Isisho “Izimfihlo Zomtapo Wolwazi Ka-Joaquín Sorolla” Kuvusa ilukuluku ngokushesha: kuvusa izithombe zamashalofu agcwele, izincwadi ezifihliwe, amakhathalogi amadala, kanye nokuphila konke kokupenda nokuhamba. Nakuba leli gama lingabhekiseli kumtapo wolwazi "wakudala" ngomqondo ojwayelekile, lisiholela endaweni ethile eqondile: leyo ye IMyuziyamu yaseSorolla, ingobo yakhe yokugcina umlando, umtapo wakhe wezincwadi, kanye namaphrojekthi akhe amakhulu okwaphawula umsebenzi womdwebi, ikakhulukazi "iMibono yaseSpain" edumile ye-Hispanic Society of America. Konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe nezincwadi, imibukiso, imibhalo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, okusebenza ndawonye njengomtapo wolwazi ophilayo wangempela.
Ngokusekelwe olwazini olutholakala kumawebhusayithi ezikhungo, ukubuyekezwa kwamasiko, kanye nezinkomba zezincwadi, eziningi zalezi zingakhiwa kabusha. "Izimfihlo" ezixhumene nomhlaba weSorollaKusukela ekuqeqeshweni kwakhe kwezobuciko kanye nezincwadi kanye nemithombo ayeyibheka, kuya endabeni ecishe ibe yinoveli yosozigidi waseNew York u-Archer Milton Huntington, owaqala ukuhlanganisa isiko laseSpain emtatsheni wezincwadi omkhulu kanye nomnyuziyamu ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic. Konke lokhu, kuhlanganiswe namakhathalogi, izincwadi, kanye nezincwadi ezikhuluma ngomdwebi, kwakha umtapo wolwazi ocebile osivumela ukuthi siqonde ubukhulu befa lakhe.
Impilo kaSorolla njenge "ngobo yomlando" enkulu yokukhanya
Ngemuva kwesithombe esivamile somdwebi wokukhanya kwaseMedithera kukhona umlando onembile kakhulu. UJoaquín Sorolla y Bastida wazalelwa eValencia ngoFebhuwari 27, 1863. washona eCercedilla ngo-Agasti 10, 1923. Kuyo yonke impilo yakhe wayenemisebenzi eminingi ngendlela engavamile: ngaphezu kwalokho 2.200 iyasebenzaUmuntu, ngokwakhe, okhuluma kakhulu ngokuziphatha kwakhe okukhulu kanye namandla akhe okudala. Nakuba evame ukuhlukaniswa njengoMlingisi Wokucabanga, uchazwe futhi njengoMlingisi Wokucabanga Okulandela Umbono kanye noLuminist, amalebula azama ukubamba indlela yakhe eyingqayizivele yokuqonda ukukhanya nombala.
Ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe kwaqala edolobheni lakubo laseValencia, lapho ahlangana khona nomqophi wezithombe. I-Hood futhi wakha isithakazelo ekuqaleni ekufundeni ngqo imisebenzi yobuciko. Isici esibalulekile kule nqubo kwakuyi Imyuziyamu yasePradoLowo "mtapo wolwazi wokudweba" omkhulu lapho uSorolla azicwilisa khona eVelázquez, eGoya, nakwamanye amakhosi amaningi aseSpain. Akazange abheke nje kuphela: wakopisha, wahlaziya, futhi wafunda ukwakhiwa kokukhanya nomthamo, into eyayizobonakala kamuva emsebenzini wakhe.
I-scholarship yamvumela ukuthi athuthele eRoma phakathi kuka-1884 no-1889. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi sase-Italy, isithakazelo sakhe saphendukela e- umdwebo womlandoLezi kwakuyizithombe ezinkulu ezinezihloko ezihloniphekile ezaziwina imiklomelo futhi ziboniswa emincintiswaneni esemthethweni ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, le midwebo, nakuba ilungile ngokobuchwepheshe, akuyona into esiyibheka njengethakazelisa kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe namuhla. Uma sikhuluma ngezilimi, yayiyizinto "zokuzivocavoca ngesitayela" ezidingekayo ngaphambi kokuba athole izwi lakhe ngempela.
Ushintsho olukhulu lwenzeka ngo-1894 ngohambo oluya eParis. Lapho, uSorolla wabhekana nobunzima obungazelelwe. upende omangalisayo Lokhu kwaphawula indlela ehlukile yokuqonda ukumelwa: ukushaywa ngamabhulashi okuxekethile, ukuthwebula umkhathi, kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke njengesihloko esifanele ukuvela ku-canvas. Lokhu kuxhumana kwakumele inguquko yangempela kumdwebi waseValencian, owashiya izihloko ezinkulu zomlando waqala ukugxila ezigcawini zangaphandle, ezigcwele ukukhanya kweMedithera.
Kungaleso sikhathi lapho iSorolla esiyazi kahle iqina khona: Imidwebo yolwandle ekhanyayo, izigcawu zasebhishi, izithombe zezingane ezigijima olwandleUkwakheka okugqamile kombala nokunyakaza kwenze umsebenzi wakhe wafana nehlobo, ilanga, nesihlabathi esimanzi. Ukushaywa kwakhe ngamabhulashi kuba namandla kakhulu, imibala yakhe iyakhanya, futhi imvelo—ikakhulukazi ulwandle—iba yisigaba esikhulu somdwebo wakhe.
Ngaphesheya koLwandle: Izithombe, Ukuphawula Komphakathi, kanye namaKhomishini
Nakuba izindawo zasebhishi ziyimpawu zakhe, kungaba okungalungile ukwehlisa uSorolla abe "umdwebi wezithombe zasolwandle." Ingxenye ebalulekile yomkhiqizo wakhe ihlanganisa izithombe zabantu baseSpainLezi zikhomishini zamlethela ukuqashelwa okukhulu emphakathini kanye nesimo sezimali esikhululekile kakhulu. Abezombusazwe, ababhali, izicukuthwane, kanye namalungu ohulumeni abaphezulu bamema, bazi ukuthi basezandleni zomunye wabadwebi ababefunwa kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi.
Kwakukhona nendawo emsebenzini wakhe we- isikhalazo senhlaloIsibonelo esiyinhloko umdwebo onesihloko esithi “Futhi basasho ukuthi izinhlanzi ziyabiza!”, indawo ebucayi eqokomisa ubukhali bomsebenzi olwandle kanye nezimo zokuphila zabadobi. Lesi sici sathonywa ngokwengxenye ubungane bakhe nomlobi. UVicente Blasco IbáñezLokhu kubonisa ukuthi uSorolla wayengeyena nje umdwebi okhululekile, kodwa wayeqaphelisisa iqiniso lezenhlalo lesikhathi sakhe.
Nokho, isitayela sakhe sasinokuthile okwakukhanga kakhulu umphakathi: kwakuyi kufinyeleleka kalula, kukhanye, kumnandi ukukubukaLokhu kuhlanganiswa kwekhono lobuchwepheshe kanye nekhono lokuxhumana nemizwa yombukeli kuchaza inqwaba yamakhomishini awathola kuyo yonke imisebenzi yakhe. Lawa makhomishini awagcinanga nje ngokuqinisa idumela lakhe kodwa futhi amvumela ukuba ajabulele isikhundla esikhululekile emphakathini, enekhaya nesitudiyo eMadrid (manje eyiSorolla Museum) kanye nempilo yomndeni ekhululekile.
Udumo lwakhe aluzange luhlale eSpain. EYurophu nase-United States Bamvulela iminyango, futhi wabukisa kuzo zombili izindawo izikhathi eziningana. Kusukela ngo-1910 kuya ku-1920 wenza omunye wemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu kakhulu: uchungechunge lwamaphaneli amakhulu asezindongeni eziphathelene nezihloko zesifunda saseSpain ze- I-Hispanic Society of AmericaLesi sikhungo sasungulwa eNew York ngu-Archer Milton Huntington. Le khomishini enkulu yayisebenza, empeleni, njengohlobo "lwe-encyclopedia ebonakalayo" yaseSpain, umtapo wezithombe lapho iphaneli ngayinye yayiyisahluko.
Umcibisheli uMilton Huntington kanye nephupho lomtapo omkhulu waseSpain eNew York
Ukuze siqonde ngempela “izimfihlo” ezixhumene nomtapo wezincwadi kaSorolla, kumele sethule omunye umuntu obalulekile: Archer Milton HuntingtonLo sozigidi waseMelika, indlalifa yengcebo etholakale ezitimeleni nasekwakheni imikhumbi, waqala ukuya eSpain ngo-1892, eneminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili kuphela ubudala. Wayesefunde ulimi lwethu isikhathi esithile futhi wayesethanda isiko lamaHispanic ngisho nangaphambi kokungena ezweni.
Ekugcineni lapho evakashela iSpain mathupha, uHuntington wahlabeka umxhwele yi- ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo zayo, ubuciko bayo kanye namasiko ayoNgesikhathi lapho abaqoqi abaningi baseMelika babegxile ebucikweni base-Italy, eDashi, noma eFrance, wanquma ukwenza okuphambene nomthetho wakhe iqoqo elikhulu lobuciko baseSpain. Ngemuva kwalesi sinqumo kwakukhona intshisekelo, kodwa futhi cishe isici "somtapo wolwazi": wayefuna ukuqoqa, ukuhlukanisa, nokulondoloza konke ayengakwenza kwesiko laseSpain.
Kuhle ukukhumbula umongo: kulo lonke elaseYurophu kwakukhona abaningi izikhulu ezibhujisiwe wayezimisele ukuthengisa imidwebo, ifenisha, izincwadi, kanye nemisebenzi yobuciko eyigugu. UHuntington, enezimali zakhe eziningi, wathuthela kule makethe ngokushesha, ehamba eSpain cishe kanye ngonyaka, ethenga ngendlela ehlelekile futhi wakha iqoqo elikhulu kakhulu.
Eminyakeni edlule, akazange aqoqe imidwebo kuphela, kodwa futhi izincwadi, imibhalo yesandla, izithombe eziqoshiwe, izinto zobumba, ifenisha, izinhlamvu zemali, izingcezu zegolide nezesiliva, izithombe kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ezihlobene nomlando namasiko aseSpain, ezivela ezifundeni nasezinkathini ezahlukene. Empeleni, kwakuyilabhulali yezincwadi ngomqondo obanzi waleli gama, uhlelo lwezingcezu ezazisebenzisana.
Ngo-1904 wanquma ukunikeza lowo msebenzi ifomu lesikhungo ngokusungula i- I-Hispanic Society of AmericaIndlunkulu yayisenyakatho yeManhattan, endaweni eyayinabantu abambalwa ngaleso sikhathi eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Spanish HarlemLapho wakha indawo eyinkimbinkimbi eyayisebenza ngesikhathi esisodwa njengomtapo wolwazi, umnyuziyamu, kanye nesikhungo socwaningo esizinikele kumasiko aseHispanic. Futhi kwakuwukuhlobisa umtapo wolwazi waleyo sisekelo lapho ayecabanga khona ngoSorolla.
"Imibono yaseSpain": Umtapo wezithombe omuhle kakhulu kaSorolla
UHuntington wayefuna ukuthi izindonga zomtapo wolwazi wesikhungo sakhe zibe ngaphezu nje kohlaka lwezincwadi. Wayephupha ukuthi zizoba igalari egxilile yezigcawu zaseSpainuhlobo lohambo olubonakalayo ezweni lonke ngaphandle kokushiya iNew York. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, wathuma uJoaquín Sorolla ukuba adale uchungechunge lwamaphaneli mayelana namadolobha aseSpain, ethembele emandleni akhe okubamba ukukhanya kanye nobuntu besifunda ngasinye.
Umphumela waba uchungechunge olukhulu olunesihloko esithi "Imibono yaseSpain"Iqukethe amaphaneli amakhulu ayishumi nane abonisa izigcawu ezivamile ezivela ezindaweni ezahlukene: imidanso yesifunda, imikhosi yabantu, izindawo zezolimo, imisebenzi yokuhweba, kanye nezingubo zendabuko. Phakathi kwazo, isibonelo, i- I-Aragonese jota, the ihlathi lesundu lase-ElcheIzigcawu zokulwa nezinkunzi eSeville noma uhambo lokuya eGalician. I-Andalusia ibonakala iboniswa emidwebo emine, okubonisa kokubili ukuthakasela komphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ngalesi sifunda kanye nokuzwela komdwebi ngokwakhe.
Kuyathakazelisa, nakuba Asturias Kwakuyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yasehlobo kaSorolla—wachitha ihlobo eziningana lapho edweba futhi ejabulela ugu lwayo—kodwa akubonakali njengesihloko esiyinhloko sanoma yiliphi lamaphaneli ochungechungeni. Lokhu kungabikho kungenye yalezo “zimfihlakalo” ezincane noma izinqumo ezenziwe ngamabomu ezikhuthaza ilukuluku lalabo abafunda umsebenzi wakhe kanye nokuxhumana kwawo nekhomishini evela kwi-Hispanic Society.
Lezi "Visions of Spain" ziphenduka zibe yi-encyclopedia ebonakalayo yangempela: izindawo, imikhosi, imisebenzi, izindlela zokugqokaKonke lokhu kumelwe ukuba kwabonakala kungavamile kakhulu kubantu baseNew York ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, njengoba nje abantu baseSpain bangaleso sikhathi babethanda izindaba ezifana nethi "One Thousand and One Nights." USorolla wasebenza njengoba ayehlala enza: edweba kusukela ekuphileni, ebuka abantu, izindawo, nokukhanya kwendawo ngqo ngaphambi kokudlulisela konke kufomethi enkulu yamaphaneli.
Le khomishini yamthatha cishe iminyaka eyishumi yomsebenzi onzima, futhi njengoba indaba iqhubeka, Kwalimaza impilo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, akazange aphile aze abone imizamo yakhe ivuzwa: inkokhelo yokugcina yomsebenzi yaqedwa ngemva kokushona kwakhe, kanti izindlalifa zakhe ekugcineni zayithola. Noma kunjalo, lolu chungechunge selube yingxenye ebalulekile yokuqonda kokubili umsebenzi wakhe kanye nesithombe saseSpain esavezwa kwamanye amazwe phakathi naleso sikhathi.
Umtapo Wezincwadi We-Hispanic Society: Amagugu, Izithunzi, Nokungazi
Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, i-Hispanic Society of America iqoqe iqoqo elikhulu lobuciko nezincwadi ezihlobene neSpain kanye nomhlaba wamaHispanic. Kodwa-ke, ikhono layo loku ukukhuthaza isiko laseSpain Kuye kwaba nomkhawulo. Esinye sezizathu kube yinqubomgomo, ikakhulukazi kwaze kwaba yiminyaka embalwa edlule, yokungabolekisi noma ukushintshanisa imisebenzi nezinye izikhungo, ezazigcina ingxenye yeqoqo layo ihlukanisiwe.
Okungeziwe kulokhu yi- indawo yemyuziyamu nomtapo wolwaziNjengoba itholakala endaweni ekude nedolobha laseManhattan kanye nemizila emikhulu yezivakashi, endaweni ephansi lapho izivakashi eziningi zingavami ukungena khona, lesi sikhungo asikaze singaziwa ngokumangazayo kubantu abaningi baseNew York kanye nengxenye enkulu yezivakashi ezivakashela idolobha.
Labo abake bavakashela amakamelo ayo bakhomba ukuthi, ngeshwa, ukukhanya, umswakama kanye nezimo zokuphepha Imisebenzi eminingi ishiye okuningi okungafiseleka, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezinsiza zezimali eziqhubekayo. Kube nokuthuthuka okukhulu ekamelweni elinikezelwe kuSorolla ngenxa yokubambisana kwesikhungo sezezimali iBancaja, okwavumela ukulungiswa okungcono kwaleso sikhala. Kodwa-ke, yonke eminye iminyuziyamu idinga—futhi kwezinye izimo isadinga—ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu ukuze ihlangabezane nenani lezingcezu ezikuyo.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwabanye abavakashi kucishe kufane: bathole amakamelo e-Hispanic Society engenalutho, kuvumelana kuphela izivakashi ezimbalwa zaseSpain noma amaqembu amancanenjengabesifazane basekhaya abavela ezindaweni eziseduze. Lesi sithombe sihluke engcebweni "yengcebo" ephethwe yile ndawo futhi siqokomisa ukungafani phakathi kokubaluleka kokuqukethwe kanye nomthelela wako wangempela emphakathini.
Noma kunjalo, kulabo abanesifiso "sezimfihlo zomtapo wolwazi kaJoaquín Sorolla," i-Hispanic Society isalokhu iyindawo ebalulekile. Ayigcini nje ngokugcina "iMibono yaseSpain," kodwa futhi neqoqo lezincwadi ezibaluleke kakhulu: imibhalo yesandla, izincwadi ezingavamile, imibhalo yomlando, nezinto ezisiza ekwakheni kabusha umongo uSorolla asebenza kuwo kanye nokubambisana kwakhe noHuntington okwaqala kuwo.
IMyuziyamu yaseSorolla, isitudiyo sakhe sendlu kanye "nomtapo wolwazi" womculi
Uma siwela i-Atlantic futhi bese sibuyela eSpain, omunye "umtapo wolwazi" omkhulu kaSorolla Yisitudiyo sakhe sendlu eMadrid, manje esiguqulwe saba yiSorolla Museum. Nakuba enye yamawebhusayithi azama ukunikeza ulwazi mayelana nemyuziyamu kanye nezinsiza zayo zezincwadi ibuyisa iphutha elingu-404 - ngomyalezo ojwayelekile othi "Uxolo, ikhasi eliceliwe alitholakalanga" kanye neziphakamiso ezifana nokuhlola ikheli, ukubuyela ekhasini eliyinhloko loMnyango Wezamasiko noma ukusebenzisa injini yokusesha - lesi sikhungo sasebukhosini siphila kakhulu futhi sigcina ingobo yomlando ebalulekile.
IMyuziyamu yaseSorolla ayisebenzi nje kuphela njengendawo yokubonisa imidwebo yakhe, kodwa futhi umgcini wemibhalo, imidwebo nezinto zokwakha okuvumela ukuqonda okungcono kwenqubo yakhe yokudala. Phakathi kwalezi zinto azenzileyo, ukubaluleka kwemidwebo yakhe yokulungiselela, imidwebo, kanye namanothi kuvelele, okusebenza njengesiqalo sezithombe zakhe eziningi ezinkulu. Eqinisweni, umbukiso kanye nekhathalogi enesihloko esithi “Indlu YaseSorolla: Imidwebo” ihlelwe, okubonisa indlela umdwebi aklama futhi aklama ngayo ikhaya lakhe kanye nesitudiyo, manje esiyimyuziyamu.
Ngaphezu kwendlu ngokwayo, imyuziyamu igcina umtapo wolwazi kanye nomlando wedokhumenti ngezinhlamvu, imibhalo yesandla, kanye nezinto zokubhala. Isibonelo esibaluleke kakhulu yincwadi ethi “Epistolarios de Joaquín Sorolla” (Izincwadi zikaJoaquín Sorolla), eyahlelwa nguLorente noPons-Sorolla futhi yanyatheliswa ngu-Anthropos ngo-2008, ehlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yezincwadi zomdwebi. Lezi zinhlobo zezincwadi zisebenza njengefasitela elinelungelo lokungabaza kwakhe, amaphrojekthi akhe, kanye nobudlelwano bakhe bomsebenzi kanye nobomuntu siqu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iSorolla Museum ine ikhathalogi ebuyekeziwe yamaqoqo ayo ezithombeLo msebenzi, oshicilelwe yi-Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport, uvumela umuntu ukuthi alandelele ngokuhlelekile ukuthi yimiphi imidwebo ephethwe yisikhungo, izinsuku zayo, amasu asetshenziswa abaculi, nokuthi amaqoqo ahlelwe kanjani. Ngandlela thile, luyinkomba eningiliziwe yomtapo wolwazi obonakalayo oyimyuziyamu uqobo.
Nakuba ezinye izinsiza zedijithali ezivela kuMnyango Wezamasiko zingase ziphelelwe yisikhathi noma zibonise amaphutha okuzulazula - njengomyalezo othi "ikhasi alitholakalanga" oqondisa umsebenzisi ekhasini eliyisiqalo noma enjinini yokusesha yewebhusayithi - iqiniso liwukuthi uhlelo lwezincwadi kanye namakhathalogi angokoqobo nawedijithali azungeze iMyuziyamu yaseSorolla kudala indawo ephelele kakhulu yamadokhumenti kunoma yimuphi umcwaningi noma umuntu onelukuluku.
Izincwadi, amakhathalogi nezifundo: Omunye umtapo wolwazi kaSorolla
Ngale kwezakhiwo namakamelo, enye ibhulokhi enkulu "yezimfihlo" ilele ku- uhlu olude lwezincwadi namakhathalogi anikezelwe kuSorollaEziningi zalezi zincwadi zakhishwa kanye nemibukiso noma njengezifundo ze-monographic. Lolu hlu lwezincwadi olukhethekile luyilabhulali yangempela yokuqonda impilo yomdwebi kanye nokwamukelwa okubucayi komsebenzi wakhe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Phakathi kwezihloko ezishicilelwe kukhona amakhathalogi emibukiso ebanjelwe ezikhungweni ezahlukene: yona ngokwayo ISorolla MuseumIMyuziyamu Yobuciko ESigodlweni SikaCharles V eGranada, iGallerie d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea eFerrara (e-Italy), iBancaja Foundation, iCaixa Galicia Foundation, kanye neBilbao Fine Arts Museum, phakathi kwezinye, kube negalelo kuleli qoqo. Iningi lala makhathalogi lifaka imibhalo yochwepheshe, ukukhiqizwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu, kanye nezifundo zobuchwepheshe zemidwebo.
Isibonelo, kukhona umsebenzi onesihloko esithi “IMyuziyamu yaseSorolla. Ikhathalogi Yokupenda", enyatheliswa yi-Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport, enikeza umbono jikelele wamaqoqo agcinwe eMadrid house-museum. Okunye okuphawulekayo yizincwadi ezinjengalezi "I-Sorolla. I-Illustrated Encyclopedia”(Umhl. Susaeta), osebenza njengohlobo lweqoqo elinolwazi, noma izincwadi ezigxile esicini esithile, njengokuthi “Indlu yaseSorolla. Imidwebo", okubonisa ngokubonakalayo amaphrojekthi okuklama ikhaya lakhe kanye ne-workshop.
Elinye iqembu elibalulekile liqukethe amakhathalogi axhumene nemibukiso emikhulu enezihloko:I-Sorolla, izingadi zokukhanya","ISorolla, Izingadi Zokukhanya” (Uhlelo lwesiNgisi), “USorolla kanye nabantu ayephila nabo"Noma"USorolla kanye neNhlangano yamaHispanic", okujula kakhulu ebudlelwaneni nesikhungo saseNew York. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa yiziqu ezifana nokuthi "Umbono ka-Joaquín Sorolla waseSpain"Noma"Imibono yaseSpain, ka-Joaquín Sorolla", ehlaziya ngokujulile uchungechunge lwezithombe ezisodongeni lwe-Hispanic Society.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi akugcini nje kuphela emkhakheni weSpanishi. Kunezinhlobo zezinye izilimi, njenge-“Joaquin Sorolla. AbaseSpain Meister des Lichts", ehloselwe izilaleli ezikhuluma isiJalimane, ebonisa isithakazelo somhlaba wonke kumdwebi. Izincwadi eziphathelene nemisebenzi ethile nazo zishicilelwe ("J. Sorolla, Ukudla Esikebheni","U-Joaquín Sorolla, Umndeni wakwa-Estanislao Granzow") futhi wabelana ngezitudiyo nabanye abaculi besikhathi sakhe, isibonelo "USorolla noZuloaga", okumenza abe sengxoxweni no-Ignacio Zuloaga.
Lonke leli qoqo lezincwadi lakha inethiwekhi ye imithombo yezincwadi ezidlana. Ezinye zisekelwe ezintweni ezigcinwe yiSorolla Museum, ezinye zisekelwe ezikhungweni ezifana neBancaja Foundation noma iHispanic Society, kanti eziningi zisebenzisa izincwadi zomdwebi kanye nemibhalo yakhe. Uma zifundwa ndawonye, zenza isithombe sikaSorolla sibe yisihloko esingenamingcele sokufunda, esivuselelwa njalo.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwezivakashi: kusukela ePrado kuya eNew York
Kanye nolwazi oluyimibhalo egciniwe kuphela, kukhona nezindaba eziwusizo kakhulu ezivela ku- okuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kwezivakashiIndaba yomuntu siqu ilandisa ngendlela umbukiso weSorolla ePrado Museum, owawubanjwe eminyakeni embalwa edlule, owadala ngayo isimo esifana nesenkolo emakamelweni: ukukhanya okuncane, ukuthula okunenhlonipho, kanye nomuzwa wokuba phambi kokugxila kobuhle okunzima ukubuhlanganisa konke ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Umbhali waleyo mibiko uyavuma ukuthi waluthatha isikhathi eside ukuvakasha ngangokunokwenzeka nokuthi, lapho ehamba, wavalelisa eminye imisebenzi eno- "sizobonana maduze"Ukwazi ukuthi angase ababone futhi eSorolla Museum eMadrid noma eMuseum of Fine Arts e-Oviedo. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona ezinye ayecabanga ukuthi ngeke aphinde azibone, ngoba zazingezeqoqo langasese noma iminyuziyamu yangaphandle.
Ukuguquka kwendaba kwenzeka kamuva, lapho ekwazi ukuthola kabusha uchungechunge olukhulu lwamaphaneli athi “Visions of Spain” eNew York, eHispanic Society of America. Kulolo hambo, umbuthano othakazelisayo waphela: imisebenzi yomdwebi waseValencia ayehlangane naye eMadrid yaphinde yavela ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic, emnyuziyamu wezincwadi owadalwa ngumuntu waseNew York owayethanda iSpain.
Kuleyo ndaba, umehluko omkhulu ungabonakala phakathi kwe- izixuku kanye nomkhosi wePrado Futhi ukuba wedwa kwamakamelo e-Hispanic Society, okuvame ukuhanjelwa yizivakashi ezimbalwa kuphela. Lokhu kungafani kugcizelela enye yezinto eziphikisanayo zalezi "zimfihlo": kukhona ifa eliphakeme kakhulu, nokho, elihlala lifihliwe kakhulu emehlweni omphakathi.
Ubufakazi bugcizelela nomuzwa wokudabuka ngokubona indawo ephethe ingcebo eminingi yobuciko kanye neyohlu lwezincwadi Akwaziwa kangako, ngisho naphakathi kwezakhamuzi zalo muzi. Lokho kuthula, ngandlela thile, kuyingxenye yezimfihlo zomtapo wolwazi kaSorolla eNew York: amaphaneli angaziwa muntu, izincwadi ezingabonwa ngabantu abambalwa, kanye nefa, kancane kancane, elifuna ukubonakala okwengeziwe.
Uma sibheka konke okuzungeze “izimfihlo zomtapo wolwazi kaJoaquín Sorolla”—ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe ePrado njengegumbi lokufundela elihle lokudweba, imyuziyamu yendlu eMadrid enengobo yomlando nomtapo wolwazi, izifiso zika-Archer Huntington ze-encyclopedic eNew York, kanye nohlu olubanzi lwezincwadi olulandisa ngempilo nomsebenzi wakhe—inethiwekhi yezindawo, izincwadi, izincwadi, nemidwebo ivela edlula umqondo wegumbi lokufunda elilula. Umtapo wolwazi wangempela kaSorolla uyindawo yonke yokukhanya, iphepha, nenkumbulo esakazeke kulo lonke elaseValencia, eMadrid, e-Oviedo, eNew York, kanye namashalofu amaningi omnyuziyamu kanye nezindlu zokushicilela, lapho ikhathalogi ngayinye, incwadi, noma udonga kunezela enye ingxenye kuphazili yomculi oguqule isiko laseSpain laba yingobo yomlando enkulu ebonakalayo.
