Inhlekelele yaseChernobyl ngo-1986 kumakwe ngaphambili nangemuva emlandweni wesintu kanye nemvelo. Ukuqhuma kwe-nuclear reactor kukhiphe inani elingakaze libonwe lemisebe, okwaphoqa ukuthi kukhishwe wonke amadolobha futhi kushiye indawo engabaliwe lapho kukholakala ukuthi ukuphila kuphelile. yayingeke iphinde ibhodloze amakhulu eminyaka. Kodwa-ke, imvelo yasimangaza futhi, futhi phakathi kokungcoliswa kanye nokungabikho komuntu, izilwane azizange nje zimelane, kodwa kwezinye izimo zakha izimpendulo ezimangalisayo ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zendawo.
Namuhla, sikhuluma ngezilwane ezashintsha eChernobyl. ukukhuluma ngokuphila, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi, kwezinye izimo, izindaba eziyiqiniso ezifanele umbhalo wenganekwane yesayensi. Kusukela kusukela ezinjeni namakati alahlekile kuya ezimpisini, amaxoxo, izinyoni ngisho nezinambuzane imbala; Izinhlobo ezisele noma ezibuyiselwe endaweni ziye zaba nezinguquko kokubili ngokomzimba nangokwezakhi zofuzo, ezinye zibonakala kanti ezinye azizange zibonwe yisayensi. Konke lokhu, ngenkathi indawo iqhubeka ngokuba ilabhorethri yemvelo eyingqayizivele lapho abacwaningi abavela emhlabeni wonke befunda imiphumela yesikhathi eside ye-radioactivity empilweni.
Umongo wenhlekelele yenuzi kanye nendawo engabaliwe
Inhlekelele yaseChernobyl yenzeka ngo-April 26, 1986, lapho i-reactor inombolo yesine esiteshini samandla enuzi i-Vladimir Ilich Lenin enyakatho ye-Ukraine iqhuma phakathi nokuhlolwa kokuphepha. Ubukhulu bale nhlekelele buphoqe ukuba kuphume abantu abangaphezu kuka-116., kuhlanganise nazo zonke izakhamuzi zasePripyat, idolobha eliseduze nalesi sitshalo, futhi yasungula indawo yokungahlanganyeli engaba amakhilomitha-skwele angu-2.590, lapho ukungcola kwahlala kuyingozi.
Ukukhishwa kwakushesha futhi kunesiphithiphithi. Ukwesaba ukusabalala kwe-radioactivity, Izilwane ezifuywayo nezinye izilwane zendawo zayalelwa ukuba zihlatshwe, okubangele izithombe ezishaqisayo. Nokho, akuzona zonke izilwane ezazitholakala, futhi eziningi zazo zagcina sezihlala ngokukhululeka endaweni eyayishiywe abantu. Umphumela ngokuhamba kweminyaka kwaba ukuvela kwezilwane okuthi, ngaphandle kokucindezela komuntu, yakwazi ukwanda futhi yajwayela indawo eshintshwe kakhulu ngemisebe.
Izilwane zasendle zaseChernobyl: phakathi kokuqina nokuguquguquka
Indawo engafakwanga eChernobyl, ngale kokubukeka kwayo okuyisipoki, Namuhla kuhlala amabhere, inyathi, izimpisi, ama-lynx, amahhashi ase-Przewalski kanye nezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingaba ngu-200.Ngokumangazayo, iningi lalezi zilwane alibonisi imiphumela emibi ebonakalayo yemisebe ezingeni labantu, nakuba izinguquko eziguquguqukayo kanye nezinkinga ezithile zempilo ziye zatholwa ezinhlobonhlobo ezithile.
Abacwaningi abanjengoDkt. Germán Orizaola baye bagqamisa ukuthi, Naphezu komthelela wokuqala, imvelo isebenzise ithuba lokungabikho kwabantu ukuze iphinde ihlanganise indawo.Kodwa-ke, isimo siyinkimbinkimbi: abanye ochwepheshe baphikisa ngokuthi umonakalo wemisebe uye walinganiswa ngokweqile, kuyilapho abanye begcizelela ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile ezincane ezifana nezinyoni namagundane ziye zabhekana nokuguqulwa okuphawulekayo kanye nezinkinga zempilo, njengezimila kanye nolwelwesi lwama-cataract.
Izimpisi nezinja zaseChernobyl: izinguquko kanye nokumelana nomdlavuza
Elinye lamacala athakazelisa kakhulu lihilela izimpisi nezinja zasendle ezihlala endaweniNgemva kwale nhlekelele, izinja eziningi ezifuywayo zasala ngemuva ngemva kokukhishwa, futhi naphezu kwemizamo yokuziqeda, ezinye zasinda, okwabangela inani lezilwane zasendle ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Namuhla, kunezinja ezilinganiselwa ku-600 kuya kwezingama-800 ezizulazula eChernobyl, kanye nomphakathi oqinile wezimpisi.
Ucwaningo olwenziwa amaqembu afana nalolo lwesazi sebhayoloji uCara Love wasePrinceton University luye lwavumela Thola ukuguqulwa kofuzo kulezi zilwane okwandisa ukumelana kwazo nemisebe futhi, ngokumangalisayo, nomdlavuza.Izimpisi, ezivezwa imithamo yemisebe yansuku zonke eyeqa kakhulu imikhawulo engokomthetho yabantu, zenze amasosha omzimba ashintshile afana nalawo iziguli ezinomdlavuza ezilashwayo. Isici esihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ukutholwa kwezifunda ezithile zofuzo zayo ezibonakala zinikeza ukuvikeleka okuthile ekuthuthukisweni kwamathumba.
Endabeni yezinja, Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA kwezinja ezingaphezu kuka-300 kwembule amaphrofayili ofuzo ahlukile, ahlukile kunalawo ezinja zakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kwezakhi zofuzo, umphumela wokukhethwa kwemvelo okusheshiswa indawo ezungezile enobutha, kwenza lezi zilwane zibe umthombo wesayensi obalulekile wokuphenya izindlela zokumelana nezifo ezihlobene nokuchayeka emisebeni.
Izinguquko kanye nezimo ezinyonini, amaxoxo kanye nezinambuzane
Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezincelisayo, Ezinye izinhlobo ziye zaba nokusabela okumangalisayo emisebeniIsibonelo, ucwaningo lwezinyoni luye lwathola ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile ezitholakala ezindaweni ezingcoliswe kakhulu zinezinga eliphezulu lama-antioxidants egazini lazo, elisiza ekunciphiseni ukulimala kwamangqamuzana okubangelwa imisebe.
Amaxoxo aseChernobyl abonisa umbala omnyama kunalezo eziphuma ezindaweni ezingangcolisiwe. Lokhu kuguqulwa, ngokusho kochwepheshe, kungaba yindlela yokuzivikela emisebeni, efana ne-melanin kubantu. Ukushintsha kombala kuzivumela ukuthi zimunce eminye imisebe ye-ionizing futhi zinciphise imiphumela yayo eyingozi.
Endabeni yezinambuzane, ubufakazi bubonisa lokho Izicabucabu zenze izindlela zokuziphatha eziyinqaba, njengokwakhiwa kwamawebhu angahlelekile, angajwayelekile, futhi anokulinganisa, into engavamile kulezi zinhlobo. Lesi simo silotshwe yi-National Geographic, ephinde yabona ukuthi umsebenzi wokwakha wewebhu uthintwa ukuchayeka ku-radioactivity.
Izilwane Eziguquguqukayo? Izinguquko Zofuzo vs. Izinganekwane
Umqondo wezilwane "eziguquguqukayo" uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezidalwa ezikhubazekile, ezimbi kakhulu, noma eziyingozi. Nokho, Iqiniso eChernobyl lihluke kakhulu futhi lingokwesayensi.Izinguquko eziyinhloko ezirekhodiwe ziwufuzo futhi ziyavumelana nezimo, hhayi ezimbi kakhulu. Izilwane ezisinda endaweni engabaliwe zenze izinguquko ezithuthukisa ukumelana kwazo ngokomzimba nangokwebhayoloji, ngaphandle komphumela woshintsho olumangalisayo ku-morphology yazo.
Nokho, ezinye ziye zatholwa okungavamile kanye nezinkinga zempiloIsibonelo, ukuguqulwa kombala, izimo ze-albinism, ukulimala kwamasosha omzimba ezinyoni, ukwehluleka kwe-symmetry ezinambuzaneni ezithile kanye ngezinye izikhathi ukulahlekelwa izingxenye zomzimba ezinhlobonhlobo ezincane, Njengesiphazamisi se-mallow, esingashoda ngeso elilodwa laso. Izilwane ezincane zihlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yale miphumela, ziveza amazinga aphezulu ezimila kanye nolwelwesi lwamehlo.
Ucwaningo lwesayensi endaweni yokukhishwa
Indawo yaseChernobyl ibilokhu futhi isaqhubeka nokuba yindawo yocwaningo ebalulekile yokuqonda imiphumela yesikhathi eside ye-radioactivity. Ucwaningo oluyinhloko luye lwabhekana kokubili imiphumela ezingeni lezilwane zonke, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamaphuzu okutholwe kubantu abathile..
Izimpisi nezinja zaseChernobyl zifakwe amakholomu e-GPS namadosimitha emisebe, okuvumela idatha yesikhathi sangempela ukuthi iqoqwe emazingeni emisebe ezivezwe kuwo. Le miphumela ibe yisisekelo ekuhlonzeni ukuguquguquka kofuzo okuthuthukisa ukuphila kwabo. futhi zisetshenziselwa ukuqhubekisela phambili ucwaningo lokuthi impilo ingamelana kanjani futhi ilulame ezenzakalweni zenuzi.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinja, okwenziwa ngamathimba afana no-Elaine Ostrander, akusivumelanga nje kuphela ukuthi sihlonze izinhlobo ezikhona endaweni, kodwa nokuthi ziye zazalana kanjani kanye nezinja zezisebenzi zabantu eziqhubeka nokuhlala ezindaweni ezingangcolisiwe kangako. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwamanje lugxile kulokhu hlaziya ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zalezi zilwane ziye zashintsha kanjani kule minyaka engu-37 edlule futhi uma kukhona izakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekulungiseni i-DNA, ukuguga noma i-metabolism ekhethwe ngokukhethekile ukucindezela kwemvelo.
Ubudlelwano nocwaningo lomdlavuza kanye nomthelela kubantu
Omunye wemigqa ethembisa kakhulu yocwaningo evela kulesi simo sonke Ukuhlaziywa kokuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo okutholwe kanjani ezimpisini nasezinjeni kungasiza ukulwa nomdlavuza kubantuNgokungafani namagundane aselabhorethri, izinja nezimpisi ziba nomdlavuza futhi ziphathwe ngokufana kakhulu nabantu, okwenza ukuzivumelanisa kwazo kube yigugu ikakhulukazi emithini.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva luye lwathola ngisho nokuhluka okuthile kuzakhi zofuzo ezifana ne-ERBB4/HER4, ezixhunyaniswe nokwanda kokuphila isikhathi eside kanye nokumelana nesimila ezinjeni. Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zakhi zofuzo zisebenza kanjani ezindaweni ezimbi kakhulu kungavula izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha nokuvimbela umdlavuza. kubantu nakwezinye izilwane ezisondelene ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ukujwayela kuya kude kangakanani?
Ikusasa lezilwane zasendle eChernobyl ligcwele izinto ezingaziwa. Ukuvela kwezibalo zezilwane endaweni engabaliwe kugcinwa njalo, kodwa Izingxabano zakamuva e-Ukraine kanye nobhubhane zenze kwaba nzima ukuthi amaqembu esayensi afinyelele ezweni.Naphezu kwalezi zingqinamba, abacwaningi banethemba lokuthi ulwazi oluqoqwe kuze kube manje luzosiza ekuqondeni kangcono hhayi kuphela imiphumela yemisebe, kodwa namandla amangalisayo emvelo okuzivumelanisa nezimo.
Ochwepheshe bayazibuza ukuthi kude kangakanani izinguquko zofuzo kanye ne-biological uma ingcindezi ekhethiwe iqhubeka ezizukulwaneni eziningi. Ingabe kungavela izinguquko zofuzo ezizuzisa nakakhulu? Noma ingabe kukhona imingcele yofuzo nemvelo ezovimbela izilwane zendawo ukuba ziwunqobe ngokugcwele umonakalo obangelwa ukukhishwa kwemisebe?
Izindaba zezilwane ezaguquka eChernobyl ziwubufakazi benhlekelele nokuqina, kanye nomthombo ongashi wezimfundiso mayelana nobudlelwano phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo, indawo yazo kanye nemvelo yazo. ikhono lokubhekana nezinselele ezimbi kakhulu ongazicabangaUma ngabe kukhona osekucacile ngemuva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amane, ukuthi impilo, ngisho nasezindaweni ezinobutha kakhulu, ithola izindlela ezimangazayo zokubhodloza futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, iziqinise lapho ingalindelekile khona.