Wake wama ukuze ulalele umsindo ovungamayo ongajwayelekile izikhukhula emasimini, amahlathi, noma ingadi yakho? Lo msindo, njengoba ukhona njengoba ungaqondakali, ufihla izindaba ezithokozisayo ngemuva kokudlidliza ngakunye. Imvelo ukhuluma ngolimi oluvame ukunganakwa, Kodwa uma sinaka, kuveza ukuhlukahluka okumangalisayo kwezilwane eziwukhiqizayo kanye nezizathu eziholela ekubeni zenze kanjalo.
Kulesi sihloko uzothola ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi yini ebangela labo Ukubhayiza, ukutshiyoza, ukuklabalasa neminye imisindo emvelweni, ukuhlola ngokujulile izilwane ezinesibopho, zisebenza kanjani, ilukuluku lohlobo ngalunye, ukuthi le misindo ifundwa kanjani nokuthi kungani iyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila emhlabeni wethu. Sizohlaziya yonke into kusukela ekubhakuzelweni kwamaphiko ezinambuzane ezincane kuya engomeni enamandla yomkhomo, okuhlanganisa izinyoni, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni nezilwane ezincelisayo, futhi sizoqonda ukuthi i-bioacoustics ivule kanjani indawo yonke yamathuba kukho kokubili ucwaningo nentuthuko. ukuze kugcinwe izilwane zasendle.
Ububanzi bemisindo emvelweni: ngale kwe-hum
Imvelo ikhonsathi ye-multispectral lapho imisindo ehlokomayo yabelana ngokugqama ngokuklabalasa, ama-trill, ukutshiyoza, ukuhayiza, nama-gratings. Ngamunye wale misindo usekelwe esilwaneni nasemsebenzini obalulekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufuna umngane womshado, ukuvikela indawo, ukuxwayisa izilwane ezidla ezinye, noma ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu bohlobo olufanayo. Kusukela ezinambuzaneni ezindizayo kuya ezinhlobonhlobo zamakhorasi amaxoxo lapho kuhwalala, umkhathi ongokwemvelo womsindo wakhiwa iqembu lomculo lomculo eliyinkimbinkimbi.
Iningi lomsindo ongemuva wezindawo zethu zenziwa imisindo yezilwane ezinesizotha kakhulu: izinambuzane nezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Nakuba ingoma yezinyoni ibonakala kakhulu, izinambuzane ezinjengezinyosi, omiyane, amakhilikithi, nama-cicadas, nama-amphibians njengamaxoxo namasele, zakha isisekelo se-acoustic sezinto eziningi eziphilayo. Le soundscape iyahlukahluka kuye ngesikhathi sosuku, isizini, ngisho nesimo sezulu, okwenza ukuzizwisa ngakunye kwemvelo kuhluke.
Imisindo, kude nokuba imisindo elula, ifeza imisebenzi ebalulekile yemvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, zisiza ososayensi ukuba babone izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, babale abantu, futhi baqaphe ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko ekubukekeni komsindo zingasezisa ngezinkinga zemvelo ezifana nokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane noma ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo.
Kuyini i-hum futhi kwenzeka kanjani?
Ukubhaza, ngokwemibandela yezilwane, kubhekisela emsindweni odlidlizayo okhiqizwa ngokuyinhloko ukushaya ngokushesha kwamaphiko noma ukudlidliza kwezingxenye ezithile zomzimba. Lesi simo sivame kakhulu phakathi kwezinambuzane ezindizayo njengezinyosi, izimpukane, iminyovu, izimpukane zamahhashi, omiyane, nezinyosi. Nokho, kukhona nezinyoni ezincane, njengama-hummingbird, ezingaduma ngokunyakazisa amaphiko azo ngokushesha.
Indlela evame kakhulu yokubhuza ukubhakuzisa amaphiko ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, inyosi ingashaya amaphiko ayo izikhathi ezingaba ngu-230 ngomzuzwana, kuyilapho inyoni ikwazi ukushaya amaphiko angu-80 kuya kwangu-200 ngomzuzwana, kuye ngokuthi indiza evamile noma phakathi nokuqomisana. Lokhu kudlidliza kudala amaza omsindo okuthi, njengoba edlula emoyeni, afinyelele ezindlebeni zethu njengomsindo obhuzayo ongenaphutha.
Akuyona yonke imisindo ehumming edalwa ilingana. Ezinye izilwane, njengezinyendle, izintethe, nama-cicadas, zikhiqiza imisindo efanayo ngezindlela ezihlukene, njengokuhlanganisa i-stridulation noma ukuhlikihla izitho zomzimba ndawonye. Ngakho-ke, nakuba abantu bebona imisindo ethile "njengamabhuzi," ngokombono webhayoloji, ingaba nemvelaphi ehluke kakhulu.
Izinambuzane ezibhuzayo: izinkanyezi zangempela
Izinambuzane, ngokungangabazeki, zingamakhosi abhuza emvelweni. Abaningi babo basebenzisa lo msindo njengomphumela oqondile wokuhamba kwabo emoyeni, kodwa futhi njengethuluzi lokuxhumana nokuzivikela.
Phakathi kwezinambuzane ezibhuza ezivame kakhulu sithola:
- Izinyosi, iminyovu kanye nezinyosi: Lezi zithuthi zempova ezibalulekile zikhiqiza umsindo obhazazayo ohlukile lapho undiza, ukuphakama kwawo kungahluka kuye ngohlobo, ubukhulu, kanye nesivinini sokushaywa kwamaphiko.
- Omiyane: Umsindo wabo onkenenezayo ubonakala ikakhulukazi lapho ziseduze nendlebe yomuntu. Ikhiqizwa ukunyakaza okushesha kakhulu kwezimpiko zazo, ezivevezela izikhathi ezingamakhulu ngomzuzwana.
- Izimpukane nezimpukane: Zikhipha i-hum enezwi eliphansi ngesikhathi sokundiza. Ungase uqaphele ukuba khona kwazo ngisho nangaphambi kokuba uzibone, ngenxa yalo msindo.
- Amabhungane endizayo: Ezinye izinhlobo, njengalezo zomndeni wakwa-Scrabaeidae, zikhiqiza umsindo oshubile ngenxa yobukhulu namandla amaphiko azo.
- Ama-mantids nama-lobster: Nakuba zingavamile, izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane zingaduma ngenkathi zindiza ngamaqembu amakhulu, zize zikhiqize uhlobo “lokububula” okuhlangene.
Umsebenzi wale misindo udlula ukunyakaza nje. Ngezinye izikhathi umsindo usebenza njengesixwayiso sokuthusa izilwane ezidla ezinye, njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye izinyosi neminyovu, noma usebenze njengendlela yokukhanga ngesikhathi sokuqomisana.
Grillo
Ama-hummingbirds kanye nokubhuza kwezinyoni
Nakuba ingavamile kakhulu kunezinambuzane, ezinye izinyoni nazo zikhiqiza imisindo enomsindo, ama-hummingbird eyisibonelo esaziwa kakhulu. Lezi zinyoni, ezitholakala kuphela ezwenikazi laseMelika, zidume ngobuncane bazo nekhono lokuhlala emoyeni, zibhakuzisa amaphiko azo ngesivinini esimangalisayo. Lokhu kunyakaza kwenza umsindo obhuzayo ofana nowezinambuzane, nakuba unomsindo omkhulu futhi ohlukahlukene.
I-zunzuncito hummingbird, inyoni encane kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ikwazi ukubhakuzisa amaphiko ayo izikhathi ezingu-80 ngomzuzwana. Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana, isigqi singaphinda kabili, sifinyelele ama-wing beats angu-200 ngomzuzwana, sikhiqize umsindo ozwakalayo ngisho noma ukude. Lo msindo obhuzayo uphawuleka kangangokuthi emazweni amaningi uhlotshaniswa nomlingo noma inhlanhla.
Ezinye izinyoni, njengeziqophamithi, zikhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene, nakuba zingabhekwa njengezibhibhayo kanjalo. Kulokhu, ukuthinta okunesigqi koqhwaku kusebenzela ukumaka indawo nokuheha umngane womshado, okubonisa indlela uhlobo ngalunye oluthuthukise ngayo ulimi lwalo oluzwakalayo.
Ubuciko be-stridulation: amakhilikithi, ama-cicadas nezintethe
Ngenkathi ukubhuza kuvame ukugcinelwa izinambuzane eziphephezelisa amaphiko, kuneminye imisindo ephindaphindayo emvelweni ekhiqizwe i-stridulation. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukuhlikihla izingxenye zomzimba eziqinile, ngokuvamile ngamaphiko noma imilenze, ukuze kukhiqizwe ukudlidliza okuzwakalayo. Kunjalo ngamakhilikithi, ama-cicada, nezintethe, ezidume “ngezingoma” zazo zasebusuku noma zasehlobo.
Ekhilikithi nasezintetheni, lo mshini uhlanganisa ukuhlikihla izinsikazi ezimpikweni noma esiswini, kuyilapho kuma-cicadas, umsindo ukhiqizwa izitho ezithile ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-tymbal. Lezi zitho, ezisesiswini, zisebenza njengolwelwesi olundindizela ngokushesha njengoba lufinyela futhi lukhululeka, lukhiqize ukuklolodela okunamandla okungazwakala emamitha angamakhulu.
Ingoma yamakhilikithi, isibonelo, inobude obufana nebanga phakathi kwezindlebe ezimbili zomuntu. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa isiqondiso esiqondile lapho umsindo uvela khona, ilukuluku lokuthi imvelo isiphenduke yaba inzuzo yalezi zinambuzane.
I-Acoustic curiosity yezinye izilwane
Imisindo ehlukahlukene yezilwane iyamangalisa futhi ayigcini nje ngokutshiyoza nokutshiyoza. Sithola izibonelo ezithakazelisayo kwezinye izinhlobo eziningi:
- Izikhova nezikhova Basebenzisa i-lulation noma i-hooot ukuxhumana ebusuku. Kungumsindo ojulile, ophansi, futhi obanzi.
- Amagwababa nama-corvids: Zikhiqiza umsindo ohlabayo, umsindo ohlabayo osetshenziswa kokubili ukuxhumana nokuxwayisa ngengozi.
- Amajuba namajuba: Imisindo yabo, ebizwa ngokuthi ama-coos nama-coos, isetshenziselwa ukuxoxisana nokugcina ubudlelwano.
- Onogolantethe: Ama-Crotorans ashaya izikweletu zawo, njengoba bengenazo izintambo zezwi. I-croaking ibonakala kakhulu ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
- Izingulube: Benza ukugquma, ingxube yokububula kanye nokuthimula okusetshenziselwa ukuxwayisa ngengozi noma ukuzwakalisa ukungakhululeki.
- izindlovu: Zidlala ngezimpondo zazo njengensimbi yomculo yemvelo, enomsindo ohamba amabanga amade.
- Izimpungushe: I-Gañen, uhlobo lwamagxolo amafushane, aphakeme, afana nalawo ezinja kodwa abukhali, awusizo ezimweni ezihlukahlukene.
- Imikhomo: Izingoma zabo zijulile futhi zinamandla kangangokuthi zingahamba amakhilomitha amaningi ngaphansi kwamanzi, okufakazela ukuthi ukuxhumana nge-acoustic kubalulekile ngisho nasolwandle.
Ngamunye wale misindo unegama lawo kanye nencazelo ethile ekuziphatheni kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ukuzifunda akusizi nje kuphela ukuthi siqonde izilwane kangcono, kodwa futhi kwandisa ukuqonda kwethu indawo esihlala kuyo.
Ukubaluleka kwemvelo kokuxhumana kwe-acoustic
Umsindo uyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokuxhumana ngokwemvelo. Ivumela ulwazi ukuthi ludluliselwe ngokushesha nangempumelelo, ngisho nangaphandle kokuthintana kwamehlo. Isibonelo, izingoma zezinyoni zivumela abesifazane ukuthi bahlukanise phakathi kwabesilisa bezinhlobo zabo, okwenza kube lula ukuqashelwa nempumelelo yokuzala. Ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, imisindo yezilwane ezizingelayo zingazisiza zizitholele indawo lapho zitholakala khona, futhi okuphambene nalokho, njengoba izilwane eziningi ezizingelayo zisebenzisa imisindo ukuze zixwayise ngezinsongo.
I-Evolution inikeze uhlobo ngalunye ukujwayela okuhlukile kwe-acoustic. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ezincane zivame ukusebenzisa amaza aphezulu, kuyilapho ezinkulu zisebenzisa amaza aphansi ukuze zixhumane namabanga amade. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lokushintsha imisindo lizivumela ukuthi zivumelane nezimo nezimo ezihlukahlukene, njengoba kunjalo ngezinyoni zasemadolobheni, ezicula kakhulu ukuze zivale umsindo wedolobha.
Ngakho-ke i-soundscape iyinkomba yempilo ye-ecosystem. Lapho umsindo wezilwane uncipha, ngokuvamile ubonisa ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo noma ukushintsha kwendawo ezungezile, okuyindaba ekhathaza kakhulu izazi zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezazi zokulondoloza imvelo.
I-Bioacoustics: Lapho Isayensi Ilalela Imvelo
I-Bioacoustics isiyalo esicwaninga imisindo yebhayoloji ukuze kuhlonzwe, kuhlaziywe, futhi kugcinwe izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Abacwaningi emhlabeni wonke basebenzisa amarekhodi nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze bathwebule imisindo yezilwane zasendle futhi benze imininingwane yolwazi. Lokhu okurekhodiwe kuvumela ukuqondwa kangcono kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukwenza ukubalwa kwabantu ngaphandle kokuphazamisa indawo ezungezile, futhi kubone izinguquko zemvelo ezingase zingabonakali kusetshenziswa ezinye izindlela.
E-Spain nase-Latin America, i-bioacoustics yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthola izinhlobo zezilwane ngezingoma zazo, ukuhlonza abantu abangabodwana, nokuhlaziya imisindo ecebile yezindawo ezifana namahlathi, amahlathi, namaxhaphozi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqoshwa kwamakhorasi amaxoxo, ikhilikithi, nezinyoni eziqiwini zemvelo kuye kwabonisa indlela ukungcoliswa komsindo nokulahlekelwa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo kunciphisa ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezithile zezilwane.
Umsebenzi wasensimini ungaba nzima futhi ube nenkani, odinga ukutholwa kwezilwane ezisebenzayo, isikhathi, kanye nokuqoshwa kwezimo ezimbi. Kodwa-ke, lo mzamo ubalulekile ukuze kubhalwe phansi ukunotha kwe-acoustic kwezindawo zethu futhi sikwazi ukuthatha izinyathelo zokonga ezisebenza ngempumelelo.
Whale
Ukuthi imisindo yezilwane iqoshwa futhi ifundwe kanjani
Inqubo yokurekhodwa kwezilwane ezizwakalayo ibandakanya uhambo lwasebusuku noma lokuhlwa, lapho izilwane zimatasa kakhulu. Imibhobho ezwelayo, evame ukubekwa eduze nesilwane esikhipha umsindo, isetshenziselwa ukuthola okuqoshiwe okucacile, okusezingeni eliphezulu. Umsindo ube usuhlaziywa elabhorethri ukuze uhlukanise futhi uhlonze izinhlobo ezikhiphayo.
Phakathi kwamapharamitha afundwayo kukhona imvamisa, ukuqina, ubude besikhathi kanye nephethini yomsindo. Lolu lwazi lusivumela ukuthi siqhathanise izingcingo phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlobo, futhi sihlukanise ngisho nokuhluka phakathi kwabantu bohlobo olufanayo.
Amabhange omsindo wemvelo asetshenziswa ekufundiseni, ekufinyeleleni kwesayensi, kumadokhumentari, nasekuthuthukiseni izicelo zokuqashelwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngomsindo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, basiza ekutholeni izilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala, abantu abangasekho, noma ukuhlasela kwezinto eziphilayo ngokulalela nje indawo ezungezile.
Ubumpofu be-soundscape: isignali ye-alamu
Enye yezinselelo ezinkulu namuhla ukungcoliswa komsindo nokunyamalala kwengoma yemvelo. Njengoba umsindo wabantu ukhula emadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemaphandleni, ikhonsathi yemvelo iya ngokuya ithule. Ochwepheshe baye babona ukuncipha okukhulu kwezinambuzane nezinyoni emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, okubangele ukulahlekelwa ukuhayiza, ukukhala nokukhala.
Lesi simo asigcini nje ngokuthunaza isipiliyoni sezinzwa, kodwa futhi sithinta ngokuqondile i-ecology kanye nomjikelezo wempilo yezilwane zasendle. Izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zikuthola kunzima ukuxhumana, ukukhiqiza kabusha, nokuzivikela ezinsongweni, ezingaholela ekwehleni noma ekunyamaleni kwazo.
Ngakho-ke, ukulalela imvelo kuyisenzo sokwazisa nokuhlonipha imvelo. Kusivumela ukuthi sixhumane nezinqubo zemvelo, sifunde, futhi sijabulele ingcebo enkulu esizungezile.
Imvelo njengabalaleli, inselele yokufunda ukulalela
I-soundscape yemvelo ihlukile, ishintsha njalo futhi iyamangaza. Azikho izindawo ezimbili noma izikhathi zosuku ezizwakala ngendlela efanayo. Izinga lokushisa, isizini, kanye nesikhathi sosuku kunquma ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezilwane ezizenza zizwakale nokuthi kanjani, ukunikeza ingxenye ngayinye yomhlaba ubuntu obuhlukile be-acoustic.
Ukubona imisindo nabadali bayo kuwumsebenzi othakazelisayo nonothisayo. Ukulalela ukubhuza kwezinambuzane kuhwalala, ukukhala kwamaxoxo echibini, noma ukukhala kwesikhova ebusuku kusixhumanisa ngokuqondile namasiko nemijikelezo yokuphila yemvelo.
Ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi ukuze uqonde ukuma kwezwe, kufanele ulalele. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho sizothola konke okwenzeka eduze kwethu futhi siqonde ukubaluleka kokuyivikela ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
