Ukuthola izimpawu ezixwayisa ngezingozi kubalulekile ukuvimbela izingozi emsebenzini nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Izimpawu nezithombe ezisizungezile zisixwayisa ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezingozi, kusukela kumakhemikhali ayingozi kuya ezimweni ezingase zithinte ukuphepha komphakathi. Kodwa-ke, sivame ukungayinaki incazelo yalo noma singazi nobubanzi be imithethonqubo kanye nengqondo lokho kungemuva kwesithombe ngasinye.
Kulesi sihloko sichaza ngokujulile zonke Izici eziyinhloko zezimpawu ezibonisa ingozi, incazelo yazo, izinhlobo, indlela yokuzichaza, kanye nemithethonqubo ezilawulayo. Futhi, uzothola amathiphu abalulekile nezibonelo eziphathekayo zokukusiza ukuthi ubone uphawu ngalunye futhi wenze ngokuqapha. Uma ufuna ukwenza kahle lesi sihloko futhi wandise ukuphepha kwakho -emsebenzini, ekhaya noma emgwaqweni-Qhubeka ufunda ngoba sizokutshela yonke into ngendlela ejabulisayo necacile.
Ziyini izimpawu zezingozi futhi kungani zibalulekile?
Izimpawu eziyingozi zakha ulimi olubonwayo jikelele olusixwayisa ngokuba khona kwezingozi endaweni yethu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi amakhemikhali, ukufakwa kukagesi, izindawo zezimboni, noma amaphaseji alula, umgomo wabo uwukusixwayisa nokuvimbela izingozi ngezithombe ezibonakala kalula.
La izimpawu eziyingozi Isekelwe kumajamo asezingeni lomhlaba wonke, imibala kanye nezimpawu. Lokhu kuvumela noma ubani, kungakhathaliseki ulimi noma imvelaphi, ukuthi abone izingozi futhi enze ngokufanele. Lokhu kuqondisa izimpendulo eziphuthumayo, kunciphisa amaphutha, futhi kuvikela kokubili impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo.
Ukubaluleka kwezimpawu ezicacile akukhona nje kuphela ekuvimbeleni izingozi kodwa futhi nasekuhambisaneni nomthetho wamanje, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini. Imithethonqubo idinga ukuthi zonke izindawo zokusebenza zibe nezimpawu ezifanele ukwazisa abantu ngobungozi obuhilelekile kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezihambisana nazo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimpawu ezibonisa ingozi
Izinhlobonhlobo zezimpawu zibanzi kakhulu futhi zisabela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zobungozi obukhona. Kunezindlela eziningana zokuzihlukanisa:
- Ama-pictograms ayingozi yamakhemikhali (SGA-CLP)
- Izimpawu zokuphepha emsebenzini (ISO kanye nemithetho ye-UNE)
- Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zokuxwayisa (izindawo zomphakathi kanye nemvelo)
Lawa masistimu abelana ngemibandela yokubuka: bobunjwa bejometri, imibala ethile nezinhlanganisela ezingokomfanekiso okuvumela ukuhlonza ngokushesha uhlobo lwengozi nesimo sengqondo esidingekayo (isixwayiso, ukwenqatshelwa, isibopho noma isimo esiphuthumayo).
Ama-pictograms ayingozi kumakhemikhali: ukuthi asho ukuthini nokuthi angawabona kanjani
Amakhemikhali avame ukulebula ama-pictograms athile achaza ngqo uhlobo lwengozi abethulayo. Lezi zimpawu zilawulwa yi-Global Harmonized System (GHS/CLP), ezivumelanisa emazweni ngamazwe ukuze kube lula ukuhwebelana nokuvikela abantu.
- I-ejenti ye-oxidizing: Imelelwe ilangabi embuthanweni, ikhombisa izinto ezinomthamo oxidizing ezingadala noma ziphembelele umlilo. Itholakala emikhiqizweni efana ne-bleach, i-hydrogen peroxide, kanye nomanyolo.
- Okulimazayo: Kuboniswa njengoketshezi oluwela esandleni nensimbi egqwalile. Ibonisa imikhiqizo engabangela ukusha okukhulu kwesikhumba kanye nokulimala kwamehlo, njenge-ammonia noma i-caustic soda.
- Iziqhumane: Ibhomu eliqhumayo lifanekisela izinto ezingaqhuma ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ezikhona kuma-firecrackers noma kuma-organic peroxides.
- Igesi enomfutho: Isilinda segesi sixwayisa ngamagesi agcinwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi, engcupheni yokuqhuma ngenxa yokushisisa. Ibonakala kumadeodorants, izifutho zesibulala-zinambuzane, njll.
- Okuvutha umlilo: Ilangabi likhomba amagesi avuthayo, uketshezi noma okuqinile, njengotshwala, upende noma ukuvanisha. Ziyimikhiqizo ekwazi ukusha kalula uma ithintana nomoya noma imithombo yokushisa.
- Ingozi enkulu yezempilo: Imelelwe ukwakheka komuntu okonakele, ixwayisa ngezinto ezilimaza umdlavuza, i-mutagenic, noma inzalo, njengophethiloli noma i-methylated spirits.
- Ingozi yemvelo: Isihlahla esifile nezinhlanzi ezifile zibonisa imikhiqizo enobuthi ezintweni eziphila emanzini, njengezibulala-zinambuzane noma udizili.
- Ingozi yezempilo: Uphawu lwesibabazo luxwayisa ngezinto ezicasula isikhumba, amehlo, noma umgudu wokuphefumula, kanye ne-narcosis. Ivamise ukuvela ezintweni zokuhlanza nasemikhiqizweni yokuhlanza.
- Ubuthi obuyingozi: Ugebhezi lwekhanda kanye nama-crossbones axwayisa ngezinhlanganisela ezinobuthi obuphezulu, njengama-biocides noma i-chlorine, engadliwa, uma ingenisiwe, noma uma ihogeliwe.
Lezi zithombe zihlale zinefreyimu ngaphakathi kwedayimane elinomngcele obomvu kungemuva elimhlophe, okwenza kube lula ukubonwa kunoma iyiphi ilebula.
Izinhlobo zezimpawu eziyingozi emsebenzini kanye nencazelo yazo
Ngaphezu kwezingozi zamakhemikhali, kukhona a izinhlobo eziningi zezimpawu zengozi ezisetshenziswa ekuvimbeleni ubungozi bomsebenzi. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyimpoqo kuzo zonke izindawo zokusebenza futhi ukwakheka kwayo kuhlangabezana nemibandela ebekwe emithethweni yaseSpain (Royal Decree 485/1997) kanye namazinga omhlaba (ISO 7010, ISO 3864).
Ngezansi, sichaza izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamasignali:
- Izimpawu zesixwayiso: Umumo ongunxantathu, onengemuva eliphuzi nomngcele omnyama, azisa ngezingozi ezingaba khona, njengezingozi zikagesi, ukuwa, izinto ezivutha umlilo, noma imithwalo emisiwe.
- Izimpawu zokwenqatshelwa: Ingemuva elijikelezayo, elimhlophe kanye nomngcele/ibhande elibomvu, vimbela izenzo eziyingozi (ukubhema, ukungena, ukusetshenziswa komakhalekhukhwini, ukufinyelela kwabantu abangagunyaziwe).
- Izimpawu eziyisibopho: Ifomethi eyindilinga, ingemuva eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nophawu olumhlophe, kudinga ukuziphatha kokuvimbela (ukusetshenziswa kwesigqoko sokuzivikela, ukuvikela iso, amagilavu, imaski).
- Izimpawu zokuhlenga noma zokucindezeleka: Unxande noma uyisikwele ngomumo, oluhlaza okotshani onezimpawu ezimhlophe, akhombisa izindawo zokuphuma eziphuthumayo, usizo lokuqala, noma izindawo zomhlangano uma kwenzeka kuphuma.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemibala emisiwe, izimo, nezimpawu kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimpawu ziqondakala kalula futhi azenzi ukudideka ezimeni eziyingozi.
Imibala izexwayiso eziyingozi: ukuthi ngasinye sisho ukuthini
Umbala ungenye yezinto ezinamandla kakhulu zokudlulisa uhlobo lwengozi kanye nesenzo okufanele sithathwe.
- Bomvu: Kusho ingozi eseduze, ukuma noma ukwenqatshelwa. Isetshenziswa ezimpawini zemishini yomlilo, ezitobhini zezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nokwenqatshelwa okuphelele.
- Okuphuzi: Okuhambisana nesixwayiso. Ibonisa ukuqaphela mayelana nezingozi ezikhona (iziliphu, imishini, imisebe, amakhemikhali).
- Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Ibonisa isibopho. Ibonisa ukuziphatha okunconyiwe/okuyisibopho noma okokusebenza (isigqoko sokuzivikela, ukuvikela ukuzwa).
- Luhlaza: Okuhlobene nokuhlenga nokuphepha. Ihlinzeka ngolwazi lwemizila yokuphuma, izindawo zokuphuma eziphuthumayo, nezindawo zosizo lokuqala.
Uhlelo lombala lusiza ukwenza amasignali aphumelele futhi asheshe atolike, okubalulekile uma isikhathi sokusabela sibalulekile.
Imithetho Yezimpawu Eziyingozi: Imithetho Namazinga
E-Spain, izimpawu zokuphepha zilawulwa ngokuyinhloko yi-Royal Decree 485/1997, ebeka izidingo ezincane zezimpawu endaweni yokusebenza. Lo mthetho usungula:
- Izinhlobo zezimpawu ezivunyelwe, ukusetshenziswa kwazo nendawo
- Izibopho zabaqashi nabasebenzi
- Izici zobuchwepheshe eziphoqelekile zezimpawu
- Inqubo yokuklama, ukunakekela kanye nokubuyekeza
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe uqinisa futhi ugcwalise umthetho kazwelonke:
- I-ISO 7010: Ilinganisa izimpawu eziyingcaca ukuze ziphephe
- I-ISO 3864: Ichaza imithetho yedizayini ebonakalayo yezimpawu
- I-Directive 92/58/EEC: Uhlaka oluyisisekelo lwaseYurophu lwezimpawu zomsebenzi
- I-UNE 23033:2019: Icacisa izimpawu zomlilo namabhakhoni
Ukuthobela lo mthethonqubo kuyimpoqo, futhi inhloso yawo enkulu ukuvikela impilo kanye nezimpilo zabasebenzi nabasebenzisi ezindaweni ezisengozini enkulu.
Izibonelo ezingokoqobo: indlela yokubona nokusebenzisa izimpawu eziyingozi
Izimpawu ezifanele azixhomekile kuphela ekwazini izimpawu, kodwa futhi nasekubekweni kwazo okunesu nokusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele endaweni ngayinye.
- Imboni yokukhiqiza: Izindawo zemishini enzima kufanele zimakwe ngezimpawu ezikhombisa ubungozi bemishini kanye nemithwalo, futhi amaphasishi namaphasishi kufanele kuhlukaniswe ngezexwayiso ezinobungozi obubonakalayo.
- Amalabhorethri: Kumelwe bahlonze izindawo zokugcina amakhemikhali, izindawo zokuphatha izinto eziyingozi, baphawule impahla yokuzivikela eyisibopho, futhi baphawule ngokucacile izindawo zokuphuma eziphuthumayo nezihlambi zokuphepha.
- Imisebenzi nokwakhiwa: Ukuwa kwezimpawu, ukuba khona kwemishini, izinto zokuzivikela, kanye nezingozi zikagesi kuyinto ehamba phambili.
Kubalulekile ukugwema ukugcwaliswa kwezimpawu, uzihlanganise ngokunengqondo, uqinisekise ukubonakala kwazo (i-engeli enhle nokukhanya okwanele), futhi uzigcine zisesimweni esihle.
Ukugcinwa kwesignali nohlelo lokuvuselela
Ukuze izimpawu zifeze umsebenzi wazo, Kufanele ibe sesimweni esiphelele futhi ivumelane nezinguquko endaweni noma emthethweni.. Imikhuba emihle ihlose:
- Yenza ukuhlolwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze uqinisekise ubuqotho bomzimba bezimpawu
- Hlola ukuhlanzeka nokubonakala kwayo
- Shintshanisa noma yiziphi izimpawu ezilimele noma eziphelelwe yisikhathi
- Buyekeza ukuthuthukiswa kokulawula ukuze ufake izinguquko noma izinhlobo ezintsha
Izimpawu ezisebenzayo zihlala zihambisana nesikhathi futhi zivumelane nezidingo zangempela zemvelo, zinciphisa ubungozi bezingozi ngenxa yokungazi noma ukudideka.
Amathiphu okusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo nokuvikelekile
Ukufakwa kwezimpawu nezimpawu eziyingozi kufanele kusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni okuqinile kobungozi obukhona kanye nokugeleza kwabantu endaweni ngayinye.
- Khomba wonke amaphuzu abalulekile kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona
- Khetha izimpawu ezijwayelekile nezihambisana nemithetho
- Iqinisekisa ukubekwa okubonakalayo nokufinyelelekayo ngaso sonke isikhathi
- Bhala inqubo futhi uqeqeshe abasebenzi ngencazelo yayo
- Ngezikhathi ezithile buyekeza ukusebenza kahle futhi wenze izinguquko uma kudingeka.
Le mihlahlandlela ayisisizi nje kuphela ukuthi sithobelane nomthetho, kodwa futhi ikhuthaza isiko langempela lokuvikela emabhizinisini nasemazingeni asekhaya nasemphakathini.
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nezimpawu nezimpawu eziyingozi
Yiziphi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezimpawu? Okuvame kakhulu isexwayiso, ukuvinjelwa, okuphoqelekile, nokuhlenga, nakuba kunezigaba ezihambisanayo ezifana nomlilo noma izimpawu zolwazi.
Indlela yokubona incazelo yombala ngamunye? Okubomvu ngengozi noma ukwenqatshelwa, okuphuzi ngokwesexwayiso, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwesibopho, nokuluhlaza okokukhulula noma usizo lokuqala.
Imaphi ama-pictograms okufanele ngiwazi emkhakheni wamakhemikhali? Okubaluleke kakhulu kubonisa ukuvutha, ubuthi, ukugqwala, izingozi zemvelo, ukuqhuma kanye namagesi anomfutho.
Kwenzekani uma ngiziba uphawu noma ngisebenzisa kabi umkhiqizo? Ukungalaleli noma ukungazi kungaholela ezingozini ezimbi kakhulu kuwe nakulabo abaseduze kwakho. Izinhlawulo zokungathobeli imithetho zingaba nkulu, futhi icala lomphakathi nelobugebengu lingokoqobo.
Iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izimpawu ziyawenza umsebenzi wazo? Zigcine zihlanzekile, zibeke ezindaweni ezinamasu, zihlole ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi unikeze ukuqeqeshwa okucacile nokuqhubekayo kubo bonke abasebenzi nabasebenzisi.
I-Los izimpawu nezimpawu ezikhombisa ingozi ziyingxenye yokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke futhi, Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi zingase zibonakale ziyinjwayelo, zibalulekile ekwehliseni izingozi futhi zivikele impilo yomphakathi neyomsebenzi. Ukuzibona nokuqonda incazelo yazo kuyindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela kunoma iyiphi ingozi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwazo ngendlela efanele kubonisa ukuzibophezela ukuphepha kanye nokuvimbela. Ngokuhlanganisa imikhuba ehamba phambili, ukubuyekeza izimpawu, nokuthuthukisa ukuqeqeshwa, siqinisekisa izindawo eziphephile lapho ukuvimbela kuwukhiye.
