I-Puna ecoregion iyindawo enkulu ebanzi ehlanganisa izindawo zamazwe amane aseNingizimu Melika, inokuhlukahluka kwesimo sezulu kanye nokukhululeka okuvumela izinhlobo ezahlukene zePuna ukuba zihlukaniswe, kulokhu kufakwa izici zayo zizochazwa kancane, njenge impumuzo, isimo sezulu, i izimbali zasePuna nezilwane zayo.
Puna
I-Puna iyindawo etholakala ezindaweni zamazwe aseLatin America i-Argentina, iBolivia, iChile nePeru, ibizwa kanjalo ngoba ngezilimi zezakhamuzi zase-Andes zasePeru igama elithi "puna" lingahunyushwa ngokuthi. "indawo ephakeme kakhulu". ». Kuyisifunda se-neotropical kwezinye izindawo siyithafa, kwezinye izindawo siyindawo eyimfunda noma i-mountain scrub futhi size sibizwe nge-tundra ephakeme yase-Andean njengoba sisezintabeni zase-Andes.
Le ndawo ihlanganisa ncamashi:
- Inyakatho yeRiphabhulikhi yase-Argentina, lapho iyithafa elinciphisa kancane kancane ukuphakama kwalo, kule ngxenye ye-ecoregion enkulu i-Puna de Atacama ivelele.
- Intshonalanga yePlurinational State of Bolivia, lapho i-puna iseyithafa futhi inezindawo eziphansi kakhulu njengendawo egqama kakhulu: ifulethi likasawoti i- Uyuni.
- Inyakatho yeRiphabhulikhi yaseChile, lapho iPuna de Atacama eshiwo ngenhla iphinde ihlanganise indawo yaseChile. Le ndawo iwugwadule uma uya eningizimu.
- Iningizimu nenkaba yeRiphabhulikhi yasePeru, lapho ingxenye enhle yePuna iphelele, kule ngxenye i-biome iseyithafa.
Izici
- I-Argentina: Kule ngxenye ye-puna kunezindawo eziningi ezinosawoti ezifana neSalar de Olaroz kanye neSalinas Grandes, imvula yonyaka ingaba ngu-1000 mm futhi ngokuvamile inemimoya enomswakama efinyelela ezigodini zase-Andean. Kukhona nendawo eyomile ethathwa njengeyomile kakhulu ezweni lonke, okuyizintaba zase-Argentina.
Izindawo ezivikelwe zasePuna yase-Argentina yilezi: iPozuelos Lagoon, iCardones Park kanye neSan Guillermo Park, kanye neWhite Lagoon.
- I-Bolivia: EPuna yaseBolivia ungabona eningizimu ithafa elomile le-altiplanic elinemvula engadluli ku-500 mm, ungabona izindunduma, izintaba ngisho nezintaba-mlilo, ezinezilwane ezibonakala ngezinhlobo zezimvu, izinkomo namakamelidi i-flora elinamahlathi, ihlathi le-keñua notshani. Enyakatho, imvula ingafika ku-1600 mm, kunezigodi ezinoqhwa, amathafa, ama-slopes namachweba.
Izindawo ezivikelwe zasePuna yaseBolivia yilezi: Ipaki iSajama, iTunari Park, i-Eduardo Abaroa Reserve kanye neMadidi Park, phakathi kwezinye.
- I-Chile: Le ndawo ibizwa ngokuthi “ithafa laseChile lase-Andean”, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ze-puna futhi i-Chile yomile ikakhulukazi, lapho izimvula zakhona zivela ngoDisemba kuya ku-March futhi zivame kakhulu enyakatho. Isimo sezulu saso siyabanda, siwugwadule, siwugwadule kanye namaqele, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kunezindawo lapho i-puna iwugwadule ngokuphelele kanye nezindawo lapho iwugwadule oluningi khona.
Izindawo ezivikelwe ezinkangala zaseChile yilezi: iSalar de Surire, intaba-mlilo yase-Isluga, iLos Flamencos National Reserve, i-Alto Loa National Reserve, iNevado Tres Cruces National Park kanye neLauca National Park, phakathi kwezinye.
- I-Peru: Le ngxenye ye-puna ibonakala ngezinhlobonhlobo mayelana nokukhululeka, lapho ungabona khona amathafa amaningi, kanye namachibi namachibi (cishe 12.000), izintaba-mlilo nezinguzunga zeqhwa. Izinga lokushisa kule ndawo liyahlukahluka phakathi kuka-20 C° no-25 C°, imvula yayo yonyaka ingaba ngu-700 mm kusukela ngoZibandlela kuya kuNdasa.
Izindawo ezivikelwe ezindaweni eziphakeme zasePeru yilezi: Ipaki iHuascarán, iPampa Galeras National Reserve, iSalinas ne-Aguada Blanca National Reserve, iJunin National Reserve, iCalipuy National Sanctuary kanye neHuayllay National Sanctuary, phakathi kwezinye.
I-Puna yasePeru
Ikakhulukazi e-puna yasePeru kunomsebenzi wezolimo owengeziwe kanye nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zosizo, amazambane atshalwa lapho futhi kukhona nezindawo ezinkulu lapho kutshalwa khona ibhali, i-puna inomswakama kule ndawo nakuba ikhona nakuleyo ehlanganisa. ingxenye yensimu yaseBolivia. Ngokufanayo, endaweni yasePeruvian Pacific kukhona i-puna engaphansi, i-punas eyomile itholakala kakhulu eChile nase-Argentina. Amanye amadolobha amakhulu ezinkangala zasePeru yilawa:
- IPasco Hill
- Junín
- Isifunda saseCaylloma
Nciphisa
Impumuzo yale ngxenye yePuna, ngokujwayelekile, iyindawo enkulu yomfula enezindawo eziphakeme ezinqamula izintaba neziyisicaba ezingafinyelela ukuphakama okungafika kumamitha angu-4.800 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Kungenzeka ukuthola izintaba-mlilo ezimbalwa ezimbozwe yiqhwa kanye nakwezinye izingxenye ze-ecoregion yonke, ezinye zazo azisekho kanti ezinye zisasebenza, zingafinyelela ku-6.000 m. Kukhona indawo engezansi lapho amanzi awela khona ngenxa yemvula yaminyaka yonke enqwabelana, lapho kuvela khona amachibi amaningi.
Isimo sezulu
Isimo sezulu sayo yonke i-Puna ngokuvamile siyabanda nakuba ingenayo imvula eningi, izinga lokushisa elivamile eligcinwe kuyo yonke indawo ezungezile liyahlukahluka phakathi kuka-6 C ° no-7 C °. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo ze-puna zingahlukaniswa ngesimo sezulu abanazo, isibonelo:
- I-Puna enomswakama (etholakala enyakatho): lapho imvula itholakala khona kaningi kunaseningizimu ye-ecoregion, kunemifula namachweba amaningi.
Ukusuka lapho, ukuhlukaniswa kungenziwa, kuhlukanise phakathi kwe-puna enomswakama kanye ne-sub-humid, ekuqaleni imvula yonyaka ingaba ngu-2500 mm, eqala ngo-Okthoba futhi iqhubeke kuze kube ngu-Ephreli, ngemva kwalokho isimo sezulu sihlala somile. Eyesibili inesimo sezulu esimaphakathi phakathi kwezinkathi ezomile nezimanzi.
- I-Arid Puna (eseningizimu): ibonakala ngokuba khona kwamaflethi kasawoti, lapho kunemvula eyodwa kuphela engaba ngu-400 mm ngonyaka.
Kukhona futhi ama-puna amabili, i-puna eyomile kanye ne-puna yasogwadule, okokuqala kukhona imifula namachweba (ngaphansi kwe-puna enomswakama) futhi imvula ingaba ngu-100 noma 400 mm. Kweyesibili ayikho imifula noma amachweba futhi imvula ingaphezu kuka-100 mm noma ngaphansi.
Izitshalo nezilwane zasePuna
I-flora ye-puna ibonakala ngokuba khona kotshani, izihlahla ezifana ne-Buddleja coriacea kanye ne-genera Polylepis, i-Adesmia, i-Astragalus, njll. Futhi izitshalo ze-genus Stipa, Calamagrostis, Cempasúchil, Bouteloua kanye ne-Muhlenbergia.
Kunamaxhaphozi, ama-chiliguares, izindawo ezinamahlathi abanzi lapho iSatureja ibusa ingxenye enkulu, izihlahla eziqhakazayo futhi ngaphandle kwazo, izitshalo ezivundile njengalezo zesizukulwane sikaCarex, Gentina, Arenaria, Lachemilla, phakathi kwezinye. Ezindaweni ezomile kunezindawo ezinotshani ezifana ne-Distichlis humilis, i-Hordeum muticum, i-Frankenia ngisho notshani obunezitshalo ezifana ne-Salicornia pulvinata kanye nohlobo lwezitshalo ezibizwa nge-Anthobryum kuzo zonke izimila ze-puna.
Ngokuqondene nezilwane ezihlanganisa izilwane zesifunda se-puna hay izilwane ezincelisayo njengama-camelid aseNingizimu Melika, ama-vicuña, ama-guanaco, ama-llamas, ama-alpacas, ama-poronccoy noma izingulube zasendle, izinyamazane ezimpunga, ama-skunk, ama-pumas ase-Andean, izimpungushe zase-Andean, amakati ase-Andean, ama-tarukas, phakathi kwabanye. Ngokuqondene ne izinyoni, izinhlobo ezifana ne-condor, i-mountain partridge, i-puna teal, i-chola ene-tufted noma i-horned coot, i-puneño cuervillo, i-flamingo yase-Andean, i-rhea, phakathi kwezinye.
Abanye izilwane ezinwabuzelayo eziyingxenye ye izitshalo nezilwane ze-puna kunezinhlobo eziningana zezinyoka, amaxoxo, amaxoxo nezibankwa, kuyilapho kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane ezivamile zesimo sezulu sendawo yonke ezungezile. Ekugcineni, mayelana Izinhlobo zasemanzini singabala uhlobo olunjalo, inhlanzi engowomndeni wakwaTrichomycteridae.
Izici ezishiwo ngenhla, ngaphezu kwesimo sezulu kanye nokukhululeka kwalesi sizinda semvelo, kuqinisekisile ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo ezithile zezitshalo zasePuna, mayelana nezilwane, kungashiwo ukuthi azikwazi ukukhula ngokulinganayo uma zitholakala kwezinye izindawo. zomhlaba, ngakho izinhlobo ezishiwo zitholakala kuphela kule ndawo ezungezile.