La ithebula lesikhathi yezakhi iyithuluzi eliyisisekelo kukhemistri, futhi esinye sezici zayo eziyinhloko ukuthi isici ngasinye limelelwa uphawu lwamakhemikhali. Lezi zimpawu ziyizifinyezo, ngokuvamile ezitholakala egameni lesiLatini lesici, nakuba kukhona okuhlukile okuvela kwezinye izilimi. Ukuqonda incazelo yalezi zimpawu kukuvumela ukuthi uhumushe kalula futhi usebenzise ithebula le-periodic.
Kulesi sihloko, sizongena emlandweni futhi incazelo yezimpawu zamakhemikhali, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nezinye zezimpawu ezifuna ukwazi kakhulu ezikhona. Sizobuye sihlaziye kungani ezinye izakhi zinezifinyezo ezingahambisani negama labo leSpanishi nokuthi lezi zimpawu ziye zamiswa kanjani kuwo wonke umlando.
Ziyini izimpawu zamakhemikhali?
Un uphawu lwamakhemikhali Iwumfanekiso ofushanisiwe wengxenye yethebula le-periodic. Ngokuvamile iqukethe uhlamvu olulodwa noma ezimbili, lapho uhlamvu lokuqala luhlala lunosonhlamvukazi kanti owesibili, uma lunye, unofeleba abancane. Lolu hlelo lusiza ukuxhumana phakathi kososayensi futhi lugweme isidingo sokubhala igama eligcwele lesici.
Ukuvela kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali
Izimpawu zamakhemikhali ziye zavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Eminyakeni yokuqala, uJohn Dalton wazama ukumelela izakhi ngemidwebo emincane, kodwa lesi simiso sabonakala singenakwenzeka. Usokhemisi waseSweden UJöns Jacob Berzelius Ngo-1813 wethula incwadi esekelwe ezincwadini zanamuhla, ezisasetshenziswa nanamuhla.
U-Berzelius uphakamise ukusebenzisa:
✔️ The Incwadi yokuqala kusukela egameni lesiLatini le-elementi (Isibonelo: H nge-hydrogen, O ukuze uthole umoya-mpilo).
✔️ Uma kwenzeka ukuphindaphinda, eyodwa iyengezwa uhlamvu lwesibili oluncane (Isibonelo: He nge-helium, Li ngoba lithium).
Kusukela lapho, lolu hlelo luye lwamukelwa emhlabeni wonke futhi lwaba ukhiye ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhemikhali esimanje, aqala ukusetshenziswa futhi afundwa esikoleni.
Izimpawu eziningi Asuselwa egameni lesiLatini lesici. Isibonelo, Fe livela "Ferrum" (insimbi) kanye Ag kusukela ku-"Argentum" (isiliva). Kwezinye izimo, zivela emagameni kwezinye izilimi noma ezicini ezikhethekile zesici.
Ekuphendukeni kwe- izimpawu zamakhemikhali zethebula le-periodicKuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwayo bekubaluleke kanjani hhayi kumakhemikhali kuphela, kodwa nakweminye imikhakha yesayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, ku Umlando ka-Isaac Newton, kuyashiwo ukuthi intuthuko kwezokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali yaba nomthelela kanjani ku-physics nezibalo.
Uhlu lwezimpawu zamakhemikhali kanye nemvelaphi yazo
Ngezansi, sihlaziya ezinye zezimpawu ezifuna ukwazi kakhulu kanye nemvelaphi yazo yomlando:
- I-Mercury - Hg: Uphawu lwayo luvela kuLatini IHydragyrum, okusho ukuthi “isiliva eliwuketshezi.”
- Ithusi – Cu: Kuvela esiLatin ithusi, eyasuselwa ku icyprium, kubhekiselwa eCyprus, lapho le nsimbi yayimbiwa khona ezikhathini zasendulo.
- Isiliva - Ag: Igama layo lesiLatini ngu i-argentum, okwabangela isifinyezo salo.
- I-Sodium - Na: Ivela kwisiLatini i-natrium, ehlobene nosawoti okhishwe eGibhithe lasendulo.
- I-Potassium - K: Uphawu lwayo luvela kuLatini i-potassium, yona ephuma olimini lwesi-Arabhu al qaliy, okusho ukuthi “umlotha obaliwe.”
- Insimbi - Fe: Lisuselwa olimini lwesiLatini i-ferrum.
- Igolide - Au: Umsuka walo igama lesiLatini i-aurum, okusho ukuthi “khanya njengokusa.”
- I-Roentgenium - Rg: Lesi sakhi esisanda kutholwa saqanjwa ngo-Wilhelm Röntgen, isazi se-physics esathola ama-X-ray.
Izimpawu zamakhemikhali, ngaphezu kwemvelaphi yazo, zisinikeza isifinyezo somlando wasendulo nowesimanje wesayensi. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu ekhemistry kungafaniswa nokuthi kanjani izimpawu ze-alchemical Zasetshenziselwe ukumela izakhi nezinhlanganisela kumongo we-esoteric kakhudlwana.
Ukubaluleka kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali kwisayensi
Izimpawu zamakhemikhali azigcini nje ngokukhomba izakhi, kodwa futhi zisetshenziswa ku izilinganiso zamakhemikhali kanye nasekwakheni izinhlanganisela. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuvumela ososayensi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba ukuthi bakhulume kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakhuluma luphi ulimi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zimpawu bezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwamakhemikhali esimanje. Ngenxa yakho ukusimamisa, kungenzeka ukutadisha izakhiwo zezakhi, ukuziphatha kwazo ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali kanye nokusebenza kwazo ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene.
Qonda izimpawu zamakhemikhali ziyisihluthulelo kunoma ubani onentshisekelo yesayensi. Kusukela yayo Izimpande zesiLatini Kusukela kuma-elementi akamuva kakhulu angezwe kuthebula le-periodic, uphawu ngalunye lunomlando oyingqayizivele kanye nenjongo eyisisekelo kukhemistri.
Ngokufanayo, izimpawu zamakhemikhali nazo zithola indawo yazo ekuhlaziyeni imvelo kanye nemvelo, kufana nendlela izici ezifana ne phakathi kwezulu ku-sagittarius, okudinga futhi ukuqonda okujulile kwezimpawu nobudlelwano.
Ngamafuphi, izimpawu zamakhemikhali aziwona nje amathuluzi awusizo osokhemisi. Bakhe ukuxhumana phakathi komlando wesayensi kanye ukuvela kwayo esimweni samanje, eqinisekisa kabusha ukuhambisana nokusetshenziswa kwayo emkhakheni wamakhemikhali esimanje.