izinga likapende libe phansi.
Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ososayensi baqala ukuhlanganisa ama-dyestuffs ayesetshenziswa njengezingulube, phakathi kwawo kwakukhona i-cobalt eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-zinc yellow, ne-chrome oxide njengesetshenziswa kakhulu abaculi. Futhi namuhla inani lemibala likhula ngokushesha okukhulu, kunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zemibala futhi zonke izingulube zinekhwalithi enhle kakhulu.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko mayelana nezici zopende zibalulekile, ngikumema ukuthi uvakashele izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: