I-Las Izikhukhukazi Ezibekelayo ziyi-prodigy yemvelo, amaphayona okudla okubaluleke kakhulu njengeqanda, elibizwa nangokuthi "ukudla kwabasubathi" ngochwepheshe abaningi ngale ndaba. Khona kulokhu okuthunyelwe sinakho konke odinga ukukwazi mayelana nalezi zinyoni ezibalulekile.
Ziyini izinkukhu ezizalelayo?
Izinkukhu izinyoni igama lazo livela kwelesiLatini elithi "gallina" okusho ukuthi insikazi ye-gallus noma iqhude, kusukela lapho kuphuma igama elithi henhouse, hen and hen.
Lezi zinkukhu zihlinzeka ngamaprotheni kanye nenani elikhulu lamavithamini namaminerali abalulekile ekwakheni amahomoni, lezi zinyoni zibuye zibizwe ngokuthi izinkukhu zamaqanda futhi kufanele sigcizelele ukuthi umkhiqizo ophuma kuzo ubaluleke kakhulu mayelana nokudla komuntu. , ngaphandle kwalokho, bayingxenye ye Uhlu lwezilwane zasemapulazini.
Isikhukhukazi siphinde sibe yinyoni ekhiqiza amaqanda amaningi, njengoba ngonyaka sikwazi ukubekela amaqanda angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili futhi wonke singasetshenziswa ukuphakela abantu, njengoba inyama yaso inothe kakhulu futhi namaqanda ayo amaningi. izingxenye zokudla okunomsoco, njengamazinga aphezulu amaprotheni, afaneleka njengokudla kwenani eliphezulu lezinto eziphilayo ezinamavithamini namaminerali amaningi.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ngezimfanelo zezikhukhukazi ezizalelayo njengokuthi zingaki izinhlobo zezikhukhukazi, zikhuliswa kanjani, zondliwa kanjani? nokunye okuningi. Mayelana nalokhu, kunezinhlobonhlobo izinhlobo zezinkukhu ezizalelayo, Ngokwesibonelo; izikhukhukazi ezifuywayo ukuze zikhuluphaliswe futhi zibulawe ukuze zizisebenzise njengokudla, ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona nezinkukhu ezikhululekile, ezifana nalezi zangaphambili, ezikhuliswa ukukhiqiza ukudla.
Ngenxa yokuthi izinkukhu zizalela amaqanda, angumthombo wamaprotheni namandla, zikhuliswa emapulazini amaningi ukuze zibe abakhiqizi bawo, abizwa ngokuthi. izikhukhukazi ezizalelayo lamaqanda, okungukuthi, lawa aphakanyiswa ukuze abeke izimo ezisetshenziselwa ukudliwa ngabantu.
Kunenganekwane edumile eyabhalwa u-Aesop ekhuluma ngehansi elizalela amaqanda egolide, le ikhuluma ngomfuyi wezinkukhu owayeneqanda legolide kuphela futhi leyo ndoda yacabanga ukuthi isikhukhukazi sinomcebo ngaphakathi futhi Wabulala ngethemba lokuthi thola kusho umcebo, emva kokwenza lokho wabona ukuthi leyonyoni iyafana nezinye, leyondoda yalahlekelwa ingcebo eyayinganikwa isikhukhukazi ukuba isaphila.
Yingakho ukunakekela kahle lezi zinyoni kuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu, okuwumgomo ngempela esifuna ukuwufinyelela. Singasho ukuthi lena ingcebo eyakhiwe inzuzo yebhizinisi kanye nokukhiqizwa okuphezulu kokudla okunomsoco ophezulu, okungase kunikezwe abantu ngamanani athengekayo.
Umsuka Wezikhukhukazi Ezibekelayo
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihambisana nengxenye enkulu yezilwane ezinentshisekelo ye-zootechnical, iziqalo zesikhukhukazi ezifuywayo zisaphila endle futhi zilondoloza ufuzo lwazo ngokuphelele, ngokwesayensi lesi siphetho safinyelelwa ngemva kocwaningo lapho kwacwaningwa khona i-DNA yamaqhude abomvu. yamahlathi ase-Asia, ikakhulukazi eNdiya.
Kunombono wokuthi i-junglefowl ebomvu yatholakala emahlathini ase-Asia futhi yasakazekela kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba lapho umuntu eyifuya, okwaphumela ekubeni ibe nezinhlobo eziningi ezihlukahlukene.
Kunocwaningo olugomela ukuthi izinkukhu zasekhaya ziphuma ohlotsheni olulodwa lwase-Asia oluthi "Gallus gallus", ngoba ubufakazi obutholakala bokufuywa bebuyimvelaphi eyodwa, kodwa olunye ucwaningo lwamanje luyayiphikisa le mibono, ngoba bathola imvelaphi yendawo eminingi yokufuywa kanye nezakhi zofuzo. yilezo zohlobo oluthi "Gallus gallus sonneratii", "Gallus gallus bankiva" kanye "Gallus gallus murgui".
Ukuzalanisa Izikhukhukazi Ezibekelayo
Kunezindlela ezehlukene ezisetshenziselwa ukufuya izinkukhu, kungaba ezokuthengisa, ukuzidla kanye nokukhiqiza izimboni.
Ukuzalanisa Ekhaya
Kunemindeni eyakha izibaya noma amakheji emagcekeni ayo esetshenziswa ukufuya izinkukhu, ayizindawo ezifudumele nezinethezekile lapho ingabekela khona amaqanda ayo ngokukhululeka, kanti lamahhoko ezinkukhu okuzenzela angakwazi ukubamba inani elifanele ukudliwa ekhaya.
Akhona futhi amapulazi noma izindawo ezinkulu ezakhelwe ukufuya izinkukhu ezingaphezu kwe-10, okungukuthi, ihhoko lenkukhu elilodwa noma ngaphezulu kwenzelwe izinkukhu zamaqanda, ukuze zihlale khona, okubalulekile kukho konke lokhu ukuthi zihlale endaweni. indawo ekhululekile nefanelekile yokukhiqiza kabusha, ukugwema ukuminyana phakathi kwabo.
Ngalo mqondo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi lezi zibaya noma amahhoko ezinkukhu zihlale zihlanzekile ukuze kukhuliswe izinkukhu ezizalelayo, ukuze kuvikelwe izinambuzane nezifo ezingase zidalule impilo yezinkukhu, ezingase zibangele nokufa kwazo. Izibaya yizindawo ezilula ukwakha, nokho, ukuze uthole ukunethezeka okwengeziwe ungazithola ezitolo ezithengisa lolu hlobo lomkhiqizo, noma yiluphi uhlobo lomkhiqizo wokufuya izinkukhu.
Emapulazini akudingekile ukwakha izakhiwo ezinkulu, ukubeka nje uthango endaweni abazohlala kuyo kwanele. Ukuhlala emapulazini kuzizuzisa kakhulu izinkukhu, ngoba ngeke zikwazi ukuzondla kuphela ngokudla okunikezwa abafuyi bazo kodwa nokudla okuqukethe umhlaba, njengezinambuzane, izibungu nokunye ezingakuthola phansi.
Indlela yokukhulisa i-Laying Hens ekhaya?
Kuhluke kakhulu ukukhuliswa kwezinkukhu ezizalelayo ekhaya, ukuzikhulisa ezimbonini ezingeni lokumaketha, kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukulandela lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo ukuze ukwazi ukwenza ukuzalanisa izikhukhukazi ezizalelayo ekhaya noma epulazini ikhiqiza kakhulu.
Okokuqala, indawo lapho kuzokwakhiwa khona izinkukhu ezizalela ekhaya kumele ilungiswe, kubhekwe ukuthi le ndawo ngeke igcwale izinkukhu, ngale ndlela sizogwema izixuku ezingadala izifo futhi Kumele futhi ibale isikhathi sokukhiqiza okukhulu kwezinkukhu.
I-Las izikhukhukazi ezizalelayo wakhe Izilwane zasekhaya abanomjikelezo wokuzala okungenani iminyaka emi-2 lapho bevundile kakhulu, okusho ukuthi banomjikelezo omfushane wokuzala, naphezu kwalokhu bangaphila isikhathi eside, yingakho kunconywa ukuthi ngemva kokuqeda umbhangqwana. iminyaka lesi sikhukhukazi sishintshwa sibe sesincane.
Enye yezinto okufanele zicatshangelwe futhi ebaluleke kakhulu, kokubili ukuphakelwa kwezinkukhu kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo yazo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu kubaluleke kakhulu ukulandela yonke imininingwane nezincomo zochwepheshe kulo mkhakha, ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga ezingase ziphakame nokuthi zingazixazulula kanjani.
I-Commercial noma i-Industrial Breeding
Inhloso enkulu ye- izinkukhu ezizalelayo Kungaphezu kwanoma yini ukuthengiswa kwamaqanda abawabekelayo, ngoba lokhu kuyadingeka ukwenza isakhiwo somzimba esihlelekile ukuze ukwazi ukuthola okuningi ezinkukhu ezibekela amaqanda futhi uthole imikhiqizo emikhulu kubo, okungukuthi. kungani kufanele kuthathwe ukunakekelwa kokudla kwabo, impilo yabo kanye nento ebaluleke kakhulu kuyoba yindawo lapho bezozala khona futhi babeke amaqanda abo.
Zonke izindawo zezimboni ezijwayele ukubekela izinkukhu zamaqanda sezithuthukisiwe amaseli anezindawo ezanele ukuze zikwazi ukuhambahamba kuzo, ngaphezu kwazo zonke izimo zokubeka ukudla kuzo, lokhu kuhlobene nokuthi sekusungulwe imithetho emisha mayelana nezinkukhu. amapulazi, ngoba izindlela ezazisetshenziswa ngaphambilini ezifundeni eziningi zabangela izinkinga maqondana nenhlanzeko nempilo yezilwane.
Ukudla
Ukudla kubaluleke kakhulu izikhukhukazi ezizalelayo ziyakhula futhi zibe nezimo ezinhle kakhulu ukuze zikwazi ukukhiqiza amaqanda eqophelo eliphezulu, ukudla okulinganiselayo yikona okungcono kakhulu kulezi zinhlobo, ikakhulukazi uma zikhuliswe epulazini noma ekhaya, ngakho kufanele zinikezwe ukudla okunezithako ezidingekayo ukuze bahlala bephilile.
Futhi bavame ukumba emhlabathini ukuze badle kuwo, bedla izikelemu kanye nezinambuzane ezinothe ngemisoco namaprotheni, ngenxa yalokhu indawo lapho bekhona kufanele ihlanzeke kakhulu futhi icoceke.
Lokho lezi zinyoni ezikudlayo kuthonya ngqo izinga lamaqanda azo, kungenxa yazo ukuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo zokudla okulungiselelwe okunamaprotheni amaningi namahomoni asiza ukuvikela umzimba walezi zilwane, ukudla okulula kakhulu ukukuthola ezinhlobonhlobo. abasabalalisi nabakhangisi abaphethe ukunakekelwa emapulazini nasezibayeni, konke ngokwezidingo zomfuyi.
Endabeni yezikhukhukazi ezikhuliswe ekhaya, ingxube yokudla okuhlukahlukene ingenziwa ukuze kutholwe imiphumela engcono, ingxube ingenziwa ngezithako ezintathu ezinjengommbila ogayiwe, ukolweni nelayisi. Izikhukhukazi ezingemuva kwendlu noma zasepulazini zinganikezwa ngisho nokudla okusele okufana nezithelo nemifino, okuyinto elungele izinkukhu ezizalelayo.
Isiphakeli siwuthinta kanjani ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda?
Uma unikeza izinkukhu ukudla okuseqophelweni eliphezulu, zizobeka izimo ezinhle kakhulu zekhwalithi, okungukuthi, lokho isilwane esikudlayo nokuthi kudla kangakanani kuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yamaqanda aso. Amaqanda awumthombo omkhulu wamaprotheni kulabo abawadlayo futhi uma enawo wonke amanani awo okudla okunempilo, azoba nomthelela ekondlekeni okuhle kwabantu.
- I-Yema
Ukudla kuthonya umbala ofanele we-yolk, kodwa futhi iminyaka kanye nezikhathi zokuzala zidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwe-yolk, iyahlukahluka kusuka kokuphuzi okuphuzi kuya kumbala osawolintshi oshubile.
Okuthandwa kakhulu umbala we-yolk ummbila abawudlayo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu lokhu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwezinkukhu ezizalelayo, kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi kufanele banikezwe izingxube zommbila nefolishi, okubahlinzekayo. ngezinto ezidingekayo, njenge-xanthophyll nokunye ukudla okunezithasiselo zokwenziwa ezibasizayo.
- I-albhamuen
Ukumelana ne-albumen yikho okuzokhuluma ngekhwalithi yayo, njengoba ukuqina kwayo kukhombisa ukusha kwesimo, kanye neminyaka yesikhukhukazi, yingakho ukuphakelwa kwezinkukhu kufanele kube ne-protein ephezulu ukuze ukumelana. ye-albumen yayo yanele.
Kule ngxenye kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi kukhona ukungcola okuthile, okufana nezinsimbi ezidlulele noma i-magnesium engaguqula ukuqina kwe-albumen, okungase kubangele ukuphazamiseka nokulimala okulimazayo kubantu ekusetshenzisweni kwayo.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ekudleni kokubeka ama-pullet akufanele kube namaprotheni amaningi, ngoba lokhu akusizi ukuhambisana kwe-albumen, okungukuthi, ukweqisa kwalezi zakhi ekuphakeleni kungabangela ukusabela okungafuneki. Phakathi kokudla okungasiza kulesi sici ufulawa kabhontshisi, osiza ekuthuthukiseni ukuhambisana kwe-albumen.
- Igobolondo
Igobolondo noma isembozo sokuma sakhiwe okungenani ngama-94% e-calcium carbonate, yingakho izinkukhu kufanele zidle i-calcium eningi ukuze zizalele amaqanda ekhwalithi ephezulu. Ukusabalala kwe-carbon dioxide nakho kunomthelela ukuze igobolondo lakheke, ukuhlangana kwe-carbon dioxide ne-calcium kunikeza ukungaguquguquki nokushuba egobolondweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zilwane zidinga imithamo eyengeziwe ye-calcium ngoba lapho zizalela amaqanda, i-calcium ikhishwa emathanjeni azo, yingakho izimo ezingokomzimba zezinkukhu kufanele zibe zinhle kakhulu, ukuze zinikeze i-calcium ne-phosphorus ekuvundiseni okufanele kwekhwalithi ephezulu. ukuma. Lezi zakhi ezidingekayo ekuphakeleni kwalolu hlobo zitholakala ezixubeni zokudla noma ekudleni okukhethekile kwezinyoni ezifuywayo.
Izinhlobo Zezikhukhukazi Ezibekelayo
Singathola eziningana inkukhu izala ukuma noma izingqimba, eziningi zazo ezikhiqizayo kanti ezinye azikho kangako, kunezinhlobo zama-pullet anesimo somdabu ezindaweni ezithile ezithile futhi lezi zivundile kakhulu, zihlala ngaleyo ndlela kukho konke ukuphila kwazo, ngaphezu kwanoma yini lapho zisendaweni yazo yemvelo futhi lapho abakhuliswe khona.
ezinhlotsheni ze izikhukhukazi ezizalelayo kukhona futhi okuyizinhlobo ezixubile noma iziphambano phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zezinkukhu ezizalelayo, ukunakekelwa okuthile kufanele kuthathwe lapho kwenziwa lolu hlobo lwesiphambano, ngoba uma ungenalo ulwazi lobuchwepheshe mayelana nezinqubo okufanele zenziwe, isiphambano singakwazi go wrong, okungaholela ekutheni izikhukhukazi ezingazaleli, zingazali noma zibe nokukhiqiza kwamaqanda okuphansi.
Esimweni sokugcina, ukukhiqizwa okuphansi kanye nokulahlekelwa kwezomnotho kubangelwa ukutshalwa kwezimali okwenziwe. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinkukhu ziqanjwe ngendawo ezikhuliswe kuyo. Izinhlobo zezinkukhu yilezi ezilandelayo:
izikhukhukazi ezikhanyayo
Lezi zingcono kakhulu zokubekela amaqanda futhi njengoba nje negama lazo lisho, izinkukhu ezilula azikho zikhulu kangako, enye yezimpawu zazo ukuthi zibekela amaqanda angcono kakhulu futhi zingawabekela unyaka wonke, phakathi kwalolu hlobo ungathola okulandelayo: :
- I-Hy-line: Lezi izikhukhukazi ezincane, ikakhulukazi ezinsundu, nakuba ezimhlophe zingatholakala. Lezi yizendlalelo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezimboni.
- Hisex Brown: Lezi zinhlobo zezikhukhukazi zizalela amaqanda anombala onsundu ngokujulile, ziqinile ngokomzimba futhi uma zisesimweni esihle zingabekela amaqanda angaphezu kuka-250 ngonyaka.
- Hisex White: Lezi ziyakwazi ukumelana kakhulu futhi zingakwazi ukujwayela kalula ukuchanyuselwa kanye nezibaya, ngaphezu kokuthi amaqanda abawabekelayo asezingeni eliphezulu.
- I-Leghorn: Lolu hlobo lukhiqiza kakhulu emapulazini, ukusebenza kwalo kukhulu kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zezinkukhu, yingakho luthandwa ngabafuyi. Ikhono lazo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo liyamangaza ngempela, zingabekela amaqanda angaphezu kuka-300 ngonyaka futhi singaveza nokuthi zidla kancane kakhulu, okwenza ukuzala kwazo kube nenzuzo enkulu.
- Babcock: Ziyakwazi ukuzalela amaqanda amakhulu afinyelela ku-300 ngonyaka owodwa, ziwuhlobo lwesikhukhukazi esinesimilo esimnene, zikwazi nokuzalanisa endlini kwazise ziziphatha ngokuthula futhi kulula ukuzinakekela.
Izikhukhukazi ezisindayo
Lokhu kuhlangabezana nezinhloso ezimbili, lapho eyokuqala kuwukuzalela amaqanda ukuze idayiswe kanti eyesibili ingukukhiqizwa kwezinkukhu ezidliwa abantu, ezifuyweni ezisindayo yilezi:
- I-Rhode Island Red: Lesi sikhukhukazi sibomvu, sikhulu futhi sibanzi, sifushane futhi, sinemilenze ephuzi, amaqanda aso makhulu futhi kujwayelekile ukuthi sifukamele amaqanda aso.
- I-Plymouth Rock ivinjelwe: Zinkulu kodwa amakhanda azo mancane futhi iziqu zawo zibanzi, imisila yawo mifishane, zingabekela amaqanda afinyelela ku-200 ngonyaka, asetshenziselwa ukuzalanisa phakathi kwawo, okungaholela ekuzalweni kwezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, kanjalo amaqanda amakhulu.
izikhukhukazi ezinzima
Lezi zinhlobo zezinkukhu zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukukhuluphala bese zidliwa abantu, yingakho ukukhiqizwa kwazo kuphansi kakhulu. Izinhlobo yilezi:
- Ross: Ingenye yezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu zokubekela amaqanda nezinkukhu zezinkukhu, ingenye yezigaba ezithandwayo zabalimi, ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu futhi iphinde idle amanani ambalwa okudla, okungukuthi, iwuhlobo olunomnotho kakhulu.
- Cobb: Lolu hlobo lukhula ngokushesha futhi ludla ukudla okuncane, umehluko walo kumaRoss ukuthi avumelana nanoma yiziphi izimo zezulu, ngakho atholakala cishe noma yikuphi.
Inkukhu yeHybrid
Lawa yilawo aphuma esiphambanweni phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene, ukuze zithole amaqanda ekhwalithi engcono kanye nenzalo ethuthukisiwe.
Izifo
Njengazo zonke izilwane, izikhukhukazi ezizalelayo uhlushwa izifo, yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abalimi bazi ngalezi zifo nokuthi zelashwa kanjani, ngaphezu kwalokhu kumele kuqikelelwe kakhulu ngoba zingaba nemiphumela kubantu njengoba ziyizilwane ezisetshenziswayo. , ngo Uma lokho kwenzeka, kungase kubangele izinkinga ezinkulu.
Kulokhu kunemithi elwa namagciwane ezinkukhu noma izinkukhu, njenge-amoxicillin, okumele ilawulwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela wezilwane onguchwepheshe ezinyonini. Abanye izifo zenkukhu Yilezi ezilandelayo:
- isifo: Kuyisifo esijwayeleke kakhulu ezinkukhuni futhi sithelelana ngamakhala, izimpawu kubanda, ibronchitis, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa, izinkinga zokuphefumula kanye nokusonteka kwentamo, ukugwema lesi sifo kubalulekile ukuzigoma nokuzigcina endaweni ehlanzekile.
- I-Infectious Bronchitis: Lolu hlobo lwe-bronchitis lubangelwa i-coronavirus, luhlasela izinkukhu nezinkukhu kuphela, lusakazeka ngomgudu wokuphefumula futhi izimpawu zalesi sifo ukukhwehlela, ukugeleza kwekhala, amehlo agcwele amanzi kanye nokuphefumula kanzima.
Itheleleka kalula emoyeni, kusho ukuthi zonke izinkukhu ezisendaweni eyodwa zingangenwa yilesi sifo, ngakho-ke izifo kumele zihlukaniselwe ezinye, indlela yokuvikela lesi sifo ngemishanguzo ngoba uma kwenzeka ziba khona. uthelelekile, alikho ikhambi.
- gumboro: Lesi sifo sibangelwa i-agent ye-birnavirus, ekwazi ukumelana kakhulu nezimo zemvelo ezingezinhle ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo.
- Umkhuhlane noma I-Avian Influenza: Kuyisifo esijwayeleke kakhulu emazingeni enkukhu futhi singazibulala ngesikhathi esifushane.
