La i-avian coccidiosis Kungenye yalezo zinkinga ukuthi, nakuba kungabonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi, kuba khona njalo kunoma yiliphi ipulazi lezinkukhu ze-broiler. Kudala ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho ngenxa yokukhula okuncishisiwe, ukuguqulwa kwesiphakeli esimpofu, ukufa okuphezulu, kanye nezindleko eziqhubekayo zemithi nemithi yokugoma. Ngakho-ke, ukuba nokuqonda okucacile kokuthi ungabhekana kanjani nakho kubalulekile. izinhlelo zokuzungeza i-anticoccidial ezinkukhwini Sekucishe kube yimpoqo kunoma yimuphi umdidiyeli noma ipulazi elifuna ukuncintisana.
Ngaphandle kokukhetha "umkhiqizo owodwa noma omunye", okwenza umehluko ngempela klama isu lokulawula umhlaba wonke Lesi sihloko sidingida inhlanganisela yama-ionophore anticoccidials, ama-molecule okwenziwa, kanye nemigomo ephilayo enciphile, eneshejuli yokuzungezisa ehlelwe kahle. Kuso sonke isiqephu sendatshana, sizohlola ukuthi amaqembu amakhulu ama-anticoccidials asebenza kanjani, yini ehlanganisa uhlelo lokuzungezisa, indima yokugoma kusenesikhathi, nokuthi iyiphi idatha yasensimini eyembulayo mayelana nezilonda, ukusebenza kokukhiqiza, kanye nezindleko zokudla.
Iyini i-avian coccidiosis futhi kungani ikhathaza kangaka?
I-Avian coccidiosis ibangelwa i-protozoa yohlobo I-EimeriaLawa ma-apicomplexans ayingxenye yeqembu le-Apicomplexa. Kuyizilokazane zamathumbu ezidlula umjikelezo wempilo oyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi komsingathi, ezishintshana phakathi kwezigaba zokungahloniphi nezocansi. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ezithinta izinkukhu ze-broiler yilezi U-Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix no-E. brunettingayinye inendawo yayo ethandwayo ngaphakathi kwamathumbu kanye nomthelela wayo wesici ekusebenzeni.
Inkinga enkulu ukuthi lezi zinambuzane zilimaza ulwelwesi lwamathumbu, kubangele ukumuncwa kabi kwezakhamzimbaIsifo sohudo, indle enegazi kwezinye izimo, futhi nakuba isithombe sasemtholampilo singesihle ngaso sonke isikhathi, sihumusha ekuzuzeni isisindo esincane, isilinganiso esibi kakhulu sokuguqulwa kokuphakelayo, nokufa okuphezulu. Okungezwe kulokhu izindleko zama-anticoccidials ekuphakeleni, imigomo, nezinhlelo zokuqapha (izilonda, ukubalwa kwe-oocyst, njll.).
Empeleni, amapulazi amaningi angase abonakale esebenza kahle, kodwa lapho izinkomba zokukhiqiza zibuyekezwa kahle futhi zihlotshaniswa ne-lesion kanye nedatha ye-OPG (ama-oocysts ngegremu ngalinye lendle), kuyabonakala ukuthi i-coccidiosis encane Igawula ngokuthula izilinganiso zenzuzo. Ngakho-ke, ukulawulwa kokuvimbela usebenzisa ama-anticoccidials ekudleni noma ekugomeni okuphilayo sekuyinto evamile embonini yesimanje yezinkukhu.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-anticoccidials kanye nomehluko phakathi kwama-coccidiostats nama-coccidicides
Ama-anticoccidials awenzi ngokungakhethi kuzo zonke izigaba ze-parasite; kunalokho, i-molecule ngayinye ine-a i-spectrum yesenzo kanye nephuzu emjikelezweni lapho kusebenza khona kakhulu. Kulo mongo, imiqondo emibili eyinhloko ngokuvamile kuxoxwa ngayo: ama-coccidiostats nama-coccidicides. ama-coccidiostats Lena imikhiqizo eyenza kancane noma emise ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ze-intracellular ze-Eimeria, kodwa ngaphandle kokuziqeda ngokuphelele. Bavumela izinga elithile lokugaywa kabusha okulawulwayo kwama-oocysts, angasiza ukuthuthukisa ukungatheleleki emhlambini.
I-Los ama-coccidicidesNgokuphambene, banamandla okubulala ngokuqondile izinhlobo ze-parasite ezisebenza ngokumelene nazo. Lo mehluko osebenzayo ubalulekile lapho uklama izinhlelo, ngoba umgomo awukona ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuqeda ukutheleleka ngokuphelele, kodwa kunalokho ukuwugcina usezingeni eliphansi elivumela ukungatheleleki ukuthi kuthuthuke ngaphandle kokuyekethisa imiphumela yokukhiqiza. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo eziningi zihlanganisa izigaba “ezinolaka” nezingaphezulu “ezivumelayo” kuye ngeminyaka nesimo somhlambi.
Ngokombono ongokoqobo, ama-anticoccidials asetshenziswa ezinkukhuni ahlanganiswe ikakhulukazi izigaba ezimbili ezinkulu. izigaba: ionophores kanye zokwenziwa (abizwa nangokuthi amakhemikhali). Iqembu ngalinye linezindlela ezihlukile zokwenza kanye namaphethini ahlukene okumelana, okuyisihluthulelo sokwakha izinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokuzungezisa.
Ionophores vs. synthetic ionophores: indlela yokusebenza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwensimu
I-Los ionophores Lawa ama-molecule, ngokuvamile awomsuka wemvelo (imikhiqizo yokuvutshelwa), ashintsha ukuthuthwa kwe-ion kuwo wonke ulwelwesi lwamaseli e-parasite. Izibonelo zakudala zifaka i-monensin, i-salinomycin, i-narasin, i-lasalocid, ne-maduramicin. Baphazamisa ibhalansi ye-ionic yezinhlobo ze-intracellular ze-Eimeria, okubangela ukufa kwabo noma ukuvimbela ukukhula kwabo. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni eziqhubekayo noma ezigabeni ezimaphakathi nesokugcina zokukhuluphala ngenxa yokuthi zivumela izinga elithile lokulawula. i-oocyst recycling, ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kokuzivikela komzimba.
I-Los ama-anticoccidials okwenziwa (Amakhemikhali) ahlanganisa ama-molecule ahluke ngokuphelele (isb., i-diclazuril, i-nicarbazine, i-decoquinate, i-robeninidine, i-clopidol, phakathi kwabanye). Eziningi zazo zinomthelela we-coccidiocidal ezigabeni ezithile zomjikelezo wempilo futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa kuzo pre-start and start izigabaLokhu kulapho kanye lapho kudingeka khona ukulawula okuqinile ukuze kuvikelwe izinyoni ezisencane, ezingenwa kalula yizifo.
Eqinisweni, izinhlelo zokulawula ngokuvamile zihlanganisa ionophore + izingxube zokwenziwa Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala zokuphila, ngezinye izikhathi zifinyelela ezinsukwini ezingu-28 ubudala, le nhlanganisela isebenzisa isenzo sokusebenzisana sazo zombili izigaba futhi inciphisa ingozi ye-molecule eyodwa ephethe yonke ingcindezi. Kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-21-28 kuye phambili, i-ionophore eyodwa ivamise ukusetshenziselwa isigaba sokukhuluphalisa, esiza ukuvimbela ukugaywa kabusha kwe-oocyst sekwephuzile kanye nezimpawu zomtholampilo eduze nesisindo sokuhlatshwa.
Amathebula obuchwepheshe ahlukahlukene aklelisa imithamo evamile yale mikhiqizo kokuphakelayo (ppm), i-spectrum yayo yokusebenza ngokumelene nezinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-Eimeria (E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. brunetti), kanye nesiteji somjikelezo wempilo ye-parasitic lapho isebenza khona kakhulu. Le datha ibalulekile lungisa uhlelo ngokusho kwephrofayili ye-coccidiosis egcwele kumdidiyeli ngamunye noma isifunda.
Luyini uhlelo lokuzungeza i-anticoccidial ezinkukhuni?
Uma ukhuluma ngakho uhlelo lokujikeleza kwe-anticoccidial Lokhu kubhekisela esinqumweni sangamabomu sokushintsha i-anticoccidial noma inhlanganisela yama-anticoccidial asetshenziswa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile noma inombolo yamaqoqo. Akukhona ngokushintsha "lapho izinto zingahambi kahle," kodwa mayelana nokuhlela kusengaphambili, isibonelo, ukuthi ngemva kwezinyanga ezine noma ngemva kwamaqoqo amabili alandelanayo ngohlelo olufanayo, ukwelashwa kuzoshintshwa.
Umgomo uwukugwema ukusetshenziswa okungapheli nokuqhubekayo yomkhiqizo ofanayo, okuyindlela eqondile kakhulu yokuvela kokumelana nokulahlekelwa okuqhubekayo kokusebenza kahle. Uma ama-anticoccidial afanayo esetshenziswa isizini nesizini, i-parasite ikhetha imiphakathi ekwazi ukumelana nayo; ekuqaleni, inkinga ibonakala njengokwehla okucashile ekuzuzeni isisindo noma ukusebenza kahle kokudla, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuqubuka komtholampilo okusobala kakhulu kungase kuvele.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza oluklanywe kahle luyashintshana ionophores kanye synthetics ngezindlela ezehlukene zokwenza, ukuze isibalo sabantu be-Eimeria esingazweli eqenjini elilodwa sibe sesichayeka kuma-molecule ahluke ngokuphelele. Ngale ndlela, ukuzwela emikhiqizweni ebike yasetshenziswa ngaphambilini “kuyabuyiselwa” ngokwengxenye ngokwethula izinhlobo ezithintekayo ngenxa yoshintsho lwengcindezi ekhethiwe.
Emkhakheni, isibonelo esijwayelekile kungaba wukusuka kumaqoqwana ambalwa kusetshenziswa i-ionophore ethile (isb., i-salinomycin) ukuya ohlelweni olususelwe ku-molecule ehlukile yokwenziwa (isb., i-diclazuril noma i-decoquinate), noma ngisho ukuya ohlelweni oluhlanganisayo. ukugoma ngama-anticoccidials, ngaphambi kokushintshela kwenye ionophore. Okubalulekile ukuthi ushintsho lusekelwa idatha yokukhiqiza (i-catalytics, isisindo somzimba, ukufa, ukudla kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi) kanye nokuqapha izilonda kanye nokukhula okungosomathuba.
Izici ezibalulekile zokuklama uhlelo oluhle lokulawula
Lapho uhlela uhlelo lokulawula i-coccidiosis (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lusekelwe kuphela kuma-anticoccidials noma isu elixutshwe nemithi yokugoma), kubalulekile ukucaca izimpawu zivela ngasiphi isikhathi? nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ze-Eimeria ezihilelekile. Umlando wepulazi noma umdidiyeli ubalulekile: ukuba namarekhodi ezinkinga zangaphambilini, ubudala bokuqala, izinhlobo ezivelele, kanye nemiphumela yokukhiqiza ngohlelo ngalunye kuvumela isu elinembe kakhulu.
Ngaphansi kwezimo zensimu, izinhlobo ezithile ziye zachazwa njengezivame ukubonakala phakathi kwezigaba zeminyaka echazwe ngokuqhathaniswa ezinkukhuni zenyama. Ngokwesibonelo, E. acervulina Ivamise ukutholwa kaningi phakathi kwezinsuku eziyi-18 nezingama-28; E. ubuningiphakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-25 nezingama-35; futhi E. tenelaphakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-32 nezingama-42. Lokhu kulandelana okulinganiselwe kusiza "ukubeka" ama-anticoccidials noma izigaba zokugoma ngendlela ehlanganisa izikhathi ezibucayi kakhulu zohlobo ngalunye.
Uma, isibonelo, kwaziwa ukuthi epulazini E. ubuningi Lolu hlobo yilona olubangela ubuhlungu bekhanda obukhulu (ijika lokukhula elimile, ukwehla kokuphakelayo, kodwa ngaphandle kokwanda okumangalisayo kokufa), ngakho kunengqondo ukukhetha ama-molecule asebenza kahle kakhulu ngokumelene nalolu hlobo ngokunembile phakathi nebanga lobudala okungenzeka ukuthi lisebenze kakhulu kulo. Uma kungenjalo, uhlelo luzolunga "ephepheni" kodwa lungafaneleki kahle ukuba ngokoqobo kwalolo hlelo lokukhiqiza.
Ngaphezu yobudala kanye nezinhlobo, izici zemvelo ezifana isikhathi sonyaka (izinyanga ezifudumele noma ezibandayo), nokuthi isikhathi somile noma liyana. Umswakamo nezinga lokushisa kuthonya ngokuqondile ukubola kwe-oocyst kanye nenani le-OPG elikhishwe kudoti. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo eziningi zokushintshanisa nazo zihlelwa ngokwesizini, zijwayelanisa inhlanganisela yemithi nemithi yokugoma nezimo zemvelo ezikhona.
Kungani usebenzise izinhlelo zokuzungezisa esikhundleni sokugcina uhlelo olufanayo njalo?
La ukumelana nama-anticoccidials Lesi yisenzakalo esibhalwe kahle ku-avian coccidiosis. Kuchazwa njengokulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle kwe-molecule ngokumelene ne-parasite, futhi kuvame ukutholwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngokuncipha kwesisindo noma ukusebenza kahle kokuphakelayo kunokubonakala kwezimpawu zomtholampilo eziphawulekayo. Ngamanye amazwi, umhlambi ubonakala "ulungile," kodwa udla ukudla okuningi ukuze ufinyelele isisindo esifanayo, noma kuthatha isikhathi eside ukufinyelela isisindo esiqondiwe.
Izincwadi zobuchwepheshe kanye nolwazi lwasensimini luyavuma ukuthi, uma lusetshenziswa ku-a okuqhubekayo futhi ende Nganoma iyiphi i-anticoccidial eyodwa, ukumelana kuzogcina kuthuthukile. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo olufanele kufanele luhlose ukunxephezela noma yikuphi ukumelana okungenzeka vele sekusunguliwe ngenkathi ngesikhathi esifanayo kulondolozwa ukusebenza kahle kwemikhiqizo emisha. Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kokuzungezisa kanye nezinhlelo ezishintshanayo (noma "ama-shuttles") phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukene zomjikelezo wokukhiqiza.
Okubizwa ngokuthi izinhlelo ze-shuttle Lezi zindlela zihilela ukusebenzisa i-anticoccidial eyodwa esigabeni sokuqala nokushintshela kwesinye esihlukile phakathi nesigaba sokukhuluphalisa ngaphakathi kwenqwaba efanayo. Isibonelo, ukuqala ngengxube ye-ionophore kanye ne-anticoccidial yokwenziwa kusukela ngosuku 1 kuya ku-21-28, bese uqhubeka ne-ionophore ehlukile kusukela kulelo phuzu kuze kube sekuhlatshweni. Le ndlela ivumela uhlobo lokulawula ukuba luhambisane nezidingo zesiteji ngasinye, kuyilapho futhi kunciphisa ukucindezela kokukhetha ku-molecule eyodwa.
Kunoma yikuphi, kunconywa ukuthi i- izinhlelo zokuzungezisa Kufanele zishintshwe okungenani njalo ngamaqoqo amabili, futhi zihlale zisekelwa uhlelo lokuqapha oluhlanganisa: ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kwezinkomba zokukhiqiza (isisindo sokuphakelayo, isisindo, ukufa), ukubalwa kwe-OPG, kanye nokuthola izilonda zamathumbu (isb., ukusebenzisa indlela kaJohnson neReid). Ngaphandle kwedatha yempokophelo, ukuzungezisa kuba "i-roulette yomkhiqizo" nje ngaphandle kwemibandela yangempela.
Okuhlukile: izingxube ze-ionophores kanye nama-synthetics ekuqaleni kokuqala nokuqala
Nakuba isimiso esijwayelekile sokujikeleza siyeluleka ungahlanganisi ngokuqhubekayo Nakuba ama-ionophores kanye nokudla kokwenziwa kuvame ukusetshenziswa, kunento eyodwa eyamukelwa kabanzi: izigaba zempilo yasekuqaleni yezinkukhu (izifunzo zangaphambi kokuqala kanye neziqalo), lapho kudingeka khona ukuvikeleka okuqinile. Ngalesi sikhathi, amathumbu asuke engakavuthwa, amasosha omzimba asathuthuka, futhi noma yimuphi umonakalo wangaphambi kwesikhathi ungaba nomthelela omubi ekusebenzeni kwawo wonke umhlambi.
Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwe ionophore + izingxube zokwenziwa Emasontweni ambalwa okuqala, ngisho nokwelula ukwelashwa kuze kube yizinsuku ezingaba ngu-28 ubudala, leli qhinga linikeza umgoqo ophindwe kabili ngokumelene ne-coccidiosis: umphumela we-coccidicidal noma we-coccidiostatic we-synthetic agent kanye nesenzo se-ionophore, esimisa indawo yamathumbu. Ngokulandelayo, okuphakelayo kuvame ukushintshelwa ku-ionophore eyodwa yesigaba sokukhuluphalisa, ukuvimbela ukugaywa kabusha sekwephuzile kwama-oocysts angonakalisa imiphumela ngaphambi nje kokuhlatshwa.
Kulo mongo, indima ye- ukugoma Umuthi wokugomela i-coccidiosis uyasebenza njengethuluzi elengeziwe ngaphakathi kokujikeleza, elikwazi "ukusetha kabusha" ukuzwela kwe-coccidia kuma-ionophores namanye ama-anticoccidials. Ake sibheke kabanzi ukuthi imithi yokugoma ihlanganiswa kanjani nalezi zinhlelo.
Imithi yokugoma enciphile ephilayo kanye nendima yayo ekujikelezweni kwe-anticoccidial
Eminyakeni yamuva ukusetshenziswa Imithi yokugoma enciphile ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngokumelene ne-coccidiosis ezinkukhuni, njenge-HIPRACOX® noma ezinye izinhlobo ezifanayo. Le mithi yokugoma iqukethe ama-oocysts ezinhlobo ezikhethiwe, ezinciphile ze-Eimeria, ezikwazi ukulawula ukuphindaphindeka emathunjini enkukhu, okwenza ukuzivikela komzimba ngaphandle kokubangela izimpawu zomtholampilo ezinzima. Izigidi zezinyoni ziye zagonywa ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zokuphatha nesimo sezulu, okukhiqiza isizinda sedatha esiqinile.
Umqondo omaphakathi wezinhlelo ze ukujikeleziswa komuthi wokugoma Inqubo ibandakanya imijikelezo eshintshanayo lapho umgomo usetshenziswa khona nemijikelezo lapho ama-anticoccidials aphinde afakwe ekuphakeleni. Phakathi nezigaba zokugoma, izinhlobo ezingaba sengozini ye-Eimeria zethulwa ukuze ziqhudelane nenani labantu elingazweli elikhethelwe ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa isikhathi eside. Emijikelezweni elandelayo, lapho ama-anticoccidial ephinda ebuyiselwa, asebenza kangcono futhi ngoba i-parasite iphinde ibuyele ekuthintekeni kwayo.
Mayelana nezilonda zamathumbu, ucwaningo oluningana lubonise ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokugoma encishisiwe kusenesikhathi kunciphisa inani eliphelele lokulimala (TMLS)Okusho ukuthi, inani eliphelele lesilinganiso sokulimala ngokwendlela ka-Johnson kanye ne-Reid (1970), yomibili emijikelezweni yokugonywa kanye nasemijikelezweni elandelayo lapho ama-anticoccidials aphinde aqaliswe khona. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuzivikela komzimba okukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokugoma kunomphumela omude empilweni yamathumbu.
Izilonda ezimbalwa zamathumbu kanye nezithelo ezingcono ngezinhlelo zokuzungezisa imithi yokugoma
Okuhlangenwe nakho okuqoqwe emapulazini emazweni amaningana aseYurophu kuye kwabonisa ukuthi, phakathi no izigaba zokugoma Futhi emijikelezweni esheshayo elandelayo, ukuthuthukiswa okucacile kuyabonakala ezinkomba zokukhiqiza: isilinganiso esingcono sokuguqulwa kokuphakelayo, isisindo sokugcina esiphezulu, futhi, ezimweni eziningi, ukufa okuphansi. Lokhu kuye kwaqinisekiswa emijikelezweni yokugoma yasebusika eSpain nasemapulazini aseCentral Europe phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo.
Kulezi zinhlelo, iphethini eqashelwayo ukuthi, ngemva kwemijikelezo eminingana eqhubekayo enama-anticoccidials, umgomo ophilayo oncishisiwe wethulwa ngenqwaba eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Phakathi nale mijikelezo yokugoma, a ukwehla kobukhulu kanye nokusabalala kokulimala ye-coccidiosis, kanye nesikhathi seziqongo ze-coccidial sishintshela eminyakeni yangaphambili, ngokuvamile phakathi kwamaviki ama-3 nama-4 (izinsuku ezingama-21-28), okuyilapho umthelela ekusebenzeni komnotho umncane.
Lapho ama-anticoccidials ephinde aphinde afakwe ekuphakeleni, imiphumela yokukhiqiza ivame ukuba ngcono uma iqhathaniswa nemijikelezo yangaphambi kokugoma. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ukuzungezisa okusekelwe ku Ukugoma + buyela kuma-anticoccidials Akusizi nje ukulawula lesi sifo phakathi nemijikelezo yokugoma, kodwa futhi "ivuselela" ukusebenza kwemithi emijikelezweni elandelayo.
Izinhlelo ezikabili uma kuqhathaniswa nomgomo: ukuthuthukiswa kwemijikelezo ye-coccidial
E-United States, ukuziphatha kwe izinhlelo ezimbili ze-anticoccidial (isidakamizwa esokudla) kuqhathaniswa namasu ahlanganisa ukugoma. Okunye okuthakazelisa kakhulu okutholwe ukuthi, uma usuka ohlelweni olukabili lwendabuko ukuya ekwethulweni komgomo wokugomela i-coccidiosis, imijikelezo ye-coccidial ivame ukwenzeka ebudaleni obuncane.
Enkampanini enkulu yezinkukhu eSouth Carolina eyayizungeza phakathi kokuphakelayo okukabili nohlelo lokugoma, kwaqashelwa ukuthi, ngohlelo lwakudala olukabili, kwenzeka ama-coccidial spikes. ntambamaphakathi kwamaviki angu-5 no-7 (izinsuku ezingu-35-49) ubudala. Kodwa-ke, lapho ukugonywa kwe-coccidiosis kuqala, imijikelezo yaqala ukuvela ngaphambi kwesikhathi, phakathi kwamaviki ama-3 no-4 (izinsuku ezingu-21-28). Lokhu kuqala kwemijikelezo kwabonakala kunenzuzo ngokombono wezomnotho.
Isizathu silula: uma umjikelezo we-coccidial ukhula ngaphambi kwesigaba sokukhula okuphezulu (cishe izinsuku ezingama-28), mancane amathuba okuthi aphazamise ngesikhathi lapho inkukhu idla ukudla okuningi futhi izuza isisindo esiningi. Ucwaningo oluhlukahlukene, njengalolo lukaDkt. Robert Teeter wase-Oklahoma State University, lubonise ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi umjikelezo we-coccidial uba mkhulu, kuba mkhulu umthelela omubi ekusebenzeni kanye nemiphumela yezezimali yomkhiqizi.
Indlela yokuqapha: izilonda nama-oocysts
Ukuze uhlole ukusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo ezahlukene—noma ngabe kusekelwe emithini, imigomo, noma ukushintshaniswa okuxubile—okulandelayo kuvame ukusetshenziswa: Johnson futhi Reid indlela ukuthola izilonda ze-macroscopic. Lolu hlelo luhlola izilonda ezibangelwa uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-Eimeria ezinkukhuni: E. acervulina, E. maxima, kanye no-E. tenella, lunikeza amaphuzu ngokuya ngobunzima bezilonda ezibonwa ku-necropsy.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi, nakuba ukuthola amaphuzu okulimala kukodwa kunemikhawulo ekuhloleni ukusebenza komhlambi wonke noma ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lwe-anticoccidial, kuseyithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu ukuqapha i-coccidiosis ngokuhlelekile. Uma ama-necropsies kanye nokufaka amaphuzu kwenziwa ngokungaguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuvumela ukuqhathanisa izinhlelo nokulungisa ukuzungezisa ngokwahlulela okunolwazi.
Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa kwe-macroscopic, izikhathi eziningi okulandelayo kusetshenziswa: ucwaningo oluncane lwe-intestinal mucosa scrapingsLokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi endabeni ka-E. maxima. Lolu hlobo lunesici sokuthi lungaba khona ngobuningi futhi lubangele umonakalo omkhulu ku-mucosa ngaphandle kokukhiqiza izilonda ezibonakalayo kalula ze-macroscopic. Ngakho-ke, ubukhona bayo nomthwalo ngokuvamile kunqunywa ngokubala ama-oocysts ngenkambu ye-microscopic.
Ngokuhlanganisa la mathuluzi (izilonda ezinkulu, i-oocyst count, imingcele yokukhiqiza nokufa), kutholakala isithombe esiphelele kakhulu sesimo sangempela se-coccidiosis epulazini, esiza ekunqumeni. nini futhi kanjani ukulungisa uhlelo lwe-anticoccidial noma uhlelo lokugoma.
Umthelela wokugoma isikhathi eside kuzihlanganisi ezihlukene
Ukushintshashintsha phakathi kwemithi kanye nemigomo yokulwa ne-coccidiosis kuye kwaqaliswa ezinkampanini ezihlukahlukene zezinkukhu e-US, ngemiphumela ebonisa kakhulu. Enkampanini yaseMississippi ebishintshanisa ama-anticoccidials ekudleni nasekugomeni iminyaka emihlanu, ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside komgomo kwehlisa ngokusobala umgomo. isigameko kanye nobunzima wezilonda ze-macroscopic ze-E. acervulina kanye nezilonda ezincane ze-E. maxima.
E-Alabama, enye inkampani ikhethe ukusebenzisa umgomo ngokuqhubekayo ngemva kohlelo olusekelwe emithini yendabuko ekuphakeleni. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwabonakala ukuthi imvamisa nokuqina kwezilonda ze-coccidial yayincipha, nokuthi imijikelezo ye-Eimeria yayenzeka ngaphambili nangaphambili, nezinyoni zibonisa ukungatheleleki okungaguquki emasontweni ayi-5 (izinsuku ezingama-35) ubudala.
Iphethini efana kakhulu yabonwa enkampanini yase-Arkansas. Ezinyangeni ezine ngemva kokwethulwa kokugonywa kwe-coccidiosis, inani lezinyoni ezinezilonda ze-coccidial lehla kakhulu; imijikelezo ye-coccidial ishintshele eminyakeni engama-3 kuya kwayi-4 (izinsuku ezingama-21-28), futhi izinyoni zakhula ngokuthembekile ukungatheleleki ngamaviki ama-5. Le datha isekela umbono wokuthi ukuqhubeka nokugoma Kuyithuluzi elinamandla ngaphakathi kohlelo lokuzungezisa.
Ngisho nalapho, kuyona le nkampani yase-Arkansas, ukugoma emihlambini engenawo ama-antibiotic kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo kwamaphilisi okubulala umkhuhlane emihlambini evamile, izinyoni ezigonyiwe zabonisa imijikelezo yangaphambili yokugonywa, ukungatheleleki kwangaphambilini, kanye nokugonywa. ukulimala okuncane kunamaqoqo aphathwa ngezidakamizwa kuphela. Futhi, ukusizakala kokuhlanganisa umuthi wokugoma esu lilonke lokuzungezisa kuyaqiniswa.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-coccidiosis, izindleko zokudla kanye nesikhathi semijikelezo
Isici esisodwa esithakazelisa kakhulu esiqokonyiswa izifundo ezihlukahlukene zasensimini ubudlelwano phakathi kwe ukuba khona kwemijikelezo ye-coccidial ezinyonini ezincane kanye nokulawulwa kwezindleko zokudla. Ucwaningo oluningana lubonise ukuthi ukugomela i-coccidiosis kuthanda ukuvela kwemijikelezo emnene ebudaleni, okuthi, nakuba kungase kuzwakale kungasebenzi, kunenzuzo uma kuhlaziywa ngokombono wezomnotho kanye nowokuphila.
Uma imijikelezo ye-Eimeria yenzeka sekwephuzile, okuhambisana nesigaba sokudla okuphezulu kakhulu nokukhula okukhulu, umthelela ekuguqulelweni kokuphakelayo nesisindo sokugcina mkhulu kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma imijikelezo yenzeka cishe amasonto angu-3-4 ubudala, amathumbu asevele afinyelele izinga elithile lokuvuthwa, kodwa inyoni ayikafiki ekusetshenzisweni kwayo okuphezulu. Ngale ndlela, i-immunity yenziwa nge isigwebo esincane ngezinga lokuguqulwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuphakelayo okunqwabelanayo.
Kafushane, ukuqhubekisela phambili imijikelezo ye-coccidial ngokugoma-okulandela isikhathi sangaphambili sezinhlelo ezimbili ezinama-anticoccidials ekuphakeleni-kuvumela ukulawulwa okungcono kobudlelwane bokusebenza nokuzivikela komzimba. Umkhiqizi akazuzi nje kuphela ukugeleza kokukhiqiza okuzinzile kodwa futhi angakwazi... Yehlisa izindleko okuhlotshaniswa nokudla kanye nokuvela kwamahlumela aphuzile ngokuvamile abiza kakhulu.
Konke lokhu kuhambisana nomqondo wokuthi, uma uphethwe kahle, i-coccidiosis akudingekile ukuthi iqedwe ngokuphelele, kodwa kunalokho igcinwe ezingeni elilawulwayo elivumela ukuthuthukiswa kokugonywa ngaphandle kokulimaza izimali zomfuyi wezinkukhu. Futhi yilapho inhlanganisela ehlakaniphile ukushintshaniswa kwama-anticoccidials kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamasu okugoma Kwenza umehluko uma kuqhathaniswa nezikimu ze-monolithic ezisekelwe ohlotsheni olulodwa lomkhiqizo.
