Imvelo igcwele izimfihlakalo ezithakazelisayo ezivusa ilukuluku lethu mayelana nemingcele yokuphila. Kuwo wonke umlando, isintu siye safuna ngokungaphezi izindlela zokwandisa ukuphila nokunqoba ukuguga, kungaba ngentuthuko yesayensi, izinganekwane, noma izinganekwane ezilula. Kodwa ngale kwezifiso zabantu, embusweni wezilwane sithola izidalwa eziphila isikhathi eside kanye nekhono lokumelana nokufa okushiye ososayensi nabathandekayo bengenamazwi.
Omunye wemibuzo evame ukubuzwa ukuthi ngabe zikhona yini izilwane ezingakwazi ukufa ngenxa yendlala noma ngisho nokubhekana nokufa kwemvelo ngenxa yokuguga. Lo mbuzo usiholela ohambweni olumangalisayo ngezinye zezinto eziphilayo ezingavamile kakhulu emhlabeni, ezinye zazo cishe ezingafi, ezikwazi ukuphula imithetho yezinto eziphilayo elawula iningi lezinhlobo.
Izilwane ezikhohlisa ukuguga: ukungafi kwangempela?
Ku-biology, kunezidalwa eziphilayo ezinamakhono angavamile kangangokuthi zibonakala sengathi zitholile imfihlo yokuphila okuphakade. Kodwa-ke, uma sizibuza ukuthi ngabe kukhona ngempela isilwane esingafi yindlala noma esingafi ngempela, kufanele sichaze umbuzo wethu futhi sihlaziye ngokuningiliziwe izindlela ezizisebenzisayo ukuze zisinde kanye nohlobo lobude bazo besikhathi eside.
Izilwane eziningi ezibhekwa “njengezingafi” azifi ngomqondo ongokoqobo. Eziningi zingafa ngenxa yezifo, ukutheleleka, ukulimala, noma ngokuba yingxenye yochungechunge lokudla, kodwa isakhiwo sazo sebhayoloji sizivumela ukuba ziguge ngendlela efanayo nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo. Nakuba zingenakubhujiswa, zinamandla okuqina nokuvuselela okwenza zibe zehlukile.
Phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo eziphawuleka kakhulu yi - Turritopsis dohrnii jellyfish , i-hydra, ama-lobster, izinhlobo ezithile zezimfudu, kanye nama-tardigrade ayimfihlakalo . Lezi zidalwa ziye zathuthukisa izindlela ezinciphisa ijubane noma, kwezinye izimo, zimise ukuguga kwamangqamuzana, okuvumela ezinye zazo ukuba zingahambisani nokuhamba kwesikhathi ngezindlela ezimangalisayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhangwa ukuphila okuphakade akugcini nje ezweni lezilwane. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, amasiko afana namaShayina abephupha ngomuthi wokungafi. Izinto ezitholwe emivubukulweni, njengokutholwa kwesidakamizwa esithatha isikhathi eside sokuphila emathuneni asendulo, zibonisa ukuphikelela kwalesi sifiso.
I-immortal jellyfish: Turritopsis dohrnii kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila ongapheli
Uma kukhona isilwane esisodwa esingabhekwa njengesingafi ngokwebhayoloji, yi- Turritopsis dohrnii jellyfish , eyaziwa nangokuthi i-jellyfish engafi. Le cnidarian encane ihlala ikakhulukazi oLwandle iMedithera kanye noLwandle lwaseJapan.
Ukuphila kwayo isikhathi eside okungavamile kungenxa yekhono layo lokuguqula umjikelezo wayo wokuphila . Lapho ibhekene nezimo ezisongelayo, umonakalo ongokwenyama, ukuguga, noma ukuntuleka kokudla, i-Turritopsis dohrnii ingaguqula amangqamuzana ayo futhi ibuyele esimweni sayo esincane, ikakhulukazi se-polyp, ngendlela ebizwa ngokuthi i-transdifferentiation.
Le nqubo iyivumela ukuthi iqale kabusha intuthuko yayo kusukela ekuqaleni, ngokombono, ngokungenamkhawulo. Ngakho-ke, esikhundleni sokulandela indlela yendabuko yebhayoloji yokuzalwa, ukukhula, ukuzala, nokufa, le jellyfish ingabuyela esimweni sobusha ngokuphindaphindiwe, igweme ukwehla kwemvelo okuholela ekufeni ngenxa yokuguga ezilwaneni eziningi eziphilayo.
Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ayifi? Akunjalo ngempela. Inganqotshwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye, izifo, noma izimo ezimbi kakhulu ngaphandle kobubanzi bayo bemvelo, kodwa uma nje kungenzeki lutho kulokhu, iyakwazi ukugwema ukufa ngenxa yokuguga.
I-Hydra: i-prodigy yokuvuselelwa kwaphakade
Hydra
I-hydra ingenye into ephilayo ephula imithetho eyaziwayo yezinto eziphilayo mayelana nokuguga. Lesi silwane esincane esingenamgogodla emanzini ahlanzekile sasingesinye sezidalwa zokuqala ukuhlolwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi siye sathakazelisa ososayensi ngekhono laso lokuvuselela cishe ngaphandle komkhawulo.
Uma i-hydra inqunywa kabili, ingxenye ngayinye ingakhula ibe umuntu omusha ngokuphelele, ngenxa yobuningi bamaseli okuqala anamandla okuvuselela angenamkhawulo. Abacwaningi bathole imfihlo yalokhu kuvuselelwa okumangalisayo njengezakhi zofuzo ze -FoxO , ezivame kakhulu kuma-hydra kunakwezinye izilwane.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi uma ukuvezwa kwalezi zakhi zofuzo kuqedwa, i-hydra ilahlekelwa amandla ayo okuvuselela futhi iqala ukuguga. Kodwa ezimweni zemvelo, lezi zidalwa zibonakala zivikelekile emiphumeleni yesikhathi.
Ngale ndlela, ama-hydra angaba angafi, ngaphandle kokuthi abe yizisulu zezingozi noma izilwane ezidla ezinye. Amandla awo awenza abe phakathi kwamamodeli akhangayo kakhulu okutadisha indlela yokumisa ukuguga kwamangqamuzana.
Ukuze ujule emlandweni kanye nophawu lokuphila isikhathi eside, ungabheka izimpawu zaseGibhithe kanye nencazelo yazo.
Ama-lobster: impilo ende kanye nenselele yokuncibilika
Ama-lobster aziwa ngokuthi awafi ngoba amangqamuzana awo awagugi ngomqondo wakudala. Isihluthulelo sisekukhiqizweni kwawo kwenani elikhulu le-enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi i-telomerase , egcina imikhawulo yama-chromosome awo, aziwa ngokuthi ama-telomere, ingashintshi.
Ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo, ama-telomere ayafinyela ngokuhlukana ngakunye kweseli, okuholela ekugugeni nasekufeni kwamaseli. Kodwa-ke, kuma-lobster, i-telomerase igcina ama-telomere amade, ikhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwamaseli okuqhubekayo.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuwenzi angonakaliswa noma acishe angafi. Njengoba ekhula, kumele agunde i-exoskeleton yawo, inqubo eba yinkimbinkimbi futhi eyingozi kakhulu. Ama-lobster amaningi agcina efa ngenxa yokucindezeleka okukhulu kwe-metabolism kokugunda, noma ngenxa yokulimala angakwazi ukukwelapha ngesikhathi, hhayi ngenxa yokuguga ngokwako.
Ngamafuphi, ama-lobster angagwema ukuguga kwamangqamuzana, kodwa i-biology yawo inemingcele ebekwe imvelo yawo.
Ama-Turtles nama-bowhead whales: izinganekwane zokuphila isikhathi eside
Izimfudu sezifana nokuphila isikhathi eside, futhi ngesizathu esihle. Kunemibhalo egciniwe yezimfudu zasezweni nezasolwandle eziphile iminyaka engaphezu kweyikhulu, kanti ezinye, njengemfudu edumile yaseJonathan evela eSeychelles, sezidlule iminyaka eyi-190.
Okuhlukanisa izimfudu akusikho ukungafi kwazo, kodwa ukumelana kwazo okungavamile nokuguga nezifo. Kodwa-ke, endle, isikhathi sazo sokuphila sivame ukunqunyelwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye futhi, ikakhulukazi, ngabantu kanye nokuwohloka kwezindawo zemvelo.
Ezweni lasolwandle, umkhomo we-bowhead, noma umkhomo waseGreenland, nawo uvelele ngokuphila kwawo isikhathi eside. Lesi silwane esikhulu esincelisayo singaphila iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200. Okwembulayo ngezifundo ukuthi sikhula kancane kakhulu futhi sibonisa ukumelana okuphawulekayo nezifo eziwohlokayo kanye nomdlavuza.
Kubonakala sengathi isihluthulelo sisekulinganiseni kwabo okuphansi kokusebenza komzimba kanye nekhono labo lokulungisa i-DNA, okubavumela ukuthi bagweme ukulimala kwamangqamuzana okuvamile kokuguga. Noma kunjalo, bangafa ngenxa yezimbangela ezingahlobene nokuguga, njengokuzingela noma izingozi zemvelo.
Izikelemu ze-Planarian: ochwepheshe ekuvuseleleni kanye nokuvuselelwa kwe-DNA okungenzeka
I-planarian worm ingenye isibonelo esimangalisayo "sokungafi" okungenzeka emvelweni. Lezi zibungu ezisicaba, ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke, zingavuselela noma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba wazo. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-planarian zizala ngokocansi, kanti ezinye zizala ngokungahambisani nocansi, ngokoqobo ngokuhlukana kabili.
Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ama-planarian angasebenzi kahle angavuselela i-DNA yawo ngesikhathi sokuzala, okuphakamisa ukuthi angase angafi ngokwezinto eziphilayo. Ubuningi bamaseli awo okuqala kanye namazinga aphezulu ama-enzyme alwa nokuguga yizici ezibalulekile ekuphileni kwawo isikhathi eside.
Ososayensi basahlola izimfihlo ezibavumela ukuba balondoloze leli khono elingapheli lokuvuselela, okungase kube nomthelela emithini yabantu kanye nokuqonda ukuguga.
Ama-Tardigrades: ompetha bokukhuthazela ngokwedlulele
Ama-Tardigrades
Phakathi kwezilwane ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu ngokusinda ngaphandle kokudla noma amanzi kukhona ama-tardigrade, aziwa nangokuthi ama-water bear. Lezi zilwane ezincane ezingenamgogodla, ezilinganiselwa eshumini nje lemilimitha, bezilokhu zicwaningwa ngokwesayensi amashumi eminyaka ngenxa yekhono lazo lokubekezelela izimo ezinzima kakhulu.
Isihluthulelo sokuqina kwazo sisephrotheni i-Dsup ecebile nge-cysteine, evikela i-DNA ye-tardigrades emisebeni, ekuphelelweni amanzi emzimbeni, kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu. Le phrotheni isebenza njengesivikelo, ivumela lezi zidalwa ukuba ziphile amashumi eminyaka esimweni sokuphiliswa okumisiwe okubizwa ngokuthi i-cryptobiosis. Kulesi simo, i-metabolism yazo yehla cishe ize ibe yi-zero, isusa isidingo sokudla kuze kube yilapho izimo zithuthuka.
Ngo-2016, izivivinyo zavuselela ngempumelelo ama-tardigrades ayeqandisiwe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, okubonisa ukuqina kwawo okumangalisayo. Nakuba empeleni engafi, ayaziwa ngekhono lawo lokusinda ngaphandle kokudla noma amanzi isikhathi eside okubonakala kungenakwenzeka kunoma yisiphi esinye isilwane esaziwayo.
Ezinye izibonelo ezimangalisayo zokuphila isikhathi eside embusweni wezilwane
Kunezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo zezilwane eziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, njenge -Icelandic clam, eyaphila iminyaka engu-507 ngaphambi kokuba ivunwe, noma ama-tubeworm ase-Antarctica kanye neziponji ezingaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane. I-monarch butterfly nayo idumile, ithatha izizukulwane eziningana ukuqeda ukufuduka kwayo kwaminyaka yonke phakathi kweCanada neMexico.
Lezi zibonelo zisikhumbuza ukuthi izwe lezilwane ligcwele izinto eziphilayo eziphonsela inselelo ukuqonda kwethu ukuphila nokufa, zisebenzisa amasu amangalisayo okuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Impikiswano yefilosofi neyokuziphatha mayelana nokuphila isikhathi eside nokufa
Ifilosofi kanye nokuziphatha akukaze kuthinteke ekuthandeni ukuphila nokufa. Isazi sefilosofi u-Epicurus, isibonelo, sathi ukufa akufanele kusikhathaze, ngoba, ngemva kwakho, akekho osele ozobhekana nakho. Kodwa-ke, impikiswano mayelana nokuthi ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi akulungile noma kuyingozi isabalulekile, ikakhulukazi esimweni sezilwane ezikhuliswe ukuze zidliwe ezifa zisencane, eziziphuca impilo egcwele.
Abanye ochwepheshe baze basikisela ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo zezilwane zasemapulazini ukuze zife ngaphandle kobuhlungu eminyakeni ethile, ngaleyo ndlela ziqede ukuhlupheka okungadingekile. Nokho, ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo, imvelo isalokhu iyisiteji samasu amangalisayo kakhulu okukhohlisa ukufa, yize ihlala ingaphakathi kwemingcele yokukhethwa kwemvelo kanye nemvelo.
