Wake wazibuza ukuthi izilwane zixhumana kanjani? Ngaphezu kwalokho esikuzwayo esizungezile, ukuxhumana ezilwaneni kuyathakazelisa ngenxa yokuhlukahluka nobunkimbinkimbi bazo. Kusukela ekubhongelweni okujulile kuya ekukhaleni okuphezulu, ukuchofoza nokulingiswa, izilwane zisebenzisa imisindo ehlaba umxhwele. ukudlulisa ulwazi, izixwayiso, imizwelo, ngisho nokukhohlisa labo ababazungezile.
Kulesi sihloko, sizongena emhlabeni wemisindo yezilwane, sithole kokubili izindlela ezizikhiqizayo kanye nemisebenzi yazo emangalisayo. Sizohlaziya izibonelo ezinelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi, izimo zokulingisa amazwi, amasignali akhethekile e-acoustic, kanye nendlela izinhlobo zezilwane ezihluke ngayo njengama-drongo, imikhomo yesidoda noma abantu abasebenzisa umsindo. ukuze sisinde, ukuhlanganyela, noma ukubusa indawo yethu. Lungiselela izindlebe zakho ngoba lokho ozokufunda kuzoshintsha unomphela indlela obona ngayo ukuxhumana kwezilwane.
Kungani izilwane zixhumana? Imisebenzi ebalulekile yokuxhumana kwezilwane
Ukuxhumana kuyisici esitholakala emhlabeni wonke emhlabeni wezilwane. Zonke izilwane, kusukela ezinambuzaneni ezincane kakhulu kuya kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke, zidinga ukushintshana ngolwazi. ukuze usinde futhi uzalane. Lokhu kudluliselwa kungase kube ngamabomu noma ngisho nokuquleka, kodwa njalo ifuna ukuvusa impendulo kumamukeli.
Ziningi izizathu ezenza izilwane zixhumane. Abanye bafuna ukuxwayisa ngengozi, abanye ukuheha ukunaka komlingani noma ukumaka indawo yabo.Kwabanye, ukukhulumisana kuyindlela yokuhlela, ukubambisana, noma ngisho nokukhohlisa labo ababazungezile. Izindlela nezakhiwo ezisetshenziselwa ukufeza lokhu ziyehluka kakhulu ukusuka kwesinye isilwane kuye kwesinye, futhi kuye ngendawo ezihlala kuyo (izwe, amanzi noma umoya)..
Ezilwaneni zomphakathi, Ukuxhumana phakathi kweqembu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuxhumana. Isibonelo Ama-Meerkats nezindlovu zisebenzisa amasignali ahlukahlukene e-acoustic ukuze zixwayise ngezilwane ezidla ezinye futhi zizihlele.. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, njengezinyoni noma ama-cetaceans, zenze izinhlelo zokuphimisa eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingase zicatshangelwe, ngokwengxenye, uhlobo lolimi.
I-spectrum yomsindo: izinhlobo zemisindo yezilwane kanye nomsebenzi wazo
Uhlu lwemisindo ekhishwa izilwane lubanzi ngendlela emangalisayo. Kusukela kuma-infrasound aphuma endlebeni yomuntu kuye kuma-ultrasound esingezwakali, izilwane zisebenzisa yonke i-acoustic spectrum. ukuxhumana
Imisindo yezilwane ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezinkulu ngokuya ngomsebenzi wayo:
- I-alamu: Izimpawu ezixwayisa ngezingozi ezizayo, njengokuba khona kwezilwane ezidla ezinye.
- ukuzivikela: Imisindo ehloselwe ukuthusa izitha noma ukuxwayisa abahlaseli.
- Indawo: Amagama ahlukanisa indawo yomuntu siqu, ngokuvamile ahlotshaniswa nokuqomisana nokuncintisana phakathi kwabesilisa.
- Ezocansi: Izingcingo eziqondile zokuheha umlingani nokwenza lula ukukhiqizwa.
- Ukuhlanganisa nokusayina: Imisindo eqoqa abantu eduze kwemithombo yokudla, indawo yokuhlala noma ukubambisana komphakathi.
Ubunkimbinkimbi bale misindo abukho ezinhlobonhlobo zabo kuphela, kodwa nasekuqeqesheni izitho eziphumayo nezizamukelayo.Isibonelo, izinambuzane ezinjengamakhilikithi zikhiqiza i-stridulation. ukuhlikihla izingxenye zomzimba wakhe, kuyilapho izilwane ezincelisayo ezifana nabantu nezindlovu zinezitho zezwi ezikhethekile ekwazi ukukhiqiza ama-acoustic nuances eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Izitho kanye nezindlela zokukhipha nokwamukela imisindo
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kubangele ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kokujwayela ukuxhumana kwe-acoustic. Ezilwaneni ezivamile, ukungqubuzana nje kwezitho zomzimba kunikeza izimpawu ezizwakalayo, kodwa emaqenjini athuthukile izitho ezikhiqiza umsindo ziye zaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu..
Phakathi kwezindlela ezithakazelisa kakhulu sithola:
- I-stridulation: Ukuhlikihlwa kwezakhiwo eziqinile (njengamaphiko noma imilenze) kuvame kakhulu ezinambuzaneni.
- Ukushaya ngamandla: Ukusetshenziswa kwezitho zomzimba emhlabathini noma emanzini, okubonakala ezindlovu ezithumela amasignali ezindaweni ezikude.
- Izitho zezwi ezikhethekile: njenge-larynx yomuntu, ekwazi ukukhiqiza imisindo eminingi ehlukahlukene ngokuguquguquka nokuhlukahluka okuhlukile.
- Ulwelwesi oludlidlizayo: Njengesigubhu sendlebe sezintethe noma izindlela eziguqulelwe ukuzwa ukundindizela phansi.
Ukuze zithole le misindo, izilwane ziye zakha nezitho zezinzwa eziyingqayizivele. Kusukela kuma-mechanoreceptors alula we-cutaneous ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla, ekuzweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezilwane ezincelisayo, ezikwazi bamba amaza ahluka kakhulu futhi uhlukanise ama-nuances ubuncane. Lokhu kuguquguquka okufanayo phakathi komthumeli nomamukeli kuwukhiye wokuqonda ukunotha kokusebenzelana kwe-acoustic emvelweni.
Ukuphimisela nokufunda: ubuciko bokulingisa nokufunda imisindo
I-Drongos
Esinye sezici ezimangalisa kakhulu ekukhulumisaneni kwezilwane yikhono lezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane ukufunda nokulingisa ukuphimisela kwezinye. Abagcini nje ngokuxhumana nontanga yabo, kodwa kwezinye izimo baze bakhiqize imisindo evela kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, bevula umnyango wokukhohlisa nokukhwabanisa..
Icala le- ama-drongos Inyoni enomsila oyimfoloko iveza ikakhulukazi. Lezi zinyoni zase-Afrika azikhiqizi kuphela izingcingo zazo, kodwa futhi ziyakwazi ukukopisha ngokunembile izimpawu ze-alamu ezivela kwezinye izinhlobo ezifana nama-meerkats noma izinyoni ezingomakhelwaneAsebenzisa leli khono ukuze akhohlise futhi antshontshe ukudla: lapho elingisa isixwayiso solunye uhlobo lwezilwane, izilwane eziseduze ziyabaleka, zicabanga ukuthi kunengozi, futhi ama-drongo asebenzisa ithuba lokudla.
Leli qhinga lidinga ukufunda okukhethiwe. Ama-Drongo awalingisi noma yimuphi umsindo ongahleliwe, kodwa kunalokho khetha lawo amaningi kakhulu eziwusizo futhi kuphela zezinhlobo ezivame ukuhlala nazo. Lokhu kukhetha kuphakamisa ingxenye ethile yengqondo ethuthukile, edlula kude ukuphindaphinda okulula. Isu lokukhohlisa ngezwi lisebenza kahle kangangokuthi, lapho ukuphimisa kuphindaphindwa ngokweqile, Izisulu zifunda ukuhlukanisa ukukhohlisa, yingakho ama-drongo ehlala eshintsha futhi evuselela i-repertoire yawo.
Akuzona kuphela izinhlobo ezikwazi ukwenza amaqhinga anjalo: i-cuckoo, isibonelo, isebenzisa ukulingisa kwezwi ukuze ibe nentsha ezidlekeni zabanye abantu ukulingisa izingcingo zentsha yohlobo olusingathayo, kanjalo uqiniseke ukuthi yondliwa ngaphandle kokuphakamisa izinsolo.
I-Kleptoparasitism kanye nenkohliso yezwi: icala eliyingqayizivele lama-drongos
Ukuziphatha kwama-drongo kubathakasele ososayensi ngoba kumelela enye yezindlela ezicwengisiswe kakhulu zokukhohlisa kwe-interspecific acoustic.. Ukulandela ama-meerkats noma izinyoni ezifuna ukudla, Balinda isikhathi esifanele sokulingisa i-alamu futhi ngaleyo ndlela babambe ukudla okushiywe..
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lutholile ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwengqondo kwama-drongos, engakwazi ukufunda amagama amasha ngokushesha, kodwa futhi ilungise isu labo kuye ngokuthi impumelelo yenkohliso. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi ingabe kukhona "inhloso" eqaphelayo ngemuva kokukhohlisa noma ukuthi kumane kuwumphumela wokufunda okuqinisiwe..
Njengoba isazi sezinto eziphilayo uThomas Flower sabonisa, “ama-drongo ayakwazi ukulingisa izinhlobo eziphila kuwo, futhi ngenxa yalokhu angakwazi ukulondoloza ukuphila kwawo. ngempumelelo njengama-parasites wokukhohlisa iminyaka, okubonisa ukuthi imingcele yokufunda ngezilwane ingase ibe banzi kakhulu kunalokho ebesikucabanga.”
Ukuxhumana kwezilwane endaweni yasemanzini: ama-cetaceans kanye nenguquko yolimi
i-sperm whale
Uma emhlabeni i-repertoire icebile, emanzini ukuxhumana kwezilwane kufinyelela emazingeni obunzima obungavamile. Ama-cetaceans—imikhomo, amahlengethwa, nama-sperm whale—abhekwa njengabaxhumanisi abathuthuke kakhulu emhlabeni wezilwane.Izinhlelo zabo zokuxhumana zidinga ukushintshana okunembile kwe-acoustic okuguqulelwe endaweni lapho ukudluliswa komsindo kusebenza kahle kakhulu kunomoya.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-MIT ngemikhomo yesidoda sembule ubukhona "bezinhlamvu zefonetiki" zangempela ezisuselwe kumaphethini okuchofoza noma ama-codaI-sperm whale isebenzisa okungenani izinhlobo ezingu-18 ezihlukene zama-coda, ezihlanganisa zibe ukulandelana okuvumelana nezimo kakhulu. Balungisa ubude besikhathi, isigqi kanye nokuhlotshiswa kokuchofoza ngokomongo, kufinyelela kumaphethini abonakalayo angaphezu kuka-150 ahlukene..
Okugqamayo wukuthi Umuntu ngamunye angashintsha ukuchofoza kwakhe ukuze adlulisele ulwazi oluhlukile, into eyayibhalwe ngezilimi zabantu kuphela. Abacwaningi, besebenzisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, sebeqala ukucacisa incazelo eyisisekelo yalezi zingxoxo, Zibonakala zidlula isexwayiso noma indawo: Babekwazi ukudlulisa imiyalo, imizwa, ngisho nokuthuka kuye ngokuthi isimo sinjani.
Ukubhonga nokuklabalasa: ukuvela komsindo owedlulele
Uma kuziwa ekudluliseni imiyalezo esheshayo nenamandla, akukho okusebenza kahle njengoku-a ukumemeza noma ukubhonga. Izilwane eziningi azisebenzisi le misindo hhayi nje ukwethusa noma ukwesabisa, kodwa njengocingo losizo, isixwayiso, noma ngisho nokuqasha abangani ezimweni eziyingozi..
Isibonelo, Ukubhonga kwamabhubesi olwandle kuphawula indawo yawo futhi kwethuse izimbangi zabo., kuyilapho izinyamazane zibhonga ngesikhathi sokukhwelana ukuze zihehe ezinsikazi futhi ziqhudelane namanye amaduna. Ukukhala nakho kubalulekile ekuzivikeleni: Izinyoni zikhipha ama-screeches aphezulu ukuze zixwayise ngezilwane ezidla ezinye futhi zixhumanise ukuphunyuka kweqoqo..
Kubantu, ukuklabalasa kunikeza imisebenzi eminingi: kusukela ekuqhumeni kwemizwa komgubho, okufana nomgomo webhola likanobhutshuzwayo, ukuya ekukhululweni kokwesaba, ubuhlungu, noma ulaka. Ngokwemizwa, ukuklabalasa kuvula izindlela zobuchopho eziqondile, njenge-amygdala, enesibopho sokucubungula ingozi, echaza ukusebenza kwayo kokuziphendukela kwemvelo..
Ucwaningo oluholwa nguSolwazi Harold Gouzoules lubonise ububanzi obubanzi bokukhala komuntu nokuthi singawenza kanjani amaphutha imisindo, efana nekhwela elikhala kakhulu, ngokukhala ngenxa yezimfanelo zayo ezifanayo zokuzwakala. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izici ezifana nephimbo eliphezulu kanye nokubamadlakadlaka yizici ezinqumayo ukuze umsindo ubonakale njengokuklabalasa, kokubili ezilwaneni nakubantu..
Ezinye izinhlobo zokuxhumana: imibala, iphunga, ukudlidliza nokunye
amabhubesi olwandle
Nakuba imisindo ithatha indawo evelele, Izilwane nazo zixhumana ngezindlela ezingezona eze-acoustic. Ulimi lomzimba, imibala egqamile, ukukhishwa kwephunga, noma ukudlidliza kukagesi kuyahambisana, futhi kwezinye izimo buyisela imisindo..
Ukuxhumana okubonakalayo kubalulekile ezinhlotsheni ze-diurnal noma ezivulekile, njengezinyoni noma izilwane ezihuquzelayo, ezisebenzisa imibala ukuxwayisa ngobuthi noma ukuheha abalingani. Ezinye, njengezinhlanzi noma izinambuzane, zikhiqiza amasignali kagesi noma ukudlidliza okungatholwa amalungu ezinhlobo zazo kuphela, okuvumela ukuxhumana okunobuhlakani nokuphumelelayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwephunga kuvame kakhulu ezilwaneni ezincelisayo nezintuthwane. Ama-pheromone avumela ukwaziswa ukuba kudluliselwe ezindaweni ezikude, njengokutholakala kokuzala noma indawo yokudla.. Amasignali kazibuthe kagesi nokudlidliza kudlala indima efanayo ekusebenzelaneni nokuvikela umphakathi..
Ukufunda nokuvumelana nezimo: Amakhono okuqonda ezilwane aya kude kangakanani?
Isihluthulelo sezinhlelo zokuxhumana zezilwane eziphambili kakhulu ikhono lokufunda, ukubamba ngekhanda, kanye nokuvumelanisa amasignali ngokuya komongo. Ezinye izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, futhi mhlawumbe nezinye izilwane zinokuvumelana nezimo okumangalisayo ekuguquleni ulimi lwazo, okuzivumela ukuba zisabele ngempumelelo ezinguqukweni zemvelo nezenhlalo..
Kubantu, ukufunda ulimi kubandakanya ukucacisa imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yefonetiki, izimpawu, nezakhiwo. Ezilwaneni, nakuba izinga lobuchwepheshe ngokuvamile liphansi, kuye kwaboniswa lokho Ukulingisa iphimbo, ukubandlulula kwephethini, nokuvuselelwa kwerepertoire kuqhathaniswa nezindlela zokufunda ulimi lwabantu.
Ngokuhlola ukuxhumana ezilwaneni, singawaqonda kangcono amasu azo kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bokusebenzelana kwazo. Kusukela kuma-drongo anobuqili akhohlisayo ngokulingisa kwawo, kuya amakhodi ayinkimbinkimbi e-acoustic we-sperm whaleKusukela ekukhaleni kwabantu okuthinta imizwa, ucwaningo lwemisindo yezilwane lwembula ukuxhumana okuthakazelisayo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane. Kusimema ukuthi sibuze futhi sandise yethu ukuqonda umhlaba wemvelo, okubonisa ukuthi ukuxhumana kungelinye lamakhono amangalisayo naguquguqukayo ekuphileni.
