Umsuka wezimpawu zamaMayan nencazelo yazo

izimpawu zamaya

Izimpawu zamaMeya yizo zonke lezo zimpawu eziklanywe yimpucuko yamaMeya. Le mpucuko yayihlanganisa bonke abantu baseMaya ababehlala eMelika Ephakathi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi le mpucuko yaqala ukukhula cishe ngonyaka wezi-2000. C. futhi yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba sekuqaleni kwenkathi yobukoloni ngemva kokutholakala kweMelika.

Eziningi zalezi zithombe zihlobene nolwazi lwezibalo kanye nesayensi yezinkanyezi olwakhiwe amaMayans. Kukhona nezimpawu zamaMaya ezihlobene nohlelo lwazo lokubhala nge-hieroglyphic nokumelela onkulunkulu babo.

tzolkin

Ezinye zezimpawu ezifanele kakhulu zempucuko yamaMeya zixhunywe ekhalendeni labo elingcwele. Leli khalenda, elaziwa namuhla ngokuthi i-Tzolkin, liqukethe umjikelezo wezinsuku ezingu-260.

Lo mjikelezo wakhiwe ngamashumi amabili nantathu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhlelo luqala luhlukaniswe ngamabhulokhi angama-20. Ibhulokhi ngayinye kulawa iqukethe izinsuku eziyi-13. Ngakho kukhona isamba sezinsuku ezingama-260 (20 x 13). Izinsuku zaleli khalenda zihlonzwa ngegama (kwangama-20 okungenzeka) kanye nenombolo esuka ku-1 kuye ku-13.

Amahlelo angama-20 wezinsuku ekhalendeni lamaMaya nawo afanekisela into engokwemvelo. Amagama, izincazelo kanye nezimpawu zala magama angamashumi amabili zimi kanje:

Ikhalenda likaHaab'

Uhlelo lwe-Haab' lwaluwuhlelo lwamaMayan lokuhlukanisa unyaka welanga, okungukuthi, isikhathi esiphelele esidingekayo ukuze uMhlaba uzungeze iLanga.

Umjikelezo welanga we-Haab' wasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nekhalenda le-Tzolkin. Ndawonye, ​​bazala isondo lekhalenda lamaMaya elineminyaka engu-52 ubudala. Leli sondo lekhalenda alisetshenziswanga kuphela impucuko yamaMeya kodwa nakwamanye amasiko angaphambi kweColumbian.

Ikhalenda le-Haab lihlukanisa lesi sikhathi ngamabhulokhi noma izinyanga eziyi-18. Inyanga ngayinye kulezi ithatha izinsuku ezingama-20 kuphela. Ngaphandle kwezinsuku eziqukethwe kulezi zinyanga, kukhona nezinsuku ezi-5 ezingazodwa ezaziwa nge-uayeb. Uma kubhekwa lokhu kuhlukaniswa, ikhalenda likaHaab lihlukanisa unyaka welanga ube yizinsuku ezingama-365 (18 x 20 + 5).

Izinsuku zaleli khalenda zihlonzwe ngenombolo esuka ku-0 kuya ku-19 elandelwa yigama lenyanga. Izinsuku ezinhlanu zokugcina zonyaka zazibhekwa njengezinsuku ezingashiwongo futhi zazikhonjwa kuphela ngegama elithi uayeb. AmaMeya ayekholelwa ukuthi lezi zinsuku zazihlotshaniswa nezikhathi zengozi nokungaqiniseki.

Izinyanga zakhiwe kusetshenziswa ama-glyphs aseMayan nawo amele into engokwemvelo. Ama-glyphs enyanga ka-Haab engu-18 nencazelo yawo ami kanje:

I-Pop: Uphawu lomshado nomphakathi

Whoo: Ixoxo, isibhakabhaka esimnyama

I-Zip: inyamazane, isibhakabhaka esibomvu

I-Zotz: Ilulwane, elakhiwe lapho kuqala ubusika

Tzek: ukufa, izulu nomhlaba

Xul: Inja

I-Yaxkin: ILanga Elisha

Imvukuzane: Ijaguar, amanzi namafu

I-Chen: isiphepho esimnyama nenyanga

I-Yax: Isiphepho esiluhlaza kanye neplanethi iVenus

Zack: isiphepho esimhlophe

eh: Isiphepho esibomvu nezihlahla

I-Mac: Okuqukethwe

I-Kankin: Umhlaba, Ilanga Eliphuzi kanye ne-Underworld

I-Muan: isikhova nomlilo

Abantu: isiteji sokuhlwanyela

I-Kayak: Tortuga

Cummoo: ingwenya nembewu

Kukulkan

I-Kukulkan ingenye yezithixo ezibaluleke kakhulu zesiko lamaMayan. Lo nkulunkulu waziwa nangokuthi inyoka enamanzi futhi wayaziwa futhi ukhonzwa ngezinye izimpucuko zangaphambi kwe-Columbian.

Kungenzeka ukuthi izimpucuko ezihlukahlukene zanikeza lo nkulunkulu izincazelo namandla ahlukene. Ezimweni eziningi, kuye kwahunyushwa ngokuthi kuhlobene nemvula namanzi. Kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi abanye abantu bangaphambi kwe-Columbian bayixhumanisa nomoya kanye neplanethi iVenus.

Ulwazi oluningi ngenganekwane ehlobene nalo nkulunkulu lulahlekile. Noma kunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuthi ezinye zezinganekwane zangaphambi kwe-Columbian zazimazi lo nkulunkulu njengomdali wendawo yonke.

Umfanekiso wenyoka enezimpaphe eyenziwe samuntu lapho lonkulunkulu angandiza esibhakabhakeni nezimpaphe zakhe futhi ahambe emhlabeni esesimweni senyoka.

Iqiniso lokuthi ukukhulekelwa kwalo nkulunkulu kwabelwana phakathi kwazo zonke izigaba zomphakathi kanye nabantu abahlukene kwenze kwaba lula ukushintshana nokwethembana phakathi kwamasiko ahlukene.

Izimpawu zeNombolo yamaMayan

Uhlelo lwezinombolo lwe-Mayan lwaluyisizinda sezinombolo ezingu-20. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kunophawu oluhlukile lwezinombolo ukusuka ku-0 kuya ku-19.

Ukuze ubhale izinombolo ezingaphezu kuka-19, kwakudingeka ubhale izimpawu ezihambisanayo zibheke phezulu. Uphawu olusekupheleni ngezansi lumelela inombolo ehambisanayo njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngenhla.

Uphawu lweleveli yesibili kufanele luphindwe ngo-20. Inombolo yezinga lesithathu kufanele iphindwe ngo-20² (= 400). Ukusebenzisa lolu hlelo ngokulandelana, noma iyiphi inombolo ingabhalwa.

I-Jaguar

Ezinganekwaneni zamaMayan, i-jaguar yayiwunkulunkulu wendawo yangaphansi ehlobene nobusuku. Kwakunenkolelo yokuthi ilanga laliphenduka i-jaguar ebusuku. Ijaguar yaziwa ngokuba namandla nesibindi.

Ngakho-ke, kwakuwuphawu olusetshenziswa amaqhawe empucuko yamaMeya. Uma kubhekwa unya lwe-jaguar, yayivame ukuxhunyaniswa negunya lezigaba ezibusayo. Kanye neKukulkan, i-jaguar yayingenye yezimpawu zenkolo ezibaluleke kakhulu zesiko lamaMayan.

Sol

Ilanga lalibaluleke kakhulu esikweni lamaMeya. AmaMayans athuthukise ulwazi oluthuthuke kakhulu mayelana nemijikelezo yelanga.

Lokhu kwabavumela ukuba babone ama-solstices nama-equinoxes, kanye nokuchaza amakhalenda abo. Lolu lwazi luye lwaba nomthelela ezicini eziningi zesiko lamaMayan, kuhlanganise nezakhiwo zabo.

AmaMeya asebenzisa izimpawu ezihlukene ukuze amele iLanga, kanye nonkulunkulu abahlobene nalo. Izindlela ezehlukene zokumela iLanga zihunyushwe njengophawu lwempilo nolwazi.

Uphawu lwe-Hunab-Ku

Esinye sezihlangu ezilungiselelwe futhi zadunyiswa amaMaya emashumini eminyaka okugcina uphawu lweHunab-Ku. Lolu phawu lwachazwa encwadini ethi The Mayan Factor kaJosé Argüelles.

Lolu phawu, olusekelwe engxenyeni yophawu lwe-Ying Yang, manje selubhalwe imisinga yenkathi entsha yamaMayan.

Ukuqopha

Ukutolika amagama kwakuyinqubo ende futhi eyisicefe. Izazi-mlando zangekhulu le-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kwelama-XNUMX zazikwazi ukuhlola izibalo zamaMayan nezindlela zombhalo ezihlobene nesayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nekhalenda lamaMaya, kodwa ukuqonda okunye kwakungaphezu kwamandla ezazi.

Isazi sezilimi saseSoviet kanye nesazi sesintu u-Yuri Knorozov waba nendima eholayo ekuchazeni umbhalo wamaMayan. Ngo-1952, u-Knorozov washicilela isihloko esithi "Древняя письменность Центральной Америки" Central America".

Lapho aphikisa ngokuthi, Okubizwa ngokuthi "izinhlamvu ze-Landa" eziqukethwe kumbhalo wesandla kaMbhishobhi u-Diego de Landa "Ubudlelwane Bezinto ZaseYucatan" kwakhiwe ama-syllables esikhundleni sezimpawu ze-alfabhethi.

Kamuva wathuthukisa indlela yakhe yokuchaza encwadini yakhe yango-1963 ethi “The Writing of the Mayan Indians” futhi wahlela izinguqulo zemibhalo yesandla yesiMayan emibhalweni yakhe yesandla ye-Mayan Hieroglyphic yango-1975 (“Imibhalo Yesandla Ye-Mayan Hieroglyphic”).

Ngawo-1960, umcwaningi u-Tatiana Proskouriakoff wakwazi ukuchaza, ngocwaningo lwe-epigraphic, izibalo kanye ne-iconographic ye-Piedras Negras stelae, esifundazweni sase-Chiapas.

Amarekhodi okuqala omlando wababusi baseMeya, abagcina beyibhidlize unomphela iTheory kaThompson, kuze kube manje bamukelwa kabanzi, abaqinisekisa ukuthi kuma-Glyphs amaMaya awukho umlando, kodwa izibalo zezibalo kuphela, ngaleyo ndlela uvule izindlela ezintsha zokuchaza indlela efanele.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1980 izimpawu eziningi ezingaziwa kuze kube manje ziye zaboniswa zakha isilabhari, futhi kusukela lapho inqubekelaphambili ekuchazeni ukubhala kwesiMaya iye yashesha.

Ngokusobala, amaMaya ayeyozuza njengefa izakhi ezithile, futhi mhlawumbe sonke isisekelo, sesimiso sawo sokubhala sasendulo esivela e-Olmec, esasizoguqulwa kakhulu futhi kamuva sandiswa amaMaya ezikhathini zangaphambili.

Amathekisthi asuka kulesi sigaba mancane ngenani futhi awaqondakali kakhulu kubavubukuli kunemibhalo yakamuva.

Ngesinye isikhathi, umbhalo we-Isthmian noma we-Epi-Olmec wake wabhekwa njengokhokho oqondile wombhalo wamaMayan, futhi manje ubhekwa emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka kamuva, futhi ungaba inzalo esikhundleni salokho.

Amanye amasiko ahlobene avela kulesi sifunda saseMelika Ephakathi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthiwa azuza njengefa lezimpawu zamaMayan nokubhala kwe-Olmec futhi athuthukise izinhlelo ezifanayo ezabelana ngezimfanelo ezibalulekile (ezifana nesistimu yezinombolo ze-vigesimal, emelwe amachashazi nemigoqo).

Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile kunenkolelo yokuthi amaMayans akhiqize okuwukuphela kwesistimu yokubhala ephelele eMesoamerica, futhi kamuva kwakuyoba ukuphela kwempucuko esifundeni sabo ukuba nesistimu yokubhala ephelele.

Ukwazi ukubhala noma yini. kungaba ngolimi olukhulunywayo, ngokungafani nezinhlelo ezisetshenziswayo, isibonelo, isiko laseMexico, elasebenzisa uhlelo olusekelwe kumgomo we-rebus.

Uma uthole lesi sihloko mayelana namaMayans sithakazelisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye:

• Imibhoshongo yamaMayan
• I-Mayan Economy
• Imifanekiso yamaMayan