Zimbalwa izinto emvelweni ezivusa umdlandla njenge-bioluminescence yezilwane.. Lesi senzakalo, izidalwa ezithile ezikwaziyo ukuzidalela ukukhanya ngokwazo, siye samangaza ososayensi, abahloli bamazwe nabathandi bezilwane zasendle amakhulu eminyaka. Lokhu akukona nje ukubaneka ebumnyameni: konke ukukhanya ifihla izindaba zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, amakhemikhali namasu amasu okusinda njengoba ehlakaniphile njengoba mahle.
Zitholele izimfihlo ze izilwane ze-bioluminescent Ivula iwindi lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezimangalisayo., kusukela ekubenyezeleni okuhlakaniphile kwe-squid, kuya ekubanizeni okwesabekayo kwezidalwa zakwalasha, kuye Ukukhanya okungaqondakali kwezinambuzane nesikhunta emahlathini asebusuku. Emigqeni elandelayo, uzothola ukubheka okujulile nokujabulisayo kukho konke isayensi ekwaziyo (futhi esacwaninga) mayelana ne-bioluminescence.
Iyini i-bioluminescence futhi isebenza kanjani ezilwaneni?
I-Bioluminescence yikhono lokukhiqiza ukukhanya ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo.. Lokhu kukhanya kukhiqizwa ngaphandle kokukhipha ukushisa, ngezinqubo ezishesha kakhulu ezivumelaniswe ngokuphelele nendawo lapho uhlobo ngalunye luhlala khona. Lo mkhuba uyenzeka ku izilwane, amagciwane, isikhunta nabanye abaculi.
Ukhiye we-biochemical usezintweni ezimbili: i-luciferin ne-luciferase. I-Luciferin iyinhlanganisela ekhipha ukukhanya lapho i-oxidized, kuyilapho i-luciferase iyi-enzyme enesibopho sokwenza lokhu kusabela. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi, lapho i-luciferin iphendulana nomoya-mpilo phambi kwe-luciferase futhi ngokuvamile i-ATP (amandla amaselula), Umphumela uba ukukhishwa kwama-photon, okungukuthi, ukukhanya okubonakalayo. Umbala wokukhanya uzoncika ohlotsheni lwe-luciferin, kanye nezihlungi nezinye izakhi esikhumbeni sesilwane noma izicubu.
Izilwane ezihluke kakhulu ziye zazenzela izindlela zokukhipha ukukhanya.. Kukhona kokubili i-intracellular bioluminescence (kumaseli akhethekile aphumela ngaphandle) kanye ne-extracellular bioluminescence (lapho ukusabela kwenzeka ngaphandle, ngenxa yokuxoshwa kwezinhlanganisela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobo ezingakhiqizi i-luciferin yazo, kodwa kunalokho Bayithola kuma-microorganisms e-symbiotic afana namagciwane noma ulwelwe, alale ezicutshini zabo.
I-Bioluminescence ingatholakala ezindaweni zasolwandle, emhlabeni, namanzi ahlanzekile, nakuba ivame kakhulu olwandle.. Eqinisweni, kulinganiselwa ukuthi izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezilwane zasolwandle zinezinhlobo ezithile ze-bioluminescence.
Umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo we-bioluminescence: Yavela nini futhi ngani?
Ukubonakala kwe-bioluminescence ezilwaneni kudala eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-540., ngokusho kocwaningo lwakamuva lwe-phylogenetic olwenziwa kuma-octocoral, iqembu lokhokho lama-cnidarians olwandle. Ngaphambilini okwakucatshangwa ukuthi kuvela kuma-crustaceans, idatha yofuzo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinsalela zasendulo kuye kwasivumela ukuba sibuyisele emuva iwashi lokuziphendukela kwemvelo ekuqhumeni kweCambrian, lapho ukuphila okuyinkimbinkimbi kuqala ukuhlukahluka kakhulu olwandle.
I-Bioluminescence iguquke ngokuzimela okungenani izikhathi ezingama-94 emvelweni.. Iqembu ngalinye likulungisele izinjongo ezihluke kakhulu: ukucasha, ukuqomisana, ukuxhumana okukhethekile, ukuzivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, noma ukuzingela inyamazane. Lesi simo siphikelela ngenxa yokuthi siwonga kakhulu amandla—amandla amaningi akhishwayo aguqulwa abe ukukhanya okubandayo, hhayi ukushisa—futhi ngenxa yokuthi anikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu zamasu ezindaweni lapho ukukhanya kwelanga kulinganiselwe noma kungekho khona.
Ekujuleni kolwandle, i-bioluminescence iwumbukwane wangempela wemvelo.. Isidalwa ngasinye siye sashintsha amandla aso okukhanya ngezindlela eziyinkulungwane: kubaneka okudlula ngokushesha ukuze kuphazamise izilwane ezizingelayo, izimpawu ezikhanyayo zokuqomisana, izibani ezilingisa amaza ukuze sizifihle, kanye nezithasiselo ezisebenza njengamaqhinga abulalayo.
Kungani isilwane sikhanya? Imisebenzi kanye nezinzuzo ze-bioluminescence
I-Bioluminescence yenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene emangalisayo ezilwaneni., zonke zihlobene nokuphila kanye nempumelelo yokuzala:
- I-CamouflageIzilwane eziningi zasolwandle, njenge-squid nezinye izinhlanzi, zisebenzisa i-bioluminescence ukuze zifane nokukhanya okuzungezile okuvela phezulu, okwenza ama-silhouette azo anyamalale ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ezibheke phansi. Lo mphumela waziwa ngokuthi "i-backlighting."
- Ukuqomisana nokuzalanaOkhanyikhanyi bayisibonelo esidume kakhulu. Amaphethini e-flash akhethekile asebenzela ukuheha abalingani kanye nokuhlukanisa izinhlobo. Olwandle, izinhlanzi ezithile nama-crustaceans zisebenzisa ukukhanya ukuze kutholwe futhi kuhehe abathandana nabo ngokocansi.
- Ukuzivikela kanye nesixwayisoEzinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi zikhiqiza ukukhanya ukuze kwethuse noma kudide izilwane ezizidlayo, noma ngisho nokuheha abanye abazingeli abakhulu abangahlasela umhlaseli wokuqala. Ezinye, njenge-millipede Motyxia, ziyakhazimula ukuze zixwayise ngobuthi bazo.
- Ukuheha inyamazaneI-appendage ekhanyayo ye-abyssal anglerfish iyi-lure yakudala. Ezinye izinhlobo zibuye zihehe izilwane ezingenamgogodla noma izinhlanzi ezincane ezikhanyiswa ukukhanya.
- Ukuxhumana kanye nenhlangano yezenhlaloEzikoleni zezinhlanzi kanye namaqembu ezilwane ze-bioluminescent, amasignali akhanyayo asebenzela ukuxhumanisa ukunyakaza, ukuxwayisa ngengozi noma ukumaka indawo.
- Ukukhanya kwe-ambientEzinye izinhlobo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezihlala kwalasha, zingasebenzisa ukukhanya kwazo ukuhlola indawo ezizungezile.
Ezweni, i-bioluminescence ayijwayelekile kangako, kodwa ayisebenzi kangako.. Izinambuzane ezifana nokhanyikhanyi kanye ne-tucu tucus zisebenzisa inkantolo noma zinqande izilwane ezizingelayo. Kukhona isikhunta, njenge-Panellus stipticus, izibani zazo eziheha izinambuzane ezisiza ukuhlakaza izinhlamvu zazo.
Obani abadlali abakhulu ku-bioluminescence?
Izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezine-bioluminescence mikhulu futhi isukela ezinambuzaneni ezincane kuya ezinhlanzini ezinkulu.. Sibuyekeza amaqembu nezinhlobo ezifanekisela kakhulu:
1. Izilwane zasolwandle ze-Bioluminescent
Izilwandle ziyi-ecosystem par excellence ye-bioluminescence.. Umbukiso wangempela wezidalwa ezikhanyayo:
- I-JellyfishKusukela ku-Rainbow Jellyfish (ekwazi ukukhombisa yonke imibala ye-spectrum) kuya kumajeli ekamu (ctenophores), akhiqiza ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokudala imiphumela yothingo ngokuhambisa i-cilia yawo.
- Izikhalazo: I-firefly squid (I-Watasenia scintillans), ingwane yevampire evela esihogweni (I-Vampyroteuthis infernaliskanye ne-bobtail squid (I-Euprymna scolopes) bangabangcweti bokukhanya. Ama-photophores abo angawafihla, ahehe inyamazane noma adukise izilwane ezizingelayo.
- izinhlanzi zasolwandleI-anglerfish edumile noma i-dragon fish inezitho ezikhiqiza ukukhanya, ezisetshenziswa njengezicupho kanye nokuxhumana. I-lantern fish (I-Melanocetus) inesandiso esikhanyayo ekhanda layo eheha ngaso inyamazane kanye nabalingane.
- I-Plankton kanye nama-dinoflagellate: The I-Noctiluca scintillans kanye namanye ama-dinoflagellate akha amafu okukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lapho enyakaziswa amagagasi noma ababhukudi, okudala ulwandle olugcwele izinkanyezi zangempela.
- OshakaI-lantern shark ikhiqiza ukukhanya okuvela kuma-photophores asakazwa kuwo wonke amaphiko ayo nangaphansi kwesisu sayo, kokubili ukuze sifihle futhi sibonise izitho zokuzala ngesikhathi sokuqomisana.
- Ama-krill nama-crustaceansAma-krill amaningi nama-crustacean amancane anezitho ezikhanyayo eziswini nama-appendages, angakwazi ukuzikhipha ngokuyimfihlo njengendlela yokuphazamisa.
Ezinye izilwane zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla, njengama-octopus, izikelemu nama-salps, nazo zine-bioluminescence., ngokuvamile ehambisana namagciwane e-symbiotic.
2. Izilwane zasemhlabeni ze-Bioluminescent
Nakuba ingeyiningi, ezweni sithola izibonelo eziphawulekayo zezilwane ezikhipha ukukhanya kwazo.:
- Okhanyikhanyi namabhunganeIziqhumane (umndeni wamaLampyridae) zinezitho ezikhiqiza ukukhanya esiswini sazo. Ukukhanya kwayo kusebenzela kokubili ukuqomisana nokuxwayisa izilwane ezidla ezinye ezinobuthi. Amanye amabhungane, njengokhanyikhanyi (I-Pyrophorus), nazo ziyi-bioluminescent.
- Izikelemu: "Isibungu esikhanyayo" (Phengodidae) YaseMelika itholakala ezigabeni zezibungu nezindala, ikhipha amaphethini okukhanya ukuze izingele noma izivikele.
- Ama-Millipedes akhanyayo: I-millipede I-Motyxia Ixwayisa izilwane ezidla ezinye ngobuthi bayo ngokukhazimula okungaqondakali.
3. Isikhunta kanye nama-microorganisms
Ezinye isikhunta, njengePanellus stipticus, namabhaktheriya olwandle akhiqiza ukukhanya kwawo kwamakhemikhali.. Isikhunta sikhiqiza ukukhanya okungaguquki futhi sikusebenzisele ukuheha izinambuzane ezihlakazekayo.
Ukusebenza kwamangqamuzana nokuhlukahluka kwe-bioluminescence
Indlela yamangqamuzana ye-bioluminescence iyahlukahluka eqenjini neqembu, nakuba uhlelo oluyisisekelo lufana.: I-luciferin (ehlukile ezilwaneni, isikhunta namagciwane) isabela nge-oxygen futhi, ngaphansi kwesenzo se-luciferase, amandla akhululwa ngendlela yokukhanya.
Emaqenjini athile, njenge-jellyfish ne-ctenophores, amaprotheni e-fluorescent ayabandakanyeka adonsa ukukhanya kokusabela okuyinhloko futhi akukhiphe kabusha ngamaza ahlukene.. Isibonelo esidumile iphrotheni ye-fluorescent eluhlaza (GFP) ye-jellyfish I-Aequorea victoria, eyashintsha isayensi yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.
Amanye ama-bioluminescence alawulwa ngokunembe kakhulu., okuvumela ukukhanya kubonakale kumaphethini, kucwayize, noma kudale amafu “abanizayo” emanzini noma emoyeni. Kubhaktheriya, inqubo ilawulwa ukuminyana kwamaseli (i-quorum sensing), ukuze ukukhanya kubonakale kuphela uma kukhona ama-microorganisms anele ahlanganiswe ndawonye.
Umthombo wamandla usebenza kahle kakhulu: Kufika ku-90% wamandla aguqulwa abe ama-photon ngokuqondile, avimbela ukushisa ngokweqile futhi enze i-bioluminescence yenzeke ezilwaneni ezincane noma ezindaweni ezibandayo, ezijulile.
Izibonelo ezithakazelisayo zezilwane ze-bioluminescent namasu azo
Ngezansi sibuyekeza ezinye zezigameko ezimangalisayo nezibhalwe kahle kakhulu ze-bioluminescence yezilwane.:
I-Rainbow Jellyfish
Njengoba itholwe eduze kwase-Tasmania, le jellyfish idume ngosayizi wayo kanye nokuba mnandi.. Ilinganiselwa ku-13 cm, futhi ukuthinta okulula kwanele ukuyilimaza. I-bioluminescence yayo isetshenziswa njenge-alamu: lapho ibanjwa, ibaneka ukuze ihehe umhlaseli omkhulu ozokhulula umhlaseli wangempela.
I-firefly squid (I-Watasenia scintillans)
Lesi squid, esingaba ngu-7 cm ubude, sihlala entshonalanga yePacific futhi sikhuphukela phezulu ngesikhathi sokuzala.. Inama-photophores ahambisana nomzimba, ikakhulukazi emathendeni naseduze kwamehlo, akhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ukubaneka kwayo kuhlela isikole sama-squid futhi kudide izitha.
I-Abyssal anglerfish
I-anglerfish yasenganekwaneni ingumzingeli wokujula kolwandle. Umphetho wesifazane une-appendage ekhanyisiwe esebenza njengesiyengo sezinhlanzi ezingaqaphile. Ikhangwe ukukhanya, inyamazane ibhukuda iqonde emlonyeni wesilwane esizingelayo. I-anglerfish inamabala akhanyayo kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba wayo.
Izinkanyamba
Lezi zidalwa ziwuphawu lobusuku basehlobo emhlabeni wonke.. Bakhipha ukukhanya ngokufaka i-luciferin esiswini. Amaduna azulisa izibani zawo ukuze afune impendulo yowesifazane, ophethe iphethini yayo yokukhanya esebenza 'njengephasiwedi' yokukhwelana. I-Bioluminescence iphinde ibasize ukuthi baxwayise izilwane ezidla ezinye ngobuthi bazo.
Ama-Dinoflagellates kanye ne-plankton
Emabhishi amaningi asezindaweni ezishisayo, ukunyakazisa amanzi kubangela ukuba izigidi zezidalwa ezingabonakali zikhanyise.. Lawa ama-dinoflagellate afana Noctiluca, ezisabela ngokuphazima kwesibhakabhaka eziphazamisweni. Umgomo uwukuheha izinhlanzi ezingadla ama-crustaceans adla ama-plankton.
I-Krill kanye ne-bioluminescent crustaceans
Ezivamile olwandle olubandayo nolupholile, lezi zinambuzane zisebenzisa ukukhanya kwazo ukuze zihehe abangane nokuphazamisa izitha.. Angakhulula amafu ezinto ezikhazimulayo ukuze adide izilwane ezidla ezinye futhi andise namathuba azo okuphunyuka.
Abanye abalingiswa abangaziwa kangako
Phakathi kwama-millipedes, i-genus Motyxia igqama njengesixwayiso ngengozi yayo njengoba inobuthi.. Phakathi kwezinambuzane, ngaphandle kokhanyikhanyi, i-tucu tucus isebenzisa amabala alula ukuze ilingise inyamazane enkulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela idide izitha zayo.
I-Bioluminescence vs. Biofluorescence: Ingabe Ziyafana?
I-Bioluminescence ne-biofluorescence zivame ukudideka, kodwa azifani.. Umehluko oyinhloko usemsuka wokukhanya:
- I-Bioluminescence: Kuyikhono lokukhiqiza ukukhanya ngokuzenzakalelayo, ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali kwangaphakathi (luciferin-luciferase). Izilwane eziningi zasolwandle, izinambuzane kanye nesikhunta zikubonisa ngokucacile.
- I-Biofluorescence: Kuyikhono lokumunca ukukhanya kobude obuthile begagasi futhi ukukhiphe kabusha njengomunye umbala. Isibonelo: ufudu lwama-hawksbill, ama-scorpions. Idinga umthombo wangaphandle (njengokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet).
Ezinye izilwane zibonisa kokubili izenzakalo. Isibonelo, ufudu lwe-hawksbill lwaluyisilwane esihuquzelayo sokuqala esibhalwe nge-biofluorescence, esibonisa ukukhanya okubomvu nokuluhlaza lapho sivezwe ekukhanyeni okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma kwe-UV.
I-Bioluminescence kusikhunta namagciwane: abalingani abangabonakali bombuso wezilwane
Akuzona izilwane kuphela, kodwa futhi isikhunta kanye nama-bacteria avele avela ukuze adale ukukhanya. Emahlathini anomswakama aseMelika, eYurophu nase-Asia, izinhlobo ezifana ne-Panellus stipticus zikhipha ukukhanya okuhlala njalo okuluhlaza okumhlophe ebusuku, ziheha izinambuzane ezithwala izinhlamvu zazo ziye ezindaweni ezintsha zokuhlala.
Amagciwane olwandle njenge I-Vibrio fischeri y Vibrio harveyi ziyingxenye ebalulekile ye-bioluminescence. Izinhlobo eziningi ze-squid nezinhlanzi zincike kulawa ma-microorganisms angama-symbiotic; Njengoba zikhule ngezitho ezikhethekile, izilwane "ziyazondla" bese ziphinde zithole ukukhanya ukuze zizifihle noma zixhumane.
Inqubo kumabhaktheriya ilawulwa kahle kakhulu. Kuphela uma kukhona amagciwane amaningi, ukukhiqizwa kokukhanya kwenziwa kusebenze ngohlelo lokuzwa ikhoramu, oluthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi luvimbele abantu abangabodwana ekubeni "bamoshe" izinsiza.
Izicelo zesayensi nezobuchwepheshe ze-bioluminescence
Ucwaningo nokusetshenziswa kwamaprotheni nezakhi zofuzo e-bioluminescent kuguqule ucwaningo lwe-biomedical kanye nezakhi zofuzo.. Iphrotheni ye-fluorescent eluhlaza (i-GFP), etholakala ku-jellyfish yasolwandle, isetshenziswa njengophawu lokubonisa izakhi zofuzo, okuvumela ukubonwa kwezinqubo zamaselula ngesikhathi sangempela, kusukela ekusakazeni amangqamuzana omdlavuza, ukusebenza kwe-neuronal, ekutholeni amagciwane kanye nokulandelelwa kwamagciwane afana ne-HIV.
Intuthuko kwezobunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ngisho nokuhlola izitshalo nezilwane ezilungisiwe ukuze zikhanye ebumnyameni.. Kube namaphupho okudala izihlahla ezikhanyayo ukukhanyisa imigwaqo noma ukubona ukungcoliswa kokudla kusetshenziswa izinto eziphilayo ze-bioluminescent.
Embonini, ulwazi lwe-bioluminescence lusize ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokuhlonza ezibucayi kakhulu., izimpawu zokuphepha kanye nezinto eziphefumulelwe isakhiwo sezithombe zezilwane ukuze kukhanye kahle.
Kuphi futhi nini ukubona i-bioluminescence emvelweni?
Amathuba amahle kakhulu okubona i-bioluminescence isebenza ezindaweni ezisogwini ezifudumele kanye nolwandle olushisayo., ngobusuku obumnyama lapho i-plankton ikhanya ngaphansi kwamagagasi noma lapho izinhlanzi eziningi zishayisana. Amahlathi emvula anesimo sezulu esipholile nasendaweni eshisayo anikeza imibukiso emangalisayo yezikhanyikhanyi namakhowe phakathi nenkathi yemvula.
Ezinye izinhlobo, njenge-finefly squid e-Toyama (eJapane), zikhiqiza "uhambo" lwezivakashi eziyiqiniso., ezinolwandle oluluhlaza ngaphansi kwenyanga ngenxa yokugcwala okukhulu kwabantu abakhanyayo phakathi nokuzala.
I-Bioluminescence Curiosities: Yini Isayensi Esaphenya
I-Bioluminescence isewumkhakha othakazelisayo futhi ongaqondakali wesayensi.:
- Umsuka oqondile wokuziphendukela kwemvelo we-bioluminescence usalokhu ungacacile.Nakuba sazi ukuthi yavela emakhulwini ezigidi zeminyaka edlule, mhlawumbe ekuphenduleni ukunciphisa ubuthi be-oxygen, izinyathelo zokuqala kanye nezinjongo zangempela zalesi simo azichazwanga ngokugcwele.
- Inhlanganisela yemibala cishe ayipheli.Nakuba izilwane eziningi zikhipha ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma okuluhlaza, izinhlobo ezikwazi ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okubomvu zisanda kutholwa (isb., i-deep-sea jellyfish), okungenzeka ukuthi zijwayelane nezindawo zokuhlala ezingenakho ngokuphelele ukukhanya kwelanga.
- Ezinhlotsheni ezithile, ukukhanya kuguqulwa ngamakhemikhali ngokushuba, imvamisa kanye nephethini, okuvumela ukuxhumana nokuzivikela okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili.
- I-Bioluminescence isebenza kahle kangangokuthi ayikhuphuli kancane izinga lokushisa lomzimba wezinto eziphilayo., okuyenza ilungele ukuphila ezindaweni ezijulile, ezibandayo olwandle.
- Ezinye izinhlobo ziye zashintsha i-bioluminescence yazo ukuze zizuze ngokufanayo, njenge-bobtail squid "ephakela" ushukela kumagciwane ayo akhanyayo.. Lobu budlelwano be-symbiotic buyimodeli yereferensi yezifundo zokubambisana kwe-interspecific.
Umthelela we-bioluminescence udlula umhlaba wemvelo. Ucwaningo lwayo seluguqule yonke into kusukela kubhayoloji yamangqamuzana kuya kusayensi yemvelo yasolwandle kanye nemithi, ubuchwepheshe obukhuthazayo bokukhanyisa, izinzwa, imithi, namathuluzi ofuzo ngokusetshenziswa okwakungacatshangwa emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule. Njengoba ukuhlolwa kwezilwandle ezijulile kanye nemvelo yasebusuku kuqhubeka, izinto ezintsha ezitholakele zizoqhubeka zembule izimfihlo zalezi zidalwa ezikhanyayo.
